Symmetry in Generating Functions

Generating functions play important roles in theory of orthogonal polynomials. In particular, it is important to consider generating functions that have symmetry. This paper is a survey on generating functions that define unitary operators. First, classical generating functions that define unitary operators are discussed. Next, group theoretical approach to generating functions that have unitarity are discussed.


Introduction
This paper deals with generating functions that define unitary operators.Problems of this kind were discussed first by Bargmann [1].He constructed a unitary operator given by an integral operator whose kernel is a generating function of the Hermite polynomials.He also gave a similar construction for the Laguerre polynomials without proof, and noticed as follows ( [1], p.203)."It is worth noting that a similar interpretation may be given to other classical generating functions." We turned our interest to the Gegenbauer polynomials which give the zonal spherical functions on the pair (SO(n), SO(n−1)), and in [2] we showed that a similar construction is possible for them.Following this, in [3] we gave a similar construction for the zonal spherical functions on the pair (U (n), U (n − 1)).On the other hand, A. Essadiq and A. Intissar gave a q-analog of Laguerre's case (the result is introduced in [4]), and Essadiq [4] gave a q-analog of Gegenbauer's case.
In the two cases that we constructed, we should remark that there is a similarity in the forms of the generating functions.We shall give an explanation in detail.Let N 0 be the set of nonnegative integers, and let B be the unit open disk |z| < 1 in C. It is known that the set of all the zonal spherical functions on (SO(n), SO(n − 1)) is parametrized by N 0 .Denote the set by {φ m | m ∈ N 0 }.Further, we denote by d m the degree of the representation corresponding to φ m .Then, the generating function given as the integral kernel of the unitary operator that we constructed is written as a series of the following form: On the other hand, it is known that the set of all the zonal spherical functions on (U (n), U (n − 1)) is parametrized by N 2 0 .As in the first case, we define {φ m | m ∈ N 2 0 } and d m (m ∈ N 2 0 ).Then, the generating function in this case is written as a series of the following form: where z m = z m 1 1 z m 2 2 for z = (z 1 , z 2 ) and m = (m 1 , m 2 ).In this way, the question naturally arises whether similar situations occur in the case of general Gelfand pair (G, K) of the compact type.More precisely, let G be a compact group, and let K be a closed subgroup, such that (G, K) is a Gelfand pair.Further, assume that the set of all the zonal spherical functions on (G, K) is parametrized by N ℓ 0 , where ℓ is a positive integer.And as in the case above, define {φ m | m ∈ N ℓ 0 } and d m (m ∈ N ℓ 0 ).Then our question can be formulated as follows.Does there exist a generating function of the following form such that it is the kernel of an integral operator which is unitary?
Theorem 1 Let G be a compact connected Lie group, and let K be a closed subgroup of G.If the pair (G, K) is a Riemannian symmetric pair of rank ℓ such that G/K is simply connected, then there exists a generating function of the form of (1) which defines a unitary operator.
We should remark that there is a difference between our viewpoint and that of Bargmann.In fact, Bargmann was interested in an operator solution of a commutation rule, which Fock introduced in [6].Bargmann constructed a function space F on which Fock's solution is realized, and a unitary operator to study the connection between the space F and the usual L 2 -space.In his discussion, he used the well known generating function of the Hermite polynomials, but he did not use their other properties.That is, he derived from the unitarity of the operator that the Hermite polynomials form a complete orthogonal system.In contrast, we positively used not only the well known generating functions of the orthogonal polynomials, but also their orthogonality and completeness, and showed the unitarity of the operators.
The purpose of this paper is to present a survey on generating functions that define unitary operators.In Section 3, we give an outline of Bargmann's discussion on the Hermite polynomials.In Section 4, we deal with the case of the Laguerre polynomials.Bargmann gave the construction for them, but he did not give its proof.In this section, we shall give our proof that borrows Bargmann's viewpoint.In Sections 5 and 6, we shall give surveys on the case of the Gegenbauer polynomials, and the case of the zonal spherical functions on the pair (U (n), U (n − 1)), respectively.In Section 7, we shall give an outline of the proof of Theorem 1.

Notation and Preliminaries
We will explain the notation and the terms which will be used throughout this paper.

General Notation
Firstly, we shall use the notation N 0 , R, C for the set of nonnegative integers, the field of real numbers and the field of complex numbers, respectively.For a fixed positive integer ℓ, we denote by C ℓ the complex ℓdimensional space, and denote by A function is assumed to be complex-valued.

Gelfand Pairs
A compact group is a topological group whose underlying topology is compact Hausdorff.Let G be a compact group, and let K be a closed subgroup of G.A representation of the compact group G means a continuous homomorphism of G to the group GL(V ) of invertible linear transformations on a finite-dimensional complex vector space V .Since G is compact, for an arbitrary representation of G there exists a G-invariant inner product on the representation space V , that is, V admits an inner product such that the representation is unitary.
Given an irreducible representation ρ of G, let V ρ denote the representation space of ρ, and V K ρ the subspace of V ρ consisting of elements w ∈ V ρ which satisfy ρ(k)w = w for any k ∈ K.If an irreducible representation ρ of G satisfies V K ρ ̸ = {0}, ρ is called a spherical representation of G with respect to the subgroup K. Let D(G, K) denote the set of all the equivalence classes of spherical representations of G with respect to K.
Let dg denote the normalized Haar measure on G, that is, it has the property that ∫ G dg = 1.For two continuous functions φ, ψ on G the convolution φ * ψ is defined by The pair (G, K) is called a Gelfand pair if the convolution algebra of continuous functions on G which are bi-invariant under K is commutative.The pair (G, K) is a Gelfand pair if and only if dim Let (G, K) be a Gelfand pair, and let ρ ∈ D(G, K).Choose a G-invariant inner product ⟨ , ⟩ on the representation space V ρ , and take an orthonormal basis {e 1 } of V K ρ with respect to ⟨ , ⟩. Define The function φ is called the zonal spherical function associated with ρ.

Riemannian Symmetric Pairs
Let G be a compact connected Lie group, and let K be a closed subgroup of G.The pair (G, K) is called a Riemannian symmetric pair if there exists an involutive , where G θ is the set of fixed points of θ and G 0 θ is the identity component of G θ .Let (G, K) be a Riemannian symmetric pair.Let g and k be the Lie algebras of G and K, respectively.The automorphism of g which is the differential of the automorphism θ of G will also be denoted by θ.
We define the subspace m of g by Then the Lie algebra g is decomposed into a direct sum of vector spaces as The subspace m is called the canonical complement of the pair (G, K).A maximal abelian subalgebra, which is contained in m is called a Cartan subalgebra of the pair (G, K).The Cartan subalgebras have the same dimension, which is called the rank of the Riemannian symmetric pair (G, K).

Generating Function that Defines Unitary Operator-The Case of Hermite Polynomials
Bargmann [1] constructed a unitary operator given by an integral operator whose kernel is a generating function of the Hermite polynomials.In fact, he was interested in the operator solution . He constructed a function space F on which Fock's solution is realized.This space F is a Hilbert space associated with the unitary operator introduced above.In this section, we shall summarize Bargmann's discussion, that is: how to construct the space F and the unitary operator.For the sake of simplicity we only consider the one variable case.

L 2 -Space Associated with the Hermite Polynomials
The Hermite polynomials H m (x), m = 0, 1, 2, . . ., have the following generating function: Let dx be the Lebesgue measure on R, and let L 2 (R, dx) be the Hilbert space of Lebesgue measurable functions φ on R with The inner product is given by R, dx).But, as described in the Introduction, Bargmann did not use this fact in his discussion.

Hilbert Space F of Analytic Functions
Let F be the space of entire functions f on C with where ρ(t) = π −1 e −t , and dz is the Lebesgue measure on C induced from the identification C ∼ = R 2 .For f ∈ F, the following inequality holds: which implies that F is a Hilbert space with inner product Notice that Bargmann determined the weight ρ(|z| 2 ) in order to satisfy the relation for functions f, g that do not grow too fast at infinity.Set Then the system {u m | m ∈ N 0 } is a complete orthonormal system of F. It also follows from (2) that the space F has the reproducing kernel.The kernel is given by

Unitary Operator Associated with the Hermite Polynomials
A unitary operator on L 2 (R, dx) to F is defined as follows.First, set This has the following expansion: which means that the function Φ(z, x) can be regarded as a generating function of the Hermite polynomials.
For φ ∈ L 2 (R, dx) define Then Φφ ∈ F and the following holds.
Theorem 2 The operator Φ on L 2 (R, dx) to F is unitary.
Notice that Bargmann determined the integral kernel Φ(z, x) in order to satisfy the following conditions: if φ is sufficiently smooth and vanishes sufficiently fast at infinity, then In what follows, we shall state an outline of Bargmann's proof that Φ is unitary.Let φ be a continuous function on R with compact support, and let f = Φφ.Define Then the square of the norm ∥f r ∥ can be rewritten as follows.
These relations imply that It follows from this result that the norms ∥f r ∥, 0 < r < 1 are uniformly bounded, which means that f ∈ F and lim Remark 1 As stated in the Introduction, Bargmann did not use in his proof the fact that the system {ϕ m | m ∈ N 0 } is a complete orthonormal system of L 2 (R, dx).He conversely defined the function ϕ m by ϕ m = Φ −1 u m , and derived from the unitarity of Φ that {ϕ m | m ∈ N 0 } is a complete orthonormal system of L 2 (R, dx).

Generating Function that Defines Unitary Operator-The Case of Laguerre Polynomials
As stated in the Introduction, Bargmann [1] gave a construction similar to Hermite's case for the Laguerre polynomials, but he did not prove this fact.In this section, we shall give our proof for it.Our proof follows Bargmann's viewpoint.That is, we use the well known generating function of the Laguerre polynomials, but we do not use their other properties except some properties that are easily derived from the generating function.

Hilbert Space of Analytic Functions
Let dz be the Lebesgue measure on B induced from the identification C ∼ = R 2 , and set Let F γ be the space of analytic functions f on B with In the following, we shall show some properties of the space F γ .
Proof.Let 0 < σ < 1, and set (Note that we used 1a.Preliminary remarks in Bargmann [1].) z m be the power series expansion of f in B. By the Schwarz inequality and Lemma 1, we have which implies our assertion.
It follows from Lemma 2 that F γ is a Hilbert space with inner product Then we have Proof.In the same way as in the proof of Lemma 1, we see that {u γ m | m ∈ N 0 } is an orthonormal system of F γ .Next we show the completeness of the system.Let f be an element of F γ with power series expansion f (z) = ∑ m∈N 0 α m z m .From Lemma 1, the power series expansion of f converges with respect to the norm of F γ .Hence, we have which implies the completeness of the system.
It follows from Lemma 2 that F γ has the reproducing kernel.The kernel is given by γ+1) and f (w) = ⟨f, g γ w ⟩ for f ∈ F γ and w ∈ B.

Unitary Operator Associated with the Laguerre Polynomials
A unitary operator on L 2 ((0, ∞), dν γ (x)) to F γ is defined as follows.First, set This has the following expansion: which means that the function Φ(z, x) is a generating function of the Laguerre polynomials.
In what follows, we shall prove this theorem.

Lemma 5
The operator Φ is surjective.
Proof.If we take φ = ϕ γ m in the proof of Lemma 4, we have Further, {u γ m | m ∈ N 0 } is a complete orthonormal system of F γ , and the operator Φ is bounded.These facts imply that Φ is surjective.

Lemma 6
The operator Φ is injective.
for each positive real number ξ and each η ∈ R. Take ξ = 1 and set for all η ∈ R, where L 1 (R, dx) is the space of Lebesgue measurable functions ϕ on R with ∫ ∞ −∞ |ϕ(x)|dx < ∞.Since the Fourier transformation on L 1 (R, dx) is injective, by ( 9) we obtain ψ = 0.By the definition of ψ, we see that φ = 0, which implies that Φ is injective.

Lemma 7
The operator Φ is an isometry.
As a result of these lemmas, we can conclude that Φ is unitary.

Generating Function that Defines Unitary Operator -The Case of Gegenbauer Polynomials
Let λ be a positive real number.The Gegenbauer polynomials C λ m (x), m = 0, 1, 2, . . ., have the following generating function: In this section, we deal with a generating function of {C λ m | m ∈ N 0 } that defines a unitary operator.For more details, refer to [2].

Hilbert Space of Analytic Functions
For 0 < t < 1 we define Let F λ be the space of analytic functions f on B with where dz is the Lebesgue measure on B induced from the identification C ∼ = R 2 .For f ∈ F λ , we have the following inequality which implies that F λ is a Hilbert space with inner product It also follows from ( 12) that the space F λ has the reproducing kernel.The kernel is given by

Unitary Operator Associated with the Gegenbauer Polynomials
A unitary operator on L 2 ((−1, 1), (1 − x 2 ) λ−1/2 dx) to F λ is defined as follows.First, set This has the following expansion: which means that the function Φ(z, x) is a generating function of the Gegenbauer polynomials.
Remark 2 Let n be a positive integer that n ≥ 3, and let S n−1 be the (n−1)-dimensional unit sphere.Set e 1 = t (1, 0, . . ., 0) ∈ S n−1 .Then the identification SO(n)/SO(n − 1) ∼ = S n−1 is given by the mapping gSO(n − 1) → ge 1 , g ∈ SO(n).On the other hand, in the case of λ = (n − 2)/2, the Gegenbauer polynomials C λ m , m = 0, 1, 2, . . ., give the zonal spherical functions on (SO(n), SO(n − 1)).More precisely, for each m ∈ N 0 define where ( , ) denotes the canonical inner product on the real vector space R n .Then {φ m | m ∈ N 0 } is equal to the set of all the zonal spherical functions on (SO(n), SO(n − 1)).Let d m denote the degree of the representation corresponding to φ m .Then the following holds.
which does not equal to Φ(z, x).But, since these functions differ only by a constant, the difference between them is not essential.

Remark 3 We can generalize Theorem 4 to the case of the Jacobi polynomials
which have the following generating function (cf.[8]) : and Φ(z, x) by ) then we can obtain the desired result.For more details, refer to [9].
6. Generating Function that Defines Unitary Operator -The Case of Zonal Spherical Functions on (U (n), U (n − 1)) Let n be a positive integer that n ≥ 3. Denote by S(C n ) the unit sphere in C n and set e 1 = t (1, 0, . . ., 0) ∈ S(C n ).Then we have the identification U (n)/U (n − 1) ∼ = S(C n ) by the mapping gU (n − 1) → ge 1 , g ∈ U (n).The zonal spherical functions on (U (n), U (n − 1)) are concerned with the functions G n−1 pq , p, q ∈ N 0 which have the following generating function (see Theorem 1.1.in [10]): More precisely, for each p, q ∈ N 0 define where ( , ) denotes the canonical inner product on the complex vector space C n .Then {φ pq | p, q ∈ N 0 } is equal to the set of all the zonal spherical functions on (U (n), U (n−1)).For the functions φ pq , p, q ∈ N 0 , refer to [11].In this section, we deal with a generating function of {φ pq | p, q ∈ N 0 } that defines a unitary operator.For more details, refer to [3].
The inner product is given by The functions G n−1 pq , p, q ∈ N 0 form a complete orthogonal system of L 2 (B, (1 − |x| 2 ) n−2 dx).Denote by ϕ n pq the normalization of G n−1 pq with respect to the norm of this space.That is, Then the system {ϕ n pq | p, q ∈ N 0 } is a complete orthonormal system of L 2 (B, (1 − |x| 2 ) n−2 dx).

Hilbert Space of Analytic Functions
Let ρ n be the function on the direct product of the open interval (0, 1) with itself defined by Let F n be the space of analytic functions f on where dz 1 , dz 2 are the Lebesgue measures on B induced from the identification C ∼ = R 2 .For f ∈ F n , we have the following inequality which implies that F n is a Hilbert space with inner product Then the system {u n pq | p, q ∈ N 0 } is a complete orthonormal system of F n .It also follows from (15) that the space F n has the reproducing kernel.The kernel is given by that is, f (w) = ⟨f, g n w ⟩ for f ∈ F n and w ∈ B 2 .

Unitary Operator Associated with the Zonal Spherical Functions on (U (n), U (n − 1))
A unitary operator on This has the following expansion: which means that the function Φ(z, x) is a generating function of the zonal spherical functions on Then Φφ ∈ F n and we have As in Gegenbauer's case, we positively use in our proof the fact that the system {ϕ n pq | p, q ∈ N 0 } is a complete orthonormal system of L 2 (B, (1−|x| 2 ) n−2 dx).It follows from ( 16), (17) and ϕ Hence, we have which does not equal to Φ(z, x).But, since these functions differ only by a constant, the difference between them is not essential.

Group Theoretical Approach to Generating Functions that Define Unitary Operators
Let G be a compact connected Lie group, K a closed subgroup of G, and (G, K) a Riemannian symmetric pair of rank ℓ such that G/K is simply connected.Then it is known (cf.[12]) that the set of all the zonal spherical functions on (G, K) can be parametrized by N ℓ 0 .Denote the set by {φ m | m ∈ N ℓ 0 }, and by d m the degree of the representation corresponding to φ m .Further, we can assume that there exists a measure µ 0 on [0, 1) ℓ such that See Lemma 2 in [5].Weyl's dimension formula and Theorem 1 in [13] play important roles in the proof of (18).(Note that Theorem 1 in [13] gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a multisequence ) Furthermore, it follows from (18) that we can construct a generating function of the form of (1) which defines a unitary operator.

L 2 -Space Associated with the Zonal Spherical Functions on (G, K)
Let dg be the normalized Haar measure on G, that is, it has the property that The inner product is given by Let L 2 (G, K) be the space of functions φ ∈ L 2 (G) which are bi-invariant under K. Then L 2 (G, K) is a closed subspace of L 2 (G), that is, L 2 (G, K) is also a Hilbert space with inner product (19).As is well known (cf.[12], [14]), the system {φ m | m ∈ N ℓ 0 } is a complete orthogonal system of L 2 (G, K), and has the following orthogonality relation: Then the system {ϕ m | m ∈ N ℓ 0 } is a complete orthonormal system of L 2 (G, K).

Hilbert Space of Analytic Functions
It follows from (18) that we can construct a measure µ on B ℓ such that ∫ As stated above, the system {u m | m ∈ N ℓ 0 } is a complete orthonormal system of F. Thus, it follows from (21), ( 22) and φ m (g −1 ) = φ m (g) that for φ ∈ L 2 (G, K) by zw.We denote by B the unit open disk in C, and denote by B ℓ the open polydisk of z = (z 1 , . . ., z ℓ ) ∈ C ℓ with each z j ∈ B. For a subset A ⊂ R or C we define A ℓ in the same way.We shall use the notation [a, b], [a, b) and (a, b) for the interval {x ∈ R | a ≤ x ≤ b}, the interval {x ∈ R | a ≤ x < b} and the interval {x ∈ R | a < x < b}, respectively.For ζ ∈ C let Re ζ be the real part of ζ, and ζ → ζ the usual conjugation in C. We denote the Gamma function by Γ(x), the hypergeometric function by F (α, β; γ; x), the binomial coefficient by ( a k ) and Γ(a + k)/Γ(a) by (a) k .The minimum value of a and b is denoted by min(a, b).
) for each z ∈ B. Let us consider the following linear fractional transformation w = 1 + z 1 − z This transformation maps the unit open disk B in the z-plane onto {w ∈ C | Re w > 0} in the w-plane.

6. 1 .
L 2 -Space Associated with the Zonal Spherical Functions on (U (n), U (n − 1)) In what follows, x is an element of the unit open disk B in C, and dx is the Lebesgue measure on B induced from the identification C ∼ = R 2 .Let L 2 (B, (1 − |x| 2 ) n−2 dx) be the Hilbert space of Lebesgue measurable functions φ on B with ∥φ∥

zTheorem 6
m z m ′ dµ(z) = { d −1 m , m = m ′ 0, m ̸ = m ′Let F be the space of analytic functions f on B ℓ with∥f ∥ = √ ∫ B ℓ |f (z)| 2 dµ(z) < ∞For f ∈ F, we have the following inequality|f (z)| ≤ ∥f ∥ ∑ m∈N ℓ 0 d m |z m | 2 , z ∈ B ℓ (20) Note that ∑ m∈N ℓ 0 d m |z m | 2 < ∞ for all z ∈ B ℓ , because d m is a polynomial of m 1 , . . ., m ℓ .The inequality (20) implies that F is a Hilbert space with inner product ⟨f, g⟩ = ∫ B ℓ f (z)g(z)dµ(z), f, g ∈ FIt also follows from (20) that the space F has the reproducing kernel.That is, for each w ∈ B ℓ there exists a unique g w ∈ F such that f (w) = ⟨f, g w ⟩ for f ∈ F. Setu m (z) = √ d m z m , m ∈ N ℓ 0 , z ∈ B ℓThen the system {u m | m ∈ N ℓ 0 } is a complete orthonormal system of F. Note that the reproducing kernel of F has the following expansion:g w (z) = ∑ m∈N ℓ 0 u m (w)u m (z), z, w ∈ B ℓ7.3.Unitary Operator Associated with the Zonal Spherical Functions on (G, K)A unitary operator on L 2 (G, K) to F is defined as follows.First, setΦ(z, g) = ∑ m∈N ℓ 0 d m φ m (g)z m , z ∈ B ℓ , g ∈ GThis has the following expansion:Φ(z, g) = ∑ m∈N ℓ 0 u m (z)ϕ m (g), z ∈ B ℓ , g ∈ G (21) For φ ∈ L 2 (G, K) we define (Φφ)(z) = ∫ G Φ(z, g −1 )φ(g)dg, z ∈ B ℓ (22)Then Φφ ∈ F and we have The operator Φ on L 2 (G, K) to F is unitary.

= ∑ m∈N ℓ 0 |Remark 5 Remark 6
ϕ m )u m (z), z ∈ B ℓ Hence, we have ∥Φφ∥ 2 (φ, ϕ m )| 2 = ∥φ∥ 2 , Φϕ m = u m which imply that Φ is unitary.The pair (SO(n), SO(n − 1)) is a typical example of Theorem 6. Suppose that a pair (G, K) is a Gelfand pair of the compact type, and that the set of all the zonal spherical functions on (G, K) is parametrized by N ℓ 0 , where ℓ is a positive integer.And as in the first part of this section, define {φ m | m ∈ N ℓ 0 } and d m (m ∈ N ℓ 0 ).If the pair (G, K) has a measure µ 0 on [0, 1) ℓ which satisfies (18), and the series ∑ m∈N ℓ 0 d m |z m | 2 converges for each z ∈ B ℓ , then Theorem 6 also holds.The pair (U (n), U (n − 1)) is such an example.
Let d pq denote the degree of the representation corresponding to φ pq .Then the following holds.∑ ∥φ∥ 2 , Φϕ n qp = u n pq which imply that Φ is unitary.Remark 4