Geometrical Structure in a Perfect Fluid Spacetime with Conformal Ricci–Yamabe Soliton

The present paper aims to deliberate the geometric composition of a perfect fluid spacetime with torse-forming vector field ξ in connection with conformal Ricci–Yamabe metric and conformal η-Ricci–Yamabe metric. We delineate the conditions for conformal Ricci–Yamabe soliton to be expanding, steady or shrinking. We also discuss conformal Ricci–Yamabe soliton on some special types of perfect fluid spacetime such as dust fluid, dark fluid and radiation era. Furthermore, we design conformal η-Ricci–Yamabe soliton to find its characteristics in a perfect fluid spacetime and lastly acquired Laplace equation from conformal η-Ricci–Yamabe soliton equation when the potential vector field ξ of the soliton is of gradient type. Overall, the main novelty of the paper is to study the geometrical phenomena and characteristics of our newly introduced conformal Ricci–Yamabe and conformal η-Ricci–Yamabe solitons to apply their existence in a perfect fluid spacetime.


Motivation and Introduction
In [1], R. S. Hamilton introduced the notions of Ricci flow, which is an evolution equation for metrics on a Riemannian manifold in 1982. The Ricci flow equation is the following: ∂g ∂t on a compact Riemannian manifold M with Riemannian metric g. The Ricci soliton, which is a self-similar solution to the Ricci flow, is given by [1][2][3]: where V is a vector field and Λ is a scalar, S is Ricci tensor, g is Riemannian metric, £ V is the Lie derivative in the direction of V. We designate Ricci soliton as shrinking, steady and expanding accordingly as Λ is negative, zero and positive, respectively. The notion of conformal Ricci soliton [4] as: where p is a scalar nondynamical field (time-dependent scalar field), n is the dimension of the manifold.
In [55], Crasmareanu, M. and Güler, S. presented a new geometric flow which is a scalar combination of Ricci and Yamabe flow under the name Ricci-Yamabe map in 2019. This new geometric flow is known as Ricci-Yamabe flow of the type (α, β). Also in [55], the authors characterized that the (α, β)-Ricci-Yamabe flow is said to be: Einstein flow [13] if α = 1, β = −1.
A soliton to the Ricci-Yamabe flow is called a Ricci-Yamabe solitons as long as it moves by only one parameter group of diffeomorphism and scaling. The metric of the Riemannain manifold (M n , g), n > 2 is said to admit (α, β)-Ricci-Yamabe soliton or simply Ricci-Yamabe soliton (RYS) (g, V, Λ, α, β) if it satisfies the equation: where Λ, α, β are real scalars.
In the above equation, if the vector field V is the gradient of a smooth function f (denoted by D f , D denotes the gradient operator) then Equation (6) is called gradient Ricci-Yamabe soliton (GRYS) and it is defined as: where Hess f is the Hessian of the smooth function f . Now, using (6) and (3), we introduce the notion of conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton as [7]: Definition 1. A Riemannian manifold (M n , g), n > 2 is said to admit conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton if We call the conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton expanding, steady or shrinking depending on Λ being positive, zero or negative, respectively. If the vector field V is of gradient type, that is to say V = grad( f ), for f is a smooth function on M, then we call Equation (8) a conformal gradient Ricci-Yamabe soliton. Also using (6) and (4), we extend the concepets of conformal η-Ricci-Yamabe soliton by the following: If the vector field ξ is of gradient type, that is to say ξ = grad( f ), for f is a smooth function on M, then we call Equation (9) the conformal gradient η-Ricci-Yamabe soliton.
A perfect fluid is a fluid which could be completely characterized by its rest-frame mass density and isotropic pressure. A perfect fluid has no shear stress, viscosity or heat conduction and it is distinguished by an energy-momentum tensor T of the form [56]: where ρ, σ are the isotropic pressure and energy-density, respectively, and η(X) = g(X, ξ) is 1-form, which is equivalent to the unit vector ξ and g(ξ, ξ) = −1. The field equation governing the perfect fluid motion is Einstein's gravitational equation [56]: where λ is the cosmological constant and κ is the gravitational constant, which can be considered as 8πG, where G is the universal gravitational constant. Using (10), the above equation takes the form: Let (M 4 , g) be a relativistic perfect fluid spacetime which satisfies (12). Then, by contracting (12) and considering g(ξ, ξ) = −1, we obtain Using the value of r from the above equation, (12) becomes Hence the Ricci operator Q can be written as: where g(QX, Y) = S(X, Y).

Example 1.
A radiation fluid is a perfect fluid with σ = 3ρ and so the energy momentum tensor T becomes, From (13), we can say that a radiation fluid has constant scalar curvature r equal to 4λ. Now we take a special case when ξ is a torse-forming vector field [57,58] of the form: Moreover, if the vector field ξ on a perfect fluid spacetime is torse-forming, then the following relations hold [58]: for all vector fields X, Y, Z. Using (17), we have, for all vector fields X, Y.
Perfect fluid is frequently considered to be a sharp tool in general relativity to model the idealized distribution of matter; for example, the interior of a star or an isotropic universe. In general relativity and symmetries of space time, one often employs a perfect fluid energy momentum tensor (10) to represent the source of the gravitational field. A perfect fluid has two thermodynamic degrees of freedom. The outline of the article is as follows: In Section 2, we discuss some properties of perfect fluid that will be used in the paper. In Section 3, we provide some applications of conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton structure in perfect fluid spacetime with torse-forming vector field. In this section we have contrived the conformal Yamabe soliton in perfect fluid spacetime with torse-forming vector field to accessorize the nature of this soliton on the mentioned spacetime. We have also considered the potential vector field V of the solition as a conformal Killing vector field to characterize the vector field. Sections 4-6, are devoted to finding the nature of the conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton in a dust fluid spacetime, dark fluid spacetime and radiation era, respectively. Finally, in the last section, we give the conclusion of the paper.

Conformal Ricci-Yamabe Soliton Structure in Perfect Fluid Spacetime with Torse-Forming Vector Field
In this section, we study conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton structure in a perfect fluid spacetime whose timelike velocity vector field ξ is torse-forming.
Taking V as a torse-forming vector field ξ in the soliton Equation (8) and putting n = 4, we obtain, Using (22), the above equation becomes In view of (14), we obtain Taking X = Y = ξ in the above equation, we acquire Using (13), we have Therefore, we can state the following: Theorem 1. If a perfect fluid spacetime with torse-forming vector field ξ admits a conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton (g, ξ, Λ, α, β), then the soliton is expanding, steady or shrinking according as,

Remark 1.
In (27), if we take p + 1 2 = 0, then Λ = κ 2 (α + β)σ + 3(α − β)ρ + (2β − α)λ and in this case the conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton becomes Ricci-Yamabe soliton and we obtain that the soliton is expanding, steady or shrinking according as, A spacetime symmetry of physical interest is the conformal Killing vector, as it preserves the metric up to a conformal factor. We call a vector field V a conformal Killing vector field if, and only if, the following relation holds: here, Φ is some function of the coordinates(conformal scalar). Furthermore, if Φ is not constant the conformal Killing vector field V is called proper. Moreover, when Φ is constant, we call V a homothetic vector field and when the constant Φ becomes non-zero, V is called a proper homothetic vector field. If Φ = 0 in the above equation, we call V a Killing vector field, if Φ = 0 in the above equation. Let us assume that in Equation (8), the potential vector field V is a conformal Killing vector field. Then, using (28) and (8), we obtain which leads to the fact that the spacetime is Einstein, provided α = 0. Conversely, assuming that the perfect fluid spacetime with torse-forming vector filed ξ is Einstein space time, i.e., S(X, Y) = θg(X, Y).
Then, Equation (8) becomes which can be written as, where Thus from (31), V becomes a conformal Killing vector field. Hence we can state the following: Theorem 2. Let a perfect fluid spacetime with torse-forming vector field ξ admit a conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton (g, V, Λ, α, β). The potential vector field V is a conformal Killing vector field if and only if the spacetime is Einstein, provided α = 0. (29) and (14), we obtain,

Now, in view of
Taking Y = ξ in the above equation and considering η(ξ) = −1, we have Since η(X) = 0, then we obtain Substituting the value of r from (13), the above equation reduces to Hence we can state the following: (ii) homothetic vector field if α, β, p are constant.
Take advantage of the property of Lie derivative we can write for any vector fields Y, X. Thus, by using (14) and (36), (8), we have Suppose ω is a 1-form, that is metrically equivalent to V and is given by ω(X) = g(X, V) for an arbitrary vector field X. Furthermore, the exterior derivative dω of ω can be given by: As dω is skew-symmetric, so if we define a tensor field F of type (1,1) by then F is skew self-adjoint that is g(X, FY) = −g(FX, Y). Therefore, the (39) can be given by: Using (40), (38) becomes, We add (41) and (37) together and factor out Y to yield Since dω is closed, we acquire Making inner product of (43) with respect to Z, then, we obtain Since F is skew self-adjiont, then ∇ X F is skew self-adjiont. Then using (44), (45) takes the form We take X = Z = e i in the above equations, and here, e i s are a local orthonormal frame and summing over i = 1, 2, 3, 4, then, we find here divF is the divergence of the tensor field F. Equating (14) and (47), we obtain We give the covariant derivative of the squared g-norm of V taking (42) as below: From (14), (8) becomes Using the above equation, (49) takes the form Therefore, we can state the following: Theorem 4. If a perfect fluid spacetime with torse-forming vector field ξ admits a conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton (g, V, Λ, α, β), then the vector V and its metric dual 1-form ω satisfies the relation and

Dust Fluid Spacetime with Conformal Ricci-Yamabe Soliton
In pressureless fluid spacetime or a dust, the energy-momentum tensor is the following [52]: where σ is the energy density of the dust-like matter and η is same as defined in (10). Using (11) and (52), we have, Let (M 4 , g) be a dust fluid spacetime which satisfies (53). Then by contracting (53) and considering g(ξ, ξ) = −1, we obtain, Taking contraction in (8) and using (54), we have, where divV is the divergence of the vector field V.

Conclusions
The main study of the paper is to obtain the geometrical phenomena and characteristics of our newly introduced conformal Ricci-Yamabe and conformal η-Ricci-Yamabe solitons to apply their existence in a perfect fluid spacetime. We first give the geometric composition of a perfect fluid spacetime with torse-forming vector field ξ in connection with conformal Ricci-Yamabe metric and conformal η-Ricci-Yamabe metric. Moreover, the conditions required for the conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton to be expanding, steady or shrinking have been given. We have contrived the conformal Yamabe soliton in perfect fluid spacetime with torse-forming vector field to accessorize the nature of this soliton on the mentioned spacetime. We have also considered the potential vector field V of the solition as conformal Killing vector field to characterized the vector field. Furthermore, we find the nature of the conformal Ricci-Yamabe soliton in a dust fluid spacetime, dark fluid spacetime and radiation era, respectively.