Analytic Invariants of Semidirect Products of Symmetric Groups on Banach Spaces

: We consider algebras of polynomials and analytic functions that are invariant with respect to semidirect products of groups of bounded operators on Banach spaces with symmetric bases. In particular, we consider algebras of so-called block-symmetric and double-symmetric analytic functions on Banach spaces (cid:96) p ( C n ) and the homomorphisms of these algebras. In addition, we describe an algebraic basis in the algebra of double-symmetric polynomials and discuss a structure of the spectrum of the algebra of double-symmetric analytic functions on (cid:96) p ( C n ) .


Introduction
Let X be a complex Banach space and S a group of bounded operators on X.A function f on X is said to be S-symmetric if it is invariant with respect to the actions of operators in S. We denote by P S (X) the algebra of S-symmetric polynomials on X.The algebras of symmetric polynomials on a finite-dimensional linear space are typical objects of the Classic Invariant Theory [1] (see also a survey in [2]), where principal results were obtained for finite groups.In the case of an abstract infinite-dimensional Banach space, we have different problems arising from the topological structures of Banach spaces, and we need different methods (and notations).The authors of [3,4] considered discrete and continual analogues of the group of permutations of variables for abstract Banach spaces with symmetric structures and obtained representations of algebraic bases in the corresponding algebras of symmetric polynomials.Symmetric polynomials with respect to the actions of abstract groups of operators on Banach spaces were investigated in [5][6][7].Note that in the case of Banach spaces, it is natural to investigate algebras of symmetric analytic functions (as completions of algebras of symmetric polynomials in some suitable topology) and their spectra.
Algebras of symmetric analytic functions of a bounded type on p were considered in [8,9].These investigations were continued in a number of papers (see, e.g., [10] and the references therein).A continual group of symmetry and the corresponding algebras of symmetric analytic functions on L ∞ were investigated in [11][12][13].If the algebra of S-symmetric polynomials P S (X) admits an algebraic basis (P n ), n ∈ N, then any homomorphism F of P S (X) can be defined by its evaluations on polynomials P n .In other words, any homomorphism can be uniquely determined by the sequence F (P n ), n ∈ N. If it is continuous with respect to a uniform topology on P S (X), then it can be extended to a corresponding algebra of symmetric analytic functions.Thus, the first important question concerning an algebra of symmetric polynomials is about the existence of a countable algebraic basis (or a generating sequence) of polynomials.The algebras of analytic functions on X, generated by a countable family of polynomials were systematically studied in [10,[14][15][16].
In this paper, we consider the case when S is a semidirect product of two groups of symmetry on a Banach space X.For the case X = p (C n ), we obtain an algebraic basis of the algebra of S-symmetric polynomials and apply it for a description of the spectrum of the algebra of S-symmetric analytic functions of a bounded type on X = p (C n ).
In Section 2, we give the necessary definitions and preliminary results.Various classes of symmetric polynomials are considered in Section 3. In Section 4, we consider the question how to describe generators of S-symmetric polynomials if S is a semidirect product of two groups acting on X, and we have information about the generators of the symmetric polynomials related to these groups.In Section 5, we apply the obtained results for the corresponding algebras of symmetric analytic functions on p , 1 ≤ p < ∞ and their spectra.
General information on polynomials and analytic functions on Banach spaces can be found in [17,18].

Preliminary Results
Let us denote by H(X) the algebra of all analytic functions on a Banach space X over the field of complex numbers C. Recall that an entire analytic function f on X can be defined as a continuous function such that the restriction of f to a y finite-dimensional subspace of X is analytic.An analytic function f n is an n-homogeneous (continuous) polynomial if f n (λx) = λ n f n (x) for every x ∈ X and λ ∈ C. A finite sum of homogeneous polynomials is a polynomial.The algebra of all continuous polynomials on X is denoted by P (X).It is well known that every function f ∈ H(X) can be represented as a series of n-homogeneous is said to be of a bounded type if it is bounded on bounded subsets of X.The algebra of all the entire functions of a bounded type is denoted by H b (X).This is a Fréchet algebra with respect to the metrizable locally convex topology generated by the following countable family of norms where r goes over positive rational numbers.It is known (see, e.g., [19]) that H b (X) is a proper subalgebra of H(X) providing X is infinite-dimensional.A continuous complexvalued homomorphism ϕ : H b (X) → C is called a character of H b (X), and the set of all characters is the spectrum of H b (X).The spectrum of H b (X) was investigated by many authors [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].In particular, it is known that for every point x ∈ X, the point evaluation functional δ x : f → f (x) is a character on H b (X).Moreover, for every point z of the second dual space X of X, we can assign a functional δ z ( f ) = f (z), where f is the Aron-Berner extension [28] of f to X .In the general case, the functional δ z does not exhaust the spectrum of H b (X), and it may have a complicated structure.It was a motivation for studying the spectra of the countable generated subalgebras of H b (X), in particular, the subalgebras of symmetric functions (see, e.g., [10]).
Throughout this paper, we use the notations p for the Banach space absolutely summable sequences in power p, 1 ≤ p < ∞ and c 00 for the linear space of all finite sequences.

Classes of Symmetric Polynomials
Let {P α } be a family of nonzero polynomials in P S (X), where P S (X) is the algebra of S-symmetric polynomials for a given group S of bounded linear operators on a Banach space X.We say that {P α } is algebraically independent if any finite subset {P α 1 , . . ., P α n } is algebraically independent.That is, if q(t 1 , . . ., t n ) is a nonzero polynomial of n variables, then q(P α 1 (x), . . ., P α n (x)) ≡ 0, x ∈ X.
In other words, any non-trivial algebraic combination of algebraically independent polynomials is nonzero.A family of nonzero polynomials {P α } ∈ P S (X) is a generating set if every polynomial P ∈ P S (X) can be represented as an algebraic combination of a finite subset of {P α }.An algebraically independent generating set is called an algebraic basis of P S (X).It is easy to check that any generating set of an algebra of polynomials is an algebraic basis if and only if every polynomial in this algebra can be uniquely represented as a (finite) algebraic combination of elements in the generating set.
Let now Y be a Banach space with a (linear) symmetric countable Schauder basis (e n ), dim Y ≤ ∞, and let Z be an arbitrary Banach space.Suppose that S Y and S Z are groups of bounded operators on Z and Y, respectively.We denote by X = Y(Z) the space of elements x = (x 1 , x 2 , . . ., x n , . ..), x n ∈ Z, such that We will write, also, the vector x = (x 1 , x 2 , . . ., x n , . ..) as a formal sum x n e n understudying that x n are vectors in Z. Here, dim Y means the topological dimension, that is, the sum is finite or countable.
The following technical result is probably known.Then, Here, we change the order of summation because the series converges unconditionally, because (e n ) is a symmetric basis.Hence, and from the assumption that all b m n ≥ 0, it follows that for y = ( x 1 Z , x 2 Z , . . ., ).Because for this y, x X = y Y , it follows that τ ≤ τ .On the other hand, because τ is an extension of τ, we have τ ≥ τ .So τ = τ .
Using groups S Y and S Z , it is possible to construct a group of symmetries on X in different ways.

.).
A function f on X is called block S Y -symmetric if for every τ ∈ S Y , the operator τ is well defined and continuous on X and f ( τ(x)) = f (x) for every x ∈ X.
We say that a function f on X is (S Y , S Z )-symmetric or double symmetric if it is both separately S Z -symmetric and block S Y -symmetric.
Let us recall the definition of the semidirect product of two groups.For a given group G, we denote by Aut G the group of automorphisms of G. Let Ψ be a group homomorphism from a group H to Aut G, that is, Let S Z be the minimal group of operators on X generated by operators a trivial subgroup of S Z consisting of the identity map.
Proof.Item (i) follows from the definition of separately S Z -symmetric functions.The operator and only if it is invariant with respect to the action of σ • τ for all σ ∈ S Z and τ ∈ S Y .Thus, item (ii) is proved.Finally, item (iii) is a partial case of (ii) if σ is the identity operator.
Example 1.Let X = p , 1 ≤ p < ∞ and S p is the group of all permutations of the basis vectors e n = (0, . . ., 0, 1 n , 0, . ..).In other words, every permutation σ on the set of positive integers N acts as a linear operator on p (which we denote by the same symbol σ ∈ S p ) by It is well known [3,4] that polynomials form an algebraic basis in the algebra of all S p -symmetric polynomials on p (which are called symmetric polynomials), where p is the minimal integer, which is greater than or equal to p.We denote by P s ( p ) the algebra of the symmetric polynomials on p .
is the group of operators on L p [0, 1] generated by the measurable automorphisms of [0, 1] that preserve the Lebesgue measure on [0 is a measure-preserving measurable automorphism, then it acts as an operator on L p [0, 1] (which we denote by the same symbol σ ∈ S L p [0,1] ) by According to [3,11], polynomials Here, p is the maximal integer that is less than or equal to p. Hence, P s (L p [0, 1]) is finitely generated if p < ∞ and countably generated if p = ∞.Further results about symmetric and block-symmetric polynomials on L ∞ can be found in [29][30][31] and the cited literature therein. where j , . ..) ∈ p for k = 1, . . ., n.Let S Y = S p be the group of permutations of the basis vectors in p and let S Z = S n be the group of permutations of the basis vectors in C n .In [32,33], it is shown that the algebra of the block S p -symmetric polynomials on X admits an algebraic basis of the so-called power block-symmetric polynomials where The algebras of block-symmetric polynomials and analytic functions on p (C n ) were studied, also, in [34,35].

Generators in Algebras of Double-Symmetric Polynomials
The following theorem generalizes a result in [36] about separately symmetric polynomials on 1 .

Theorem 1.
Let dim Y = m < ∞ and Z be an arbitrary Banach space.Suppose that the algebra of S Z -symmetric polynomials admits a finite or countable family of generators {P k }.Then, the algebra of all separately S Z -symmetric polynomials on X = Y(Z) has a family of generators {P (j) k }, j = 1, . . ., m, where k is an algebraic basis as well.
Proof.If dim Y = 1, then the statement is trivial.Suppose it is true for dim Y = m − 1.Let P be a separately S Z -symmetric polynomial on X.Then, P(x) = P(x 1 , . . ., x m ) can be considered as an S Z -symmetric polynomial of x m with coefficients in the field K m−1 of separately S Z -symmetric rational functions of (x 1 , . . ., x m−1 ).From the Classical Invariant Theory (see, e.g., p. 12 in [1]), it is known that polynomials {P k } = {P (m) k } form a family of generators in the algebra of S Z -symmetric polynomials over the field K m−1 .That is, P can be represented in the form where k }, j < m.Suppose that is another representation of P.Then, If there is (y 1 , . . ., y m−1 ) such that is a non-trivial algebraic combination, then it contradicts the algebraic independence of {P k }.Thus, a k 1 ...k r − b k 1 ...k r ≡ 0 for all polynomials a k 1 ...k r , and so (2) is a unique representation of P. Hence, {P k }, j = 1, . . ., m is an algebraic basis.
Corollary 1.Let X = Y(Z) be as in Example 3.Then, there is an algebraic basis of separately S Z -symmetric polynomials of the form Proof.It is enough to apply Theorem 1 to Example 3, taking into account the algebraic basis in Example 1.
Let X = p (C n ) for some 1 ≤ p < ∞.That is, any vector x ∈ X can be represented as x = (x (1) , . . ., x (n) ), where j , . . .∈ p , k = 1, . . ., n.The space p (C n ) is a Banach space with respect to the norm Let us define the following mapping F p ,n on p (C n ), F p ,n = (F (1) p ,n , . . . ,F (j) p ,n , . ..),where In other words, we can write Proposition 2. The mapping F p ,n is a continuous polynomial map from p (C n ) to itself.
Proof.Clearly, F p ,n is a polynomial.Note that |F k (x j )| ≤ n x j k p .Thus, we have From here, it follows that F p ,n (x) ∈ p (C n ) for every x ∈ p (C n ).Also, the inequality shows that F p ,n is bounded on bounded subsets and so it is continuous.
Let us denote by P vs ( p (C n )) the algebra of all block-symmetric (that is, block S psymmetric) polynomials on p (C n ) and by P ds ( p (C n )) the algebra of all double-symmetric (that is, (S p , S n )-symmetric) polynomials on p (C n ), where S p and S n are as in Example 3. The composition operator C F p,n (P) = P • F p ,n is a homomorphism from P vs ( p (C n )) to P ds ( p (C n )).Indeed, if P is a block-symmetric polynomial, then Let us consider the partial case if X = C m (C n ).Then, we have the mapping F m,n instead of F p ,n , Theorem 2. The composition operator C F m,n is an isomorphism of algebras P vs (C m (C n )) and P ds (C m (C n )).
, and then Q is separately S n -symmetric.By Corollary 1, the double-symmetric polynomial Q can be represented us an algebraic combination of polynomials In other words, Q is of the form Q(x) = P F m,n (x) for some polynomial P. Indeed, let be a polynomial of mn variables such that 1 , . . ., x 2 , . . ., x m , . . ., x we have that Q(x) = P F m,n (x) .Moreover, because Q is also block S m -symmetric, and for every j, F m,n maps C n onto C n , it follows that q is invariant with respect to permutations (x n (P) for some P ∈ P vs (C m (C n )).Thus, F m,n is bijective.
Note that every double-symmetric polynomial is block symmetric but not every blocksymmetric polynomial is double symmetric.That is, P ds (C m (C n )) is a proper subalgebra of P vs (C m (C n )), which is isomorphic to P vs (C m (C n )).
Example 4. Let X = C 2 (C 2 ).Then, every element x ∈ X can be represented as x = x 1 x 2 y 1 y 2 .
Every block-symmetric polynomial is invariant with respect to operator It is known (see, e.g., [37]) that polynomials form a minimal generating set that, however, is algebraically dependent.The isomorphism F = F 2,2 from P vs (C 2 (C 2 )) to P ds (C 2 (C 2 )) is defined as Thus, the generating polynomials in P ds (C 2 (C 2 )), N i,j = H i,j • F can be written as Because every polynomial in can be represented as an algebraic combination of polynomials (4): because, according to [37], Example 5. Let X = C3 (C 2 ).Then, every element x ∈ X can be represented as (5) form a minimal set of generating polynomials in P vs (C 2 (C 2 )).Let Let us recall that a linear operator A on C k is a pseudoreflection if it is an invertible operator such that it is not the identity map, has a finite multiplicative order and the fixed subspace V A := {x ∈ C k : A(x) = x} has the dimension k − 1.It is well known [38,39] that the algebra of G-symmetric polynomials on C k for a finite group G of linear operators on C k has an algebraic basis and is isomorphic to the algebra of all polynomials on C k if and only if it is generated by pseudoreflections.Thus, for example, the generators of the algebra of block-symmetric polynomials on (C m (C n )) are algebraically dependent if both n and m are greater than 1.The situation is different in infinite-dimensional cases.As we mentioned above, polynomials (1) form an algebraic basis in the algebra of block-symmetric polynomials on p (C n .)Moreover, in Corollary 7 in [32], the following result was obtained.
Theorem 4. The composition operator C F p,n (P) = P • F p ,n is an isomorphism from the algebra P vs ( p (C n )) of block-symmetric polynomials on p (C n ) to the algebra of double-symmetric polynomials Proof.Let us show first that polynomials N k , |k| ≥ p are algebraically independent on p (C n ).It is well known (see, e.g., [8]) that the mapping is a surjection onto C n .Let us suppose that there is a non-trivial polynomial of a finite number of variables, q(t 1 , . . ., t s ) such that Because q is non-trivial and H k are algebraically independent on p (C n ), From the continuity of polynomials H k , it follows that there is an open set U ⊂ X such that q(H k 1 (y), . . ., H k s (y)) = 0 for every y ∈ U.Because the subspace of finite sequences is dense in p (C n ), we can choose y = (y 1 , . . ., y j , . ..) ∈ U, y j = (y j ) such that y j = 0 for every j that is greater than a number j 0 .Let us take (u Thus, the vector u = (u 1 , . . ., u j , . ..), u j = (u (1) j , . . ., u (n) j ) ∈ C n has only a finite number of nonzero coordinates and so belongs to p (C n ).On the other hand, y = F p ,n (u).Thus, A contradiction.Hence, polynomials N k , |k| ≥ p are algebraically independent.
We already observed that C F p,n is a homomorphism.Clearly that C F p,n is injective.
So, we need to show that it is surjective.Let Q ∈ P ds ( p (C n )) and deg Q = d.There is a finite number of polynomials N k 1 , . . ., N k r such that deg Suppose that m is large enough so that the restriction of H k 1 , . . ., H k r to C m (C n ) ⊂ p (C n ) is algebraically independent.Such a number must exist by Theorem 3.Then, the restriction of N k 1 , . . ., N k r to C m (C n ) is algebraically independent as well.By Theorem 2, there exists a polynomial q m of r variables such that Note that if s > m, then q s = q m ; otherwise, will be a different representation of Q m that contradicts the algebraic independence of N k 1 , . . ., N k r on C m (C n ).Hence, the restriction of Q to the dense subspace By the continuity of Q, this representation is true for every x ∈ p (C n ).Thus, C F p,n is surjective.Therefore, it is an isomorphism from P vs ( p (C n )) to P ds ( p (C n )), and polynomials N k = H k • F p ,n form an algebraic basis in P ds ( p (C n )).

Algebras of Symmetric Analytic Functions and Their Spectra
Proposition 3. The polynomial mapping F p ,n : p (C n ) → p (C n ) is not surjective whenever n > 1.
Proof.If n = 1, then F p ,n is just the identity map and so it is surjective.Let n ∈ N, n > 1.
We construct a vector y in p (C n ), which does not belong to the range of F p ,n .Set Clearly, y ∈ p (C n ).Let us suppose that there is a vector u = u (k) j , k = 1, . . ., n, j ∈ N such that y = F p ,n (u).Then, for every j, the coordinates u (k) j must satisfy equations It is easy to check that the set of all roots of the system can be written as α 0 j 2/np , . . ., α n−1 j 2/np , where α 0 , . . ., α n−1 are roots of 1.Hence, up to permutations of coordinates u (k) j for every fixed j, the vector u can be represented as Proof.By using Theorem 4, the injective homomorphism C F p,n is well defined on the dense subset P vs ( p (C n )).It is well known that a composition operator with an analytic map of a bounded type is a continuous operator from H b (X) to itself.Moreover, for every f ∈ H bvs ( p (C n )), the range On the other hand, the range of C F p,n contains the dense subset P ds ( p (C n )) of H bds ( p (C n )).
Note that any double-symmetric analytic function is block symmetric as well.Thus, The spectra of algebras H bvs ( p (C n )) were considered in [35].The situation in the case H bds ( p (C n )) is similar.In particular, for every x ∈ p (C n ), we can assign a character δ x (so-called a point evaluation functional) on H bds ( p (C n )) by Clearly, δ x = δ y if and only P(x) = P(y) for every polynomial P ∈ H bds ( p (C n )).Also, like in the symmetric and block-symmetric cases (c.f.[8,9,35]), there are characters that are not of the form δ x .Example 6.Let p be a positive integer and (v (m) ) be a sequence in H bds ( p (C n )), The sequence (v (m) ) is bounded and v (m) p = 1.Note that H bds ( p (C n )) is a projective limit of Banach algebras of uniformly continuous double-symmetric analytic functions H uds (B r p ) on balls in p , centered at the origin and of a radius r > 0. In other words, H uds (B r p ) is the closure of H bds ( p (C n )) with respect to the norm f r = sup Thus, the spectrum of H bds ( p (C n )) is the inductive limit of the spectra of H uds (B r p ), r > 0, which are a compact topological space with respect to the Gelfand topology (c.f.[20]).Thus, for any bounded sequence (x m ), the sequence of characters (δ x m ) has a cluster point in the spectrum.Let ψ be a cluster point of (δ v (m) ) in the spectrum of H bds ( p (C n )).Taking a subsequence, if necessary, we may assume that f This sequence is bounded by the continuity of the polynomial map F p ,n .Actually, it is easy to check that u (m) p ≤ π 2 /6.For every multi-index k = (k 1 , . . ., k n ), |k| ≥ p, we have If there is a point x ∈ p (C n ) such that ψ = δ x , then φ = δ y for y = F p ,n (x).But, according to [35], such a point y does not exist.Thus, ψ is not a point evaluation functional.

Discussion and Conclusions
We considered the analytic functions on a Banach space X that are symmetric with respect to a semidirect product of groups of operators on X.The main examples are algebras of polynomials and analytic functions on p (C n ) such that every function f (x) = f x (k) j is invariant with respect to the permutation of indexes j ∈ N, and for every fixed j, it is invariant with respect to the permutations of indexes k ∈ {1, . . ., n}.We proved that the algebra of polynomials P ds ( p (C n )) is isomorphic to the algebra of block-symmetric polynomials P vs ( p (C n )) for which we do not assume the invariance with respect to the permutations of indexes k.This result may be considered as an infinite-dimensional generalization of the fact that the map is an isomorphism between the algebra of all polynomials on C n and symmetric polynomials on C n .However, we can not extend the isomorphism C F p,n of algebras P vs ( p (C n )) and P ds ( p (C n )) to their completions H bvs ( p (C n )) and H bds ( p (C n )).Moreover, the fact that F p ,n is not surjective suggests to us that we start to look for a counterexample.
Further investigations can be continued in different directions.First, we can try to replace p (C n )) with p ( q ).Note that even for the case p = q = 1, we know almost nothing about block-symmetric and double-symmetric polynomials.Another direction is the spectrum of H bds ( p (C n )).In this paper, we observed that the spectrum contains characters that are not point evaluation functionals.But the set of point evaluation functionals is interesting itself, because it may admit non-trivial algebraic structures (see, e.g., [40]).Note that in [40], using symmetric polynomials on 1 , some applications in Cryptography were proposed.In [41], possible applications of symmetric and block-symmetric polynomials on C m (C n ) in neural networks and blockchain technologies were considered.Our further investigation will be devoted to a generalization of this approach for the cases of blocksymmetric and double-symmetric polynomials on p (C n ).

Remark 1 .
Let τ be a bounded linear operator from Y to Y, b m n .If b m n ≥ 0, then there exists a bounded linear operator τ : Y(Z) → Y(Z) by τ(x) = τ
r deg P r ≤ deg P, and a k 1 ...k r (x 1 , ..., x m−1 ) are separately S Zsymmetric rational functions of (x 1 , ..., x m−1 ).But on the left side of Equation (2) there is a polynomial, so on the right side must be a polynomial too.Because polynomials P do not depend on (x 1 , . .., x m−1 ) and rational functions a k 1 ...k r do not depend on (x m ), the functions a k 1 ...k r are actually polynomials, and we know that they are separately S Zsymmetric.By the induction assumption, all polynomials a k 1 ...k r can be represented by algebraic combinations of {P }, j = 1, . .., m − 1.If {P k } is an algebraic basis, then by the induction assumption, polynomials a k 1 ...k r have unique representations by {P k for every n ≥ 2 and 1 ≤ p < ∞.Therefore, F p ,n is not surjective because y is not in the range of F p ,n .Let us denote byH bvs ( p (C n )) the closure of P vs ( p (C n )) and by H bds ( p (C n )) the closure of P ds ( p (C n )) in H b ( p (C n )).Thus, both H bvs ( p (C n )) and H bds ( p (C n )) are Fréchet algebras with respect to the topology of uniform converges on bounded subsets of p (C n ).The mapping C F p,n P(t 1 , . . . ,t n ) P