Non-Isothermal Creeping Flows in a Pipeline Network: Existence Results

: This paper deals with a 3D mathematical model for the non-isothermal steady-state ﬂow of an incompressible ﬂuid with temperature-dependent viscosity in a pipeline network. Using the pressure and heat ﬂux boundary conditions, as well as the conjugation conditions to satisfy the mass balance in interior junctions of the network, we propose the weak formulation of the nonlinear boundary value problem that arises in the framework of this model. The main result of our work is an existence theorem (in the class of weak solutions) for large data. The proof of this theorem is based on a combination of the Galerkin approximation scheme with one result from the ﬁeld of topological degrees for odd mappings deﬁned on symmetric domains.


Introduction and Problem Formulation
At the current time, pipeline networks of complex geometry, including main pipeline networks, are extensively applied to liquids and gases transfer [1][2][3][4]. Many authors have studied various problems involving mathematical modeling of the transportation of liquids and gases. Panasenko [5,6] investigated the Navier-Stokes network problem stated in the so-called thin structure, i.e., in a network of thin tubes with the ratio of the cross-section diameter to the height of order ε 1. Asymptotic analysis of the non-steady Navier-Stokes equations in such structures is given in [7,8]. A nonlinear one-dimensional model for the stationary motion of a non-Newtonian fluid in the thin structure is studied in [9]. Banda et al. [10] introduced a model for the gas flow in pipeline networks based on the isothermal Euler equations and proposed a method to obtain numerical solutions of the gas network problem for sample networks. Herty and Seaïd [11] numerically investigated a well-established model for gas flows in pipeline networks using suitable coupling conditions at pipe-to-pipe fittings. Colombo and Garavello [12] considered the generalized Riemann problem for the p-system at a junction connecting n ducts and proved the existence and uniqueness of stationary solutions and of their perturbations. Colombo et al. [13] presented a unified approach for 2 × 2 conservation laws at a junction and established the well-posedness of the corresponding Cauchy problem. Their construction comprehends the cases of one-dimensional isothermal models for gas flows and the shallow-water equations for flows in open channels. Herty et al. [14] introduced a model for gas dynamics in pipe networks assuming that the gravity and inertia effects are neglectable, both justifiable simplifications for the gas flow in pipelines. The derived equations are obtained by asymptotic analysis in the pressure variable. Colombo and Mauri [15] proved the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the compressible Euler system at a junction. Chalons et al. [16] investigated the one-dimensional coupling of two systems of gas dynamics at a fixed interface. Banda et al. [17] performed the mathematical analysis of multiphase flows through networks under assumption that the flow through the connected arcs is governed by an isothermal no-slip drift-flux model. Marušić-Paloka [18] presented some results about asymptotic approximations of the incompressible viscous flow through a network of intersected thin pipes with the prescribed pressure at their ends. Sagadeeva and Sviridyuk [19] proposed a linear approximation of a model for oil transportation in a pipeline network and investigated the stability and the optimal control of solutions for the appropriate system of partial differential equations. Reigstad [20] analyzed a network model for junction flows that are governed by the one-dimensional isentropic Euler equations. Aida-zade and Ashrafova [21] numerically solved an inverse problem for a pipeline network with loopback structure using non-separated boundary conditions. In the paper [22], an optimal control problem for the linearized Navier-Stokes system with distributed parameters in a net-like domain is studied. Holle et al. [23] introduced new coupling conditions for the isentropic flow on networks based on an artificial density at the junction. Baranovskii [24] proposed a network model that describes the isothermal steady-state 3D flow of an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid with shear-dependent viscosity and proved an existence theorem in the class of weak solutions to the corresponding boundary value problem. The recent papers [25][26][27][28] are devoted to the analysis of viscous flows and heat transfer in channels and tubes.
Despite the large number of works, the mathematical theory of heat and mass transfer in pipeline networks is very far from complete and most of the theoretical results were obtained for networks with a simplified geometry. Important challenges in this field are the development and analysis of multi-dimensional nonlinear models describing nonisothermal viscous flows in pipeline networks subject to the conjugation conditions in junctions. In the conference paper [29], we obtained the existence results for one such model under the assumption that the data are sufficiently small. The present paper is a continuation of this study. Namely, we shall consider here a mathematical model that describes the non-isothermal creeping flow in a net-like domain P = P ∪ J: where P i and J are bounded domains in space R 3 with Lipschitz-continuous boundaries and P i ∩ P k = ∅, ∀i, k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , N} such that i = k, Following ideas from [24], we introduce some assumptions about the geometry of the domain P. (A1) For each junction J there exist exactly m pipes P 1 , P 2 ,. . . , P m , where 1 ≤ m ≤ N and 1 ≤ 1 < 2 < · · · < m ≤ N, such that (A2) The intersection S n def = J ∩ P n is a flat surface, for any ∈ {1, 2, . . . , M} and n ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m }. (A3) For each pipe P i there exist exactly two junctions J i 1 and J i 2 such that If m ≥ 2 in condition (A1), then we shall say that the junction J is interior; in the case m = 1, the junction J is called external.
From condition (A3) it follows that for each i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , N} there exists a uniquely determined pair (i 1 , i 2 ) such that Let us introduce the following notation: Examples of network sections are given in Figures 1 and 2.  Consider a stationary mathematical model for non-isothermal creeping flows in the pipeline network P: where u is the velocity field; π is the pressure; θ is the temperature; f i stands for the external force that is applied to the fluid filling the pipe P i ; µ(θ) > 0 represents the viscosity of the fluid; κ > 0 is the thermal conductivity; ϕ i denotes the heat source intensity for the pipe P i ; β i > 0 is the Robin coefficient characterizing the heat transfer on the wall Γ i ; the functions π i and ψ i describe, respectively, the pressure and the heat fluxes on the surface By n we denote the outer (with respect to the pipe P i ) unit normal to ∂P i . As usual, the subscript notation "tan" indicates the tangential component of a vector, i.e., v tan def = v − (v · n)n. The term dS denotes infinitesimal surface element of S. The symbol ∇ stands for the gradient with respect to the space variables x 1 , x 2 , x 3 and ,j=1 . In model (1)-(9), the unknowns are u, θ, and π, while all other quantities are prescribed. Note that (1) is the balance of linear momentum under assumption that inertial effects are neglected, i.e., we consider the so-called Stokes flow in which the inertia is negligible compared to viscous and pressure forces. Equation (2) is the incompressibility condition, (3) is the energy balance, relation (4) is the no-slip boundary condition on walls of pipes, and (5) is Newton's law of cooling. Boundary conditions (6)-(8) govern the fluid flow and the heat flux through components of S. Finally, relation (9) is the conjugation condition that represents the mass balance for interior junctions of the network P.
The main aim of this paper is to prove the solvability of boundary value problem (1)-(9) in the weak formulation under mild assumptions on the data. In order to establish the existence of weak solutions, we use the Galerkin approximation scheme and one result (see Proposition 1) from the field of topological degrees. The proof is based on the energy estimates of approximate solutions in Sobolev spaces, the Krasnoselskii theorem on the continuity of the Nemytskii superposition operator in Lebesgue spaces as well as the compactness theorems for the imbedding and trace operators.
The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we introduce the main notation and function spaces, as well as some assumptions on the model data. Section 3 is devoted to the functional setting of boundary value problem (1)- (9). In this section we also formulate the central result of the paper, the Theorem 1 on the existence and some properties of weak solutions. Finally, Section 4 deals with the proof of Theorem 1.

Preliminaries: Main Notation, Function Spaces, and Assumptions
For the reader's convenience, mostly standard notation is used. By meas n (·) denote the Lebesgue n-dimensional measure of a set.
For matrices X = (X ij ) n,n k=i,j=1 and Y = (Y ij ) n,n i=1,j=1 , by X : Y denote the componentwise matrix product, i.e., By |x| denote the Euclidean norm of a vector x = (x 1 , . . . , x n ) and by |X| denote the Frobenius norm of a matrix X: We shall use the Lebesgue space [30] for definitions of these spaces and the systematic description of their properties. For the sake of brevity, we shall denote the corresponding spaces of vector-valued functions by using bold face letters, i.e., Recall that the restriction of a function v ∈ H 1 (Ω) to the surface ∂Ω is defined by the formula v| ∂Ω = γv, where γ : H 1 (Ω) → L 4 (∂Ω) is the trace operator (see [31], § 2.4.2).
We introduce the space V (P ) defined as Note that the associated norm is equivalent to the norm induced from the Sobolev space H 1 (P ). This follows from Korn's inequality.
This lemma is a consequence of Theorems 2.2 and 2.3 that is given in [32], Chapter I. Further, introduce the space W(P ) defined as Since meas 2 (Γ i ) > 0 for each i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , N}, it can be proved that the associated norm is equivalent to the norm · H 1 (P ) . Let us now describe the conditions that are imposed on the data of problem (1)-(9).

Functional Setting of the Problem and Main Results
In this section, we give the weak formulation of problem (1)- (9). We start with the following lemma, which suggests how to define a weak solution in a suitable way. (u, θ, π) is a classical solution to boundary value problem (1)- (9), then

Lemma 2. If
hold for any functions v ∈ V (P ) and ξ ∈ W(P ).
The proof of this lemma is much like that of Lemma 1 in [33] (see also [34], Remark 4) and, therefore, it will be omitted here.
By M denote the set of all weak solutions to problem (1)-(9). (1)-(9) is obtained, then one can find the velocity and temperature fields in interior junctions of the network P by solving the corresponding nonhomogeneous boundary value problems. Since the conjugation conditions (9) hold, these problems are well-posed.

Remark 1. If a weak solution of system
We now formulate the main results of this paper. (ii) Any weak solution (u, θ) ∈ V (P ) × W(P ) of problem (1)-(9) satisfies the following energy equalities: (iv) The weak solutions set M is sequentially weakly closed in the space V (P ) × W(P ).
The proof of this theorem is given in the next section.

Proof of Main Results
The following two propositions will be needed to prove Theorem 1.

Proposition 1.
Let Ω be an open bounded set in R n such that • the inclusion 0 ∈ Ω is valid; • Ω is symmetric in the following sense: if x ∈ Ω, then −x ∈ Ω.
Suppose G : Ω × [0, 1] → R n is a continuous map and the following two conditions hold: Then, for any λ ∈ [0, 1] the equation G(x, λ) = 0 has at least one solution x λ , which belongs to the set Ω.
The proof of Proposition 1 is based on symmetry principles and topological degree methods (for details, see [35], Section 5).
there exist constants p k , q ≥ 1, ν ≥ 0 and a function ζ ∈ L q (O) such that the inequality |y k | p k /q holds for every y ∈ R d and for almost every x ∈ O. Then the Nemytskii operator N h : is a bounded and continuous map.
For the proof of Proposition 2, we refer the readers to the book [36], Chapter I. First we shall establish the existence result (i). The proof will be achieved through three steps.
Step 1: The Galerkin approximation scheme. Let {v } ∞ =1 be an orthonormal basis of the space V (P ) and let {ξ } ∞ =1 be an orthonormal basis of the space W(P ). Without loss of generality it can be assumed that For an arbitrary fixed m ∈ N, consider a finite-dimensional approximate problem: Find a pair of functions (u m , θ m ) such that where a m1 , . . . , a mm and b m1 , . . . , b mm are unknown numbers, λ is a parameter, and λ ∈ [0, 1].
Step 2: A priori estimates for the Galerkin solutions.
Assume that a pair (u m , θ m ) satisfies (14)- (16) for some λ ∈ [0, 1]. We multiply (14) by a mj and add the corresponding equalities for j = 1, . . . , m; this gives whence, by conditions (B2), (B5), (B6), the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, and λ ∈ [0, 1], we derive This yields that Note that where γ : is the trace operator, and Here and in the succeeding discussion, the symbols C 1 , C 2 , . . . denote positive constants that depend only on the data of system (1)- (9). Taking into account (18) and (19), we deduce from (17) the following estimate Dividing both sides of this inequality by µ 0 u m V (P ) , we obtain with Next, we multiply (15) by b mj and add the corresponding equalities for j = 1, . . . , m; this gives Let us introduce the notation and rewrite (21) as follows Applying integration by parts, we obtain Moreover, it is obvious that . Substituting the obtained expressions for I 1 and I 2 into equality (22), after simple transformations we arrive at the relation Using condition (B5), the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, and λ ∈ [0, 1], we derive Note that and Therefore, we have Dividing both sides of this inequality by θ m W(P ) , we obtain with From (20) and (23) it follows that with the constant C 6 def = (C 2 3 + C 2 5 ) 1/2 , which is independent of m and λ. Let (a 1 , . . . , a m , b 1 The application of Proposition 1 to problem (14)- (16) yields that this problem is solvable for each m ∈ N and any λ ∈ [0, 1].
Recall that {v } ∞ =1 is a basis of the space V (P ) and {ξ } ∞ =1 is a basis of the space W(P ). Therefore, equalities (33) and (34) remain valid if we replace v and ξ with arbitrary functions v ∈ V (P ) and ξ ∈ W(P ), respectively. This means that the pair of functions (u * , θ * ) is a weak solution of boundary value problem (1)- (9), and, hence, statement (i) is proved.
Let us now show (iii). From Definition 1 it follows that for any vector-valued function v ∈ V (P ). Subtracting (36) from (35), we obtain Setting v = u 1 − u 2 into (37), we arrive at the following equality Taking into account this equality, by condition (B2) we derive Using Lemma 1, we deduce that u 1 ≡ u 2 . Finally, by applying the passage-to-limit procedure in the same way as at Step 3, it can be shown that the set M is sequentially weakly closed in the Cartesian product V (P ) × W(P ). Thus, the proof of Theorem 1 is complete.

Conclusions
In this paper, we introduced and studied a 3D network model for the non-isothermal steady-state flow of an incompressible fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity. Our main result is the theorem on the existence of weak solutions to this model with arbitrary large data (external forces, heat sources terms, and boundary data). Moreover, we proved the uniqueness of the velocity field for a given temperature regime and established that the set of weak solutions is sequentially weakly closed. The proposed approach provides ways for new investigations of such models. The authors suggest the following directions for future investigations: