Optimizing Emergency Plane Selection in Civil Aviation Using Extended Dombi Hybrid Operators

: Airports located in densely populated areas often face challenges due to asymmetrical tra ﬃ c pa tt erns. E ﬃ cient management and careful planning are required to handle the disproportionate ﬂ ow of passengers, aircraft, and ground services. The signi ﬁ cance of symmetry and asymmetry in civil aviation extends to international regulations and agreements. By harmonizing standards and practices among di ﬀ erent nations, it is possible to achieve symmetry in safety measures and operational procedures, thereby promoting a uni ﬁ ed and secure global aviation system. Conversely, asymmetry in regulations, infrastructure development, or technological advancements among countries can create obstacles in establishing a cohesive and equitable international aviation framework. This article discusses the weaknesses of the existing score function in handling the MADM problem in an Interval-Valued Pythagorean Fuzzy (IVPF) environment. To tackle this issue, an enhanced score function is developed as a solution. The article proposes the IVPF Dombi hybrid arithmetic and IVPF Dombi hybrid geometric operators based on IVPF information. Furthermore, the article proves some fundamental properties of these operators. In the context of recently introduced techniques using IVPF se tt ings, an e ﬀ ective method is developed for selecting the best airline. Additionally, a comparative investigation is carried out to demonstrate the legitimacy and viability of this unique strategy in comparison to earlier approaches.


Introduction
In order to determine which option is best, the framework of multi-criteria decisionmaking considers a wide range of factors. Most individuals assume that clear numerical data represents all the information necessary to make a decision about an option based on its attributes and the relative relevance of those traits. However, in many instances in actual life when the boundaries and objectives are not clearly defined, there are additional considerations to be made. Zadeh supported the use of fuzzy sets (FSs), an extension of classical sets, for tackling this problem [1].
A fuzzy set uses a membership function to evaluate criteria. The authors in [2] introduce the theory of decision-making in a fuzzy environment. Furthermore, a theory addressing the challenges of decision-making in a "fuzzy" reality was proposed in [3,4]. Dombi [5] discussed a wide range of fuzzy operators in 1982. Decision making, engineering, IT, pattern recognition, medical diagnosis, among other fields, extensively employ and are significantly influenced by the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy sets. In 1986, Atanassov [6] introduced the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, which expands the notion of fuzzy sets in novel directions. According to this theory, the sum of an element's membership and non-membership degrees cannot exceed one.
In 1986, Turksen [7] proposed the concept of interval-valued fuzzy set (IVFS) as an extension of fuzzy sets. In the real world, decision-makers often struggle to provide precise numerical estimates due to the prevalence of imprecise and partial information. To address this issue, Atanasov [8] introduced the idea of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFS) in 1989. Instead of using a single number, IVIFS utilizes a range between 0 and 1 to indicate levels of membership or non-membership. De et al. [9] identified concentration, dilation, and normalization as the three fundamental procedures necessary for an IFS.
Dombi operators can create a tool with a wide range of applications through the use of multi-purpose aggregation, decision-making skills, and operational features. In this case, the data are consolidated into a single value by using averaging procedures. Workers in the Dombi culture are known for their adaptability and quick decision making. Dombi operators are highly versatile in the face of varying operational conditions. The significance of these operators motivates us to solve MCDM problems within the framework of these operators. In the present study, we develop a mechanism for the selection of the best airline to travel with by means of hybrid Dombi aggregation operators based on IVPF settings.
Our method excels over other methods because it takes into account the connection between the arguments. Therefore, our strategy is more adaptable. The existing methodologies do not have the capability to dynamically alter the parameters in line with the risk aversion of the decision-makers, which makes the MCDM solution challenging to implement in a practical setting. Aviation connects continents, cultures, and economies. Teams from throughout the industry always promote aviation's benefits. It increases trade, tourism, and jobs. All relevant stakeholders must work together. To increase air travel's frequency and reach to fully reap its benefits and sustain aviation's growth. According to the inter-industry Air Transport Action Group, the global aviation industry had a USD2.7 trillion economic impact in 2014, or 3.5% of global GDP (ATAG). Air travel is one of the fastest-growing industries, doubling every 15 years. Some of the motivations for the current study are described as follows: 1. Passion for Aviation: A lot of people are just really interested in planes, flying, and the aviation business. They really like flying, and studying civil aviation gives them the chance to do what they love and be a part of this exciting area. 2. Technological advancements: The airline business is always changing and adapting to new technologies. People who study civil flight can stay on the cutting edge of these changes and help come up with new ways to solve problems. A strong motivator can be the chance to work with cutting-edge technology and help the progress of flight. 3. Impact and contribution: Civil flight is a key part of connecting people, making trade easier, and making the economy grow. By learning about civil aviation, people can help this business run in a safe and efficient way, making it easier for people and goods to move around the world. Many people find it very important to feel like they are making a difference and adding to society.
IVPFSs are capable of handling ambiguity, uncertainty, and vagueness in a precise and effective manner. This greatly contributes to the effectiveness of flight selection approaches. Data on the different factors that go into choosing an airline is often unclear, and IVPFSs can solve this problem more correctly.
Our research is conducted with the following major goals in mind: 1. Create a revised score function that fixes the issues with the IVPF environment's current scoring functions. To produce a scoring system that is more reliable and accurate, this will require the incorporation of cutting-edge mathematical and statistical methodologies. 2. Create the underlying Dombi procedures for IVPFSs. To enable more precise analysis and outcome prediction, this will entail the creation of mathematical models that define the connections between various IVPFSs components. 3. Start looking into IVPFD aggregation operators. In order to develop more efficient aggregation techniques for IVPFSs, this will entail investigating how several IVPFD operators might be integrated. 4. Support the numerous fundamental characteristics of the newly created operators.
To prove the legitimacy and efficacy of the suggested operators thorough mathematical analysis and explicit proofs will be required. 5. Outline a method for resolving Multiple Attribute Decision-Making (MADM) issues that makes use of IVPFD aggregation operators. This will entail creating a step-bystep procedure for applying the new operators to examine and assess challenging decision-making issues. 6. Apply the recently recommended method to choose the best airline. This will entail applying the suggested algorithm to actual situations. 7. Outline a comparative comparison of the suggested technique and currently used tactics to demonstrate its viability. In order to do this, real-world data sets and scenarios will be used to compare the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm to that of existing techniques.
After providing a concise overview of IVPFs at the beginning of this paper, the remaining sections are organized as follows: In Section 2, a number of fundamental definitions are reviewed for the purpose of understanding the novel nature of the work presented in this work. In Section 3, the limitations of the existing score function to resolve the MCDM problem under the IVPF environment are discussed, and an enhanced score function is formulated as a solution to this problem. In the fourth portion, certain Dombi aggregation operators based on IVPF knowledge are proposed. In Section 5, an efficient technique is designed to choose the best airline within the framework of the newly introduced strategies under IVPF settings. The validity and viability of this novel strategy in comparison to previous methods are also shown by the comparative analysis that is offered. Section 6 concludes the current study with a summary of its specific findings.

Preliminaries
In this section, some basic fundamental concepts related to the work presented in this article are reviewed.

Shortcomings of the Existing Score Function of IVPFS and Its Improvement
In the following section, we present a modification of the existing score function of IVPFS and a supportive illustration of this phenomenon for a better understanding. The application of Definition 9 on ȵ ȵ yields that The above fact leads us to note that ȵ ∼ ȵ but ȵ ȵ . This demonstrates the shortcoming of the investigated score function. The preceding discussion has prompted us to enhance this score function with the subsequent definition.

Definition 11. Consider the IVPFN
⟨ , , , ⟩. The enhanced score function is defined as follows: Here, ℎ p ) represents the range of the score function such that 1 ℎ 1. In addition, the previously described score function fulfills the subsequent comparison law for all pairs of IVPFNs , . i.
implies ∼ . To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed score function for IVPFNs, we present the subsequent illustrative example. (1)  Based on the preceding discussion, we can draw the conclusion that the proposed score function offers greater suitability and serves as an effective algorithm for the decision analysis process. This is in contrast to the existing score function, as discussed in definition 9 which exhibits limitations and fails to provide satisfactory results.

Fundamental Characteristic of IVPF Dombi Hybrid Operator
In this section, we introduce the concepts of IVPF Dombi aggregation operators and establish their various fundamental properties.
While the IVPFDA operator assigns weights solely based on the PF values, the Pythagorean fuzzy Ordered Weighted Arithmetic (IVPFOWA) operator assigns weights based solely on the ordered positions of the IVPF values, rather than the weights of the IVPF values themselves. Consequently, the weights in both operators, IVPFDA and IVPFOWA, exhibit different behaviors. To overcome this drawback, we propose the IVPF Dombi hybrid weighted arithmetic (IVPFDHA) operator.
From the above discussion, we observe that: i.
Based on the proposed operational rules of the IVPFEs, we can derive the following result.
Proof. We prove the statement by applying induction on . Therefore, This means that: Moreover, for 1, we have: This means that: Thus, Equation (2) is true for 1. Hence, we conclude that Equation (2) is true for all ∈ . □ Theorem 2. The IVPFD weighted arithmetic and IVPFDO weighted arithmetic operators can be regarded as special cases of the IVPFD hybrid operator.
Proof. We prove the statement by applying induction on . Therefore, for 2, we have Thus, Equation (4) satisfies for 2.

Suppose that the Equation (4) is valid for . So
Thus, Equation (4) is true for 1. Hence, we conclude that Equation (4) is true for all ∈ . □ Theorem 7. The IVPFD weighted geometric and IVPFDO weighted geometric operators can be regarded as special cases of the IVPFD hybrid weighted operator.
Proof. Proof of this theorem is analogous to that of Theorem 2.

An Approach to Multi-Criteria Decision Making on the Basis of Dombi Operators with IVPF Information
In this section, we employ the IVPFDHA (or IVPFDHG) operator to devise a method for interpreting MADM concerns by utilizing IVPF data. As it can assign a set of possible values for the membership degree and non-membership degree of an element to a given set, the IVPFS is pretty close to the cognitive process that humans go through when evaluating alternatives. The IVPFS has seen widespread application in a wide variety of settings over the course of the past few years. For instance, assume that an expert is assigned to make a choice from a given set of possibilities Ħ έ έ 1,2, … , and the criteria Ĉ Ᵹ Ᵹ 1, 2, … , , whose weight vectors are ᾢ , ᾢ , … , ᾢ with ᾢ ∈ 0,1 and ∑ ᾢ 1 . Additionally, he must give weights Ѓ to each criterion in order to take into consideration the fact that various options may have variable priorities and benefits. Let Ᵹέ µ Ᵹέ , µ Ᵹέ , Ᵹέ , Ᵹέ , where µ Ᵹέ , µ Ᵹέ represents the interval value that the alternative Ħ έ έ 1,2, … , satisfies the criteria Ĉ Ᵹ Ᵹ 1, 2, … , , where as Ᵹέ , Ᵹέ represents the interval value that the alternative Ħ έ έ 1,2, … , does not satisfy the criteria Ĉ Ᵹ Ᵹ 1, 2, … , . Based on the newly defined IVPFDHA (or IVPFDHG) operator, the following procedure makes up the bulk of the technique described for evaluating MADM issues using IVPF data.
Step 1. Cost attributes and benefit attributes are the two main types of attributes in most MADM problems. If all the attributes in the set Ĉ Ᵹ Ᵹ 1, 2, … , , are of the same type then there is no need to normalize the attribute values. If there are two types of attributes in a MADM problem, Xu and Hu's approach can be used to convert values from the cost type of attribute to the benefit type of attribute (2010) by using the following formula: Ᵹέ µ έꝽ , µ έꝽ , ν έꝽ , ν έꝽ ; for bene it type criteria ν έꝽ , ν ƐꝽ , µ έꝽ , µ έꝽ ; for loss type criteria In this case, the decision matrix is transformed into a normalized matrix.
Step 3. Compute the score values ἆ using Definition 11. Moreover, use these score values to reorder the items to obtain the highest score values at the beginning.
Step 4. IVPFDHA (or IVPFDHG) operator is used to aggregate these values.
Step 5. Using Definition 11, calculate the score values and choose the best option.

Numerical Application of Decision Making
One of the two main categories of aviation is "civil aviation", which refers to both private and commercial flights that are not under the control of a governing body. The majority of countries are members of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which is an organization where members collaborate to develop standards and guidelines for use in the field of civil aviation on a worldwide scale.
The following are the three primary categories of civil aviation: 1. Transportation services provided by chartered aircraft, include both regularly scheduled and ad hoc flights for passengers and cargo. 2. Aerial labor is when a plane is used to perform certain duties such as farming, taking pictures, measuring land, rescuing people, and other similar activities. 3. The term "general aviation" (GA) refers to any and all other categories of flights, including public and private.
The Saudi Arabian government's decision to invest in high-speed rail has made it more difficult for domestic airlines to sell their services within the kingdom. There has been a rise in the number of airlines that are attempting to entice customers by providing lower tickets. They rapidly realized, however, that the only factor that mattered in this extremely competitive housing market is the quality of the service that is provided. The Saudi Arabian Civil Aviation Authority (CAASA) is in the process of conducting research to identify which regional airline offers the highest quality of service. The findings of this research will be used to promote the adoption of best practices by other airlines. Therefore, the CAASA establishes a committee in order to conduct an investigation into the five most important domestic airlines, which are Flyadeal ( 1 ), Flynas ( 2 ), SaudiGulf airline ( 3 ), Nesma ( 4 ), and Saudi Arabian Airline ( 5 ), in light of the following three major attributes.
Bespeaking and ticketing service (Ɛ 1 ); Bespeaking and ticketing service in the context of best airline selection refers to the process of reserving and purchasing flight tickets. Bespeaking implies making a reservation in advance, typically to secure a seat on a specific flight or to avail special services.
Cabin service and responsiveness (Ɛ ): Cabin service and responsiveness encompass the airline's customer service and the quality of in-flight amenities and services. A good airline should be responsive and attentive to passengers' needs.
Cost and time (Ɛ 3 ); cost and time are two critical factors when selecting an airline. Cost refers to the price of the flight ticket, including any additional fees or charges. Time, on the other hand, refers to the duration of the flight, including layovers or stopovers, if applicable.
In the following Table 1, an expert assigns the corresponding weights to the attributes on the basis of the above discussion of their respective significances. 3 is provided for each criterion to indicate that the most prominent component of the alternative is given a larger weight and the rest a lesser weight, reflecting that different alternatives may emphasize different areas. On the basis of the information obtained from the available online sources, like saudiscoop.com, the evaluation of these alternatives is carried out using IVPF information and is summarized in the following Table 2.  Step 1: Transform the decision matrix into a normalized decision matrix. Table 3 describes the outcomes of this process in the following way:  Step 2: Calculate ἆ έꝽ Ѓ ἀ έꝽ as Moreover, the hybrid decision-making matrix is obtained by applying the strategy described in step 3 of the algorithm and is presented in the following Table 4. Step 5: Calculate the score values by using Definition 11.
0.202, 0.007, 0.14, 0.017 and 0.053 Consequently, we conclude that Flyadeal is the best choice for the purposeful decision-making problem.

The Impact of the Operational Parameter ϼ in This Technique
In the following discussion, we investigate the behavior of the alternatives depending on the different values of the operational parameter ϼ in the framework of the aforementioned technique.
It is important to note that as the parameter value of the ϼ increases, the score values of the alternatives continue to rise in a progressive manner; yet the ranking of the alternatives remains unchanged i.e., 1 ≻ 3 ≻ 5 ≻ 2 ≻ 4 . Table 4 displays the results of an IVPFDHA operator-based ranking of the possibilities 1, 2. . . , 5 . This process is summarized in the following Table 5. From the above discussion, one can observe that isotonicity is a key feature of the proposed approach, that facilitates a decision-maker's choice of an appropriate value for the operational parameter ϼ.

Comparative Analysis
In the following discussion, we conduct a comparative analysis (see Table 6) to prove the efficacy and viability of the proposed approach. We evaluate our methods in comparison to the IVPF Einstein hybrid weighted geometric (IVPFEHWG) operator, the IVPF hybrid geometric (IVPFHG) operator, and the IVPF Einstein hybrid weighted arithmetic (IVPFEHWA) operator. In contrast to existing methods, our approach can handle cases where there is a close connection between the arguments, and hence the proposed technique is more universal. Moreover, these approaches use significantly less computing power than those that are currently being utilized. In addition, the induction of the operational parameter into the new strategy possesses the ability to vary the preference values corresponding to certain requirements of the decisions. This makes it possible for the individual making the decision to use the value of the parameter that is ideal for them in terms of their own risk tolerance and the requirements of the situation.

Conclusions
In this paper, an enhanced score function has been introduced to overcome the deficiencies of the existing score function in the IVPF environment. The concepts of IVPFDHA operator and IVPFDHG operator have been presented, and their various important properties have been investigated. In the context of the recently disclosed strategies, an effective approach for selecting the ideal airline through the application of IVPF parameters has been designed in this article. Finally, a comparative analysis has been established in order to show the validity and feasibility of the proposed techniques with existing methods. We shall apply the newly designed strategies to many real-world phenomena, specifically the construction industry, renewable energy selection, project portfolio management, and supplier selection, in our future research to exhibit the versatility of these newly defined methods. In addition, we shall also investigate the behavior and significance of the Dombi operator under IV q-rung and IV spherical fuzzy environments. This will allow for the efficient and cost-effective resolution of a wide range of critical MADM issues.