Exploration of Quantum Milne–Mercer-Type Inequalities with Applications

: Quantum calculus provides a signiﬁcant generalization of classical concepts and overcomes the limitations of classical calculus in tackling non-differentiable functions. Implementing the q - concepts to obtain fresh variants of classical outcomes is a very intriguing aspect of research in mathematical analysis. The objective of this article is to establish novel Milne-type integral inequalities through the utilization of the Mercer inequality for q -differentiable convex mappings. In order to accomplish this task, we begin by demonstrating a new quantum identity of the Milne type linked to left and right q derivatives. This serves as a supporting result for our primary ﬁndings. Our approach involves using the q -equality, well-known inequalities, and convex mappings to obtain new error bounds of the Milne–Mercer type. We also provide some special cases, numerical examples, and graphical analysis to evaluate the efﬁcacy of our results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the ﬁrst article to focus on quantum Milne–Mercer-type inequalities and we hope that our methods and ﬁndings inspire readers to conduct further investigation into this problem.


Introduction
The theory of convexity plays a vital role, through its numerous applications, in modern analysis.Additionally, convexity shares a strong connection with the notion of symmetry.Numerous significant properties of symmetric convex sets are documented in the literature.The advantageous aspect of the link between convexity and symmetry is that, by focusing on one of the notions, we can apply it to the other.In the analysis of physical problems, differences often arise which prompts the need for mathematical inequalities.Inequalities have a fundamental role in various areas of mathematics, particularly in mathematical analysis, wherein they feature in numerous problems.The field of inequalities was comprehensively and systematically studied by Hardy, Littlewood, and Polya, and their findings were compiled in the book "Inequalities".Over the last few decades, mathematical inequalities and their applications have rapidly expanded and have had a significant impact on other modern mathematical disciplines, such as error analysis, integral operator theory, approximation theory, and information theory.Several well-known inequalities, including Simpson, Ostrowski, Hermite-Hadamard, and Gruss, provide bounds for the remainder of quadrature rules.Convexity plays a crucial role in obtaining refinements of these integral inequalities.Numerous inequalities can be derived directly from the applications of convex functions.One of them is Jensen's inequality, which reads as follows: Let 0 ≤ Θ 1 ≤ Θ 2 ≤ Θ 3 ≤ . . . .≤ Θ n and let µ = (µ 1 , µ 2 , . . ., µ n ) nonnegative weights, such that where Θ i ∈ [υ 1 , υ 2 ] and µ i ∈ [0, 1], (i = 1, n).In the following sequel, Mercer et al. [1] devised a new result related to Jensen's inequality, known as the Jensen-Mercer inequality: for each Θ i ∈ [υ 1 , υ 1 ] and µ i ∈ [0, 1], (i = 1, n) with ∑ n i=1 µ = 1.Of all the inequalities, the Milne inequality is the one that provides estimates of error bounds for the Milne formula, which is valid under similar conditions to those of the Simpson inequality.
Assume that G In recent times, the Milne inequality has garnered significant attention from researchers.Budak et al. [2] introduced fractional analogs of this inequality by utilizing the properties of convex mappings, bounded functions, bounded variation, and Lipschitz conditions.Meftah et al.
[3] studied some integral inequalities for the remainder of Milne formulae by employing local fractal integrals that involve the generalized convexity property of functions.Ali et al. [4] investigated the fractional error bounds estimates for Milne inequality associated with convex functions.
In the realm of conventional mathematical analysis, a fundamental research topic is quantum (q)-calculus, which focuses on a meaningful modification of integration and differentiation techniques from a theoretical perspective.Jackson was the first person to systematically study the q-derivative and integral operators.Jackson's q-operators played a pivotal role in the development of q theory, which has had tremendous applications in special functions, modern mathematical analysis, physics, number theory, combinatorics, cryptography, etc.For more detail see [5,6].The concept of integral inequalities has also been influenced by these ideas and has drawn the attention of mathematicians in the current era.To proceed further, let us recall the essentials of q-calculus.
After noticing some limitations of classical q operators in impulsive difference equations, Tariboon and Ntouyas introduced the concept of q-derivative and integral over finite intervals, which are described as follows: We say that G is υ 1 q-differentiable on J, if υ 1 D q G(u) exists for all u ∈ J. Furthermore, we present the definite quantum q υ 1 -integral over the finite interval, which is also defined by Tariboon and Ntouyas [7].
Sudsutad et al. [14] explored the Holder's inequality, Hermite-Hadamard's inequalities, and Minkowski inequalities using quantum calculus.Noor et al. [15] established novel quantum estimates of Hermite-Hadamard-type inequalities.Alp et al. [16] successfully derived quantum mid-point-like inequalities and refined forms of the q-Hermite-Hadamard inequality in 2018.Kalsoom et al. [17] formulated Ostrowski-type integral inequalities via generalized higher order n-polynomial preinvex functions.Ali et al. [18] investigated some q-mid-point Hermite-Hadamard inequalities and studied trapezoid-like inequalities.Jhan et al. [19] examined the Hermite-Hadamard-type inequalities utilizing q-concepts and presented some special cases to expand previous work.Mohammad et al. [20] computed the fractional Hermite-Hadamard inequality and derived new upper bounds of trapezoidtype inequalities using tempered fractional operators and differentiable convex mappings.Khan and colleagues [21] utilized green identities to establish Hermite-Hadamard-type inequalities in the context of q calculus.Saleh and colleagues [22] discussed q variants of dual Simpson-type integral inequality and some novel applications.Erden and Colleagues [23] investigated some error schemes of Simpson's second-type rules, applying the convexity property of the functions.Authors [24] computed some new error estimates of Hermite-Hadamard inequality in association with co-ordinated convex mappings over a rectangle.Jain et al. [25] developed some new quantum variants of Saigo-type fractional operators and studied well-known inequalities by employing these operators.For further reading, interested readers can refer to [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].
Our paper aims to establish Milne-Mercer-type inequalities using the convexity property of the function in the context of quantum calculus.The first section provides an overview of convex functions and quantum calculus.The next section presents our main results on Milne-Mercer inequality with the help of q-identity.In the final section, we provide some applications to special means, numerical examples, and graphical illustrations to validate our findings.

Main Results
Here, we present the main findings of our study.

Milne-Mercer Identity
The following section presents the development of a novel Milne inequality in the context of quantum calculus utilizing Mercer's concepts.This new inequality is expected to have a significant impact on the development of new estimates for Milne quadrature formulae.
For the sake of brevity, we set Lemma 3. Assume that G : [υ 1 , υ 2 ] → R be a continuous and q-differentiable function, then the following identity holds: where Proof.Consider the right hand side and apply q-integration by parts, then where And By inserting the values of I 1 and I 2 in (3), we acquire our required result.Now, we discuss some special cases of Lemma 3.

•
If we take q → 1, then we have • If we take X = υ 1 and Y = υ 2 in Lemma 3, a new q identity results in establishing Milne-type inequalities.
Remark 1.If we take q → 1 and X = υ 1 and Y = υ 2 then we obtain the identity proved by Budak et al. [2].

Quantum Estimates of Milne-Mercer Inequality
In the upcoming section, we derive novel improvements on Milne-type inequalities by utilizing the Milne-Mercer identity, Jensen-Mercer inequality for convex functions, and various integral inequalities.
Theorem 3. Assuming all the conditions of Lemma 3 hold, if | A D q G| and | A D q G| are both convex functions, then Proof.From Lemma 3, modulus property and convexity of | A D q G| v and | A D q G| v , then After simplifying the latest expression, we obtain our result.
• If we take X = υ 1 and Y = υ 2 in Theorem 3, then a new q estimate of Milne-type inequality results.
Theorem 4. Considering all the assumptions of Lemma 3, if | A D q G| v and | A D q G| v are convex mappings, then Proof.From Lemma 3, modulus property, Hölder's inequality and convexity of | A D q G| v and | A D q G| v , then .
In this way, we complete the required result.
Here, we present some consequences of Theorem 4, • If we take X = υ 1 and Y = υ 2 in Theorem 4, then a new q estimate of Milne-type inequality results.

•
If we take q → 1, then Theorem 5. Assuming all the conditions outlined in Lemma 3, if the mappings | A D q G| v and | A D q G| v are convex, then , where u ≥ 1.
Proof.From Lemma 3, modulus property, Power mean inequality and convexity of | A D q G| v and | A D q G| v , then .
Hence, we accomplish the required result.
Here, we develop some consequences of Theorem 5.
• If we take X = υ 1 and Y = υ 2 in Theorem 5, then a new q estimate of Milne-type inequality results.
Proof.From Lemma 3, we have Now, applying the absolute value of the above expression, And By combining (7)-( 9), we have In this way, we complete our required result.Now, we establish some consequences of Theorem 6.
• If we take X = υ 1 and Y = υ 2 in Theorem 6, then a new q estimate of Milne-type inequality results.
• If we take q → 1, then Theorem 7. Considering all the assumptions of Lemma 3, if Proof.The proof is straightforward as evident in Theorem 6.
• If we take X = υ 1 and Y = υ 2 in Theorem 7, then a new q estimate of Milne-type inequality results.
• If we take q → 1, then

Applications
This section focuses on visualizing the accuracy and efficiency of our main findings.For this purpose, we establish some relations for special means of positive real numbers.
For better understanding, we analyze our outcomes through numerical examples and in a pictorial way.
For arbitrary real numbers, we consider the following means: 1.
The arithmetic mean:
Proposition 1.Under the assumption of Theorem 3, for any Proof.Considering the result obtained in (4) for the mapping G : R + → R + , then G(u) = u d , leads us to our required result.
Proposition 2. Under the assumption of Theorem 4, for any Proof.Considering the result obtained in (6) for the mapping G : R + → R + , then G(u) = u d leads us to our required result.

Error Bounds
To finalize some new error bounds of the Milne formula, we split the interval [a, b] to obtain a partition such that H =: υ 1 = X 1 ≤ X 2 , ≤ X 3 , . . .≤ X n = υ 2 with h = X i+1 − X i , and, then, we have the following quadrature scheme: represents the remainder term.
Proposition 3.All the conditions of Theorem 3 are satisfied, so, then, Proof.Applying X = υ 1 , Y = υ 2 and q → 1 in Theorem 3, and then taking the sum from i = 0 to n over the subinterval we derive: [X i , X 2 ].
Proposition 4. All the conditions of Theorem 4 are satisfied, then .
Proof.Applying X = υ 1 , Y = υ 2 and q → 1 in Theorem 4, and, then, taking the sum from i = 0 to n over subinterval [X i , X 2 ] we derive.

Graphical Illustrations
Here, we present the validity of our main outcomes in a pictorial way.First, we compare the left and right hand sides of Theorem 3.

Conclusions
The theory of convex functions has received a significant response from researchers due to its applicable strength in every field of mathematics, economics, engineering, etc.They play a crucial role, particularly in the rapid expansion of inequalities.Employing the q concepts, together with convex functions or their generalization, is a very interesting way to obtain refinements of fundamental results.Over the past few decades, several mathematical inequalities have been derived to determine the error limits of classical quadrature and cubature rules.Among them is the Milne inequality, which offers bounds for the open method of Simpson-type inequality.In this paper, we derived a new q Milne-Mercer identity, and, moreover, based on this equality, some well-known inequalities, and convex mappings, we established some new error estimates of the Milne inequality.We also discussed some novel consequences of our main results.Furthermore, we provided some applications for special means and error bounds.The validity of the results was discussed in the last section of the study.It is our hope that this paper paves the way for future investigations into this inequality.Additionally, we plan to obtain the q and (p, q) fractional analogs of Milne-type inequalities in the future.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Depicts the comparative analysis between the left and right sides of Theorem 3.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Depicts the comparative analysis between left and right sides of Theorem 4.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Depicts the comparative analysis between left and right sides of Theorem 5.