General Summation Formulas Contiguous to the q -Kummer Summation Theorems and Their Applications

: This paper provides three classes of q -summation formulas in the form of general contiguous extensions of the ﬁrst q -Kummer summation theorem. Their derivations are presented by using three methods, which are along the lines of the three types of well-known proofs of the q -Kummer summation theorem with a key role of the q -binomial theorem. In addition to the q -binomial theorem, the ﬁrst proof makes use of Thomae’s q -integral representation and the second proof needs Heine’s transformation. Whereas the third proof utilizes only the q -binomial theorem. Subsequently, the applications of these summation formulas in obtaining the general contiguous extensions of the second and the third q -Kummer summation theorems are also presented. Furthermore, the investigated results are specialized to give many of the known as well as presumably new q -summation theorems, which are contiguous to the three q -Kummer summation theorems. This work is motivated by the observation that the basic (or q -) series and basic (or q -) polynomials, especially the basic (or q -) gamma and q -hypergeometric functions and basic (or q -) hypergeometric polynomials, are applicable particularly in several diverse areas including Number Theory, Theory of Partitions and Combinatorial Analysis as well as in the study of Combinatorial Generating Functions. Just as it is known in the theory of the Gauss, Kummer (or conﬂuent), Clausen and the generalized hypergeometric functions, the parameters in the corresponding basic or quantum (or q -) hypergeometric functions are symmetric in the sense that they remain invariant when the order of the p numerator parameters or when the order of the q denominator parameters is arbitrarily changed. A case has therefore been made for the symmetry possessed not only by hypergeometric functions and basic or quantum (or q -) hypergeometric functions, which are studied in this paper, but also by the symmetric quantum calculus itself.


Introduction, Motivation and Preliminaries
The celebrated Gauss hypergeometric function 2 F 1 , the Kummer (or confluent) hypergeometric function 1 F 1 , the Clausen hypergeometric function 3 F 2 , and various other mathematical functions of hypergeometric type, are all contained in the generalized hypergeometric function r F s , involving r numerator parameters a 1 , · · · , a r and s denominator parameters b 1 , · · · , b s , as special cases. For definition and other details including the criteria to ensure the convergence of the series defining the generalized hypergeometric function r F s , we refer the reader to [1][2][3][4]).
For further identities involving the q-shifted factorials, we refer the reader to [7] (pp. 351-352, Appendix I). Many of these identities for q-shifted factorials will be freely used in our presentation here.
This article is motivated essentially by the fact that the basic (or q-) series, basic (or q-) polynomials and basic (or q-) calculus, specifically the basic (or q-) hypergeometric functions and the basic (or q-) hypergeometric polynomials have demonstrated applications in the area of Number Theory such as, for example, the Theory of Partitions and are also found to be useful in a wide range of fields (see, for details, [3] (pp. 350-351), [8] (p. 328), and [9] (p. 1817); see also the references cited therein). Further motivation for studying such quantum (or q-) hypergeometric functions in this paper can be found in the book chapter, entitled "Symmetric quantum calculus" in [10].
In the theory and applications of the Gauss hypergeometric function 2 F 1 , the Kummer (or confluent) hypergeometric function 1 F 1 , the Clausen hypergeometric function 3 F 2 , and various other mathematical functions of hypergeometric type, contained as special cases in the generalized hypergeometric function r F s , it is often useful to know that the sets of the r numerator parameters a 1 , · · · , a r and the s denominator parameters b 1 , · · · , b s , are symmetric individually. The same is true individually for the sets of the numerator parameters and the denominator parameters in the their quantum (or q-) extensions involved in Equation (1), which we have considered in this paper.
Contributions towards contiguous extensions of summation and transformation formulas for basic (or q-) generalized hypergeometric series appear to be a lot less extensive. For example, in the context of q-Kummer's theorems (6), (9) and (10), Kim et al. [18] re-derived the q-analogue of Kummer's first theorem (6) by using Thomae's q-integral representation given by Equation (13) and also obtained two particular contiguous results [18] p. 154, Equations (3.1) and (3.2) . In the same context, recently, Harsh et al. [19] (pp. 81-92) derived some more particular contiguous extensions of the q-Kummer's first theorem (6), one-by-one from certain q-contiguous relations. In another paper, Harsh et al. [20] (pp. 29-31) derived some particular contiguous extensions of the q-Kummer second summation theorem (9) and the q-Kummer third summation theorem (10) by implementing the summation formulas contiguous to the q-Kummer first theorem, derived in the previous paper [19] (pp. 81-92), along the lines of the derivations by Andrews [15]. The particular contiguous extensions for the three q-Kummer summation theorems, investigated in [19,20], are very limited in numbers and are in scattered forms due to the one-by-one use of q-contiguous relations. In conclusion, as per our observations, the general contiguous extensions for the three q-Kummer summation theorems, which are presented in this paper in the form of Theorems 1 to 6 have not appeared previously in the literature. For some recent developments on the basic (or q-) analogues of the known results on summations, transformations and reductions for ordinary hypergeometric series in one, two and more variables (see, especially for a variety of techniques used in the q-analysis [21][22][23][24][25]). A thorough review of the existing literature shows that not all of the results in the theory of ordinary hypergeometric series have their basic (or q-) analogues. For example, in [26], certain new ordinary hypergeometric identities are derived and the investigation of their q-analogues has been placed as an open problem. In order to bridge this type of important gaps in the existing literature, several workers have attempted to find transformations connecting basic hypergeometric series with different bases (see [27]). Notably, the first attempt that has borne ample fruits is through a paper by Singh [28] in which he discovered a relation between two 4 Φ 3 series see [7] p. 361, Equation (III.21) with bases q and q 2 , respectively. This solitary transformation filled in a century-old gap in the theory of basic (or q-) series. In fact, it helped in proving an entire class of q-identities known as basic analogues of identities of the Cayley-Orr type, which owe their origin to certain problems in Stellar Physics. It is believed that the q-results, which we have derived in this paper, are potentially useful in some or the other areas listed above as well as in, for example, [3] (pp. 350-351) and [9] (p. 1817).
Our objective here is to investigate the compact and closed-form representations of the general contiguous extensions (with bases q and q 2 ) of the q-Kummer first summation theorem (see Section 2, Theorems 1-3), and the q-Kummer second and third summation theorems (see Section 3, Theorems 4-6). In particular, Theorems 1 and 2 (see Section 2) of this paper provide two general contiguous extensions of the q-Kummer first summation theorem in the form of general summations for the following 2 Φ 1 basic (or q-) hypergeometric series: The limiting cases of Theorems 1 and 2 when q → 1 produce the general contiguous extensions of Kummer's theorem due to Choi et al. [29] (pp. 1523-1524, Equations (2.2) and (2.3), respectively). Interestingly, Theorem 3 provides another q-analogue of the result due to Choi et al. [29] p. 1524, Equation (2.3) (see Section 2). Further, in Section 3, Theorems 1 to 3 are applied in conjunction with the Jackson's transformation (11) to provide the generalizations of the q-Kummer second and third summation theorems in the form of Theorems 4 to 6.

General Contiguous Extensions of the q-Kummer First Theorem: Statements and Derivations
In this section, we should first add a brief remark about the need for multiple proofs of a given result. In the literature in the mathematical sciences, one can find numerous such instances. Multiple proofs of a result provide different viewpoints as well as independent ways to tackle the problem and, therefore, encourage and motivate the use of these different ways to tackle other problems as well. For example, in the literature on generating functions, there are presumably as many as five independent proofs of Jacobi's celebrated generating function for the Jacobi polynomials, of which the fifth proof was given by Srivastava [30]. The methodology and techniques, which were used in these five independent proofs, have since been applied in deriving other families of generating functions as well. We also observe that the three techniques used in [15,16,18], respectively, will be used to present the three proofs of the general contiguous extensions of the first q-Kummer summation Theorem (6) in Section 2.

•
The first technique is based on the earlier work [18], which used Thomae's q-integral representation [7] p. 24, Equation (1.11.9) , that is, along with the application of the following definition of the q-gamma function Γ q (z) [7] p. 20, Equation (1.10.1) and Jackson's q-integral [7] p. 23, Equation (1.11.1) : and respectively. The derivation, which is discussed in Section 2 by using (13) (see First proof of Theorem 1), is comparatively more compact and brief than the proof given by Kim et al. [18]; • The second technique is based upon the earlier work [16], which used Heine's transformation (8) (see Second proof of Theorem 1); • The third technique is based on the earlier work [15] which only used a three-times application of the q-binomial theorem (7) (see Third proof of Theorem 1).
All three proofs of the general contiguous extensions of the first q-Kummer summation theorem (6), which we will present in this section, require one additional use of the q-binomial theorem (7) compared to the corresponding proofs of q-Kummer first summation theorem (6), presented in earlier works [15,16,18]. In comparison with some of the other methods leading to basic (or q-) extensions of hypergeometric summation and transformation fomulas, the above-mentioned methodology and techniques, which we use in this paper, are demonstrably much more widely applicable and in more general situations as well.
We now state and prove the main results of this paper in the form of Theorems 1-3 along with their derivations. The q-binomial theorem (7) plays a key role in all the derivations presented here. However, in addition, the first proof uses Thomae's q-integral and the second proof needs Heine's transformation, whereas the third proof depends only on the q-binomial theorem (7). Theorem 1. For any k ∈ N 0 , the following assertion holds true: provided that q b < 1.
First Proof of Theorem 1.
Representing the left-hand side of Theorem 1 by Ω and using the Thomae's q-integral (13), we obtain: Applying an elementary identity for q-shifted factorials to the integrand of the previous result (Equation (17)) leads to Next, by applying the definitions of the q-gamma function (14) and Jackson's qintegral (15) to the right-hand side of Equation (18), we obtain Now, the application of the q-binomial theorem (7) to the last fraction of right-hand side of Equation (19), yields: Finally, another application of the q-binomial theorem (7), this time for the summation over n, leads to Theorem 1.

Second Proof of Theorem 1.
Interchanging a and b, in the Heine's transformation (8), and letting and then denoting the resulting left-hand side by Ω, we obtain Next, by using known identities involving q-shifted factorials and the q-binomial theorem (7), to the right-hand side of Equation (21), we find that Finally, by another application of the q-binomial theorem (7), this time to the last term of the right-hand side of Equation (22), involving the summation over n, we are led easily to Theorem 1.

Third Proof of Theorem 1.
If we represent the left-hand side 2 Φ 1 of Theorem 1 by Ω, then, from the series form of 2 Φ 1 , we can write that: Now, by first using a known identity for q-shifted factorials in (a; q) n and aq 1+k b ; q n , and then applying the q-binomial theorem (7), we obtain Next, a second application of the q-binomial theorem (7), this time to the last term of Equation (24), involving summation over n, yields Now, if we apply the above-mentioned identity for q-shifted factorials to the terms of the last quotient of Equation (25), we obtain Next, by applying a known identity involving q-shifted factorials and performing the third application of the q-binomial theorem (7), this time, to the last fraction of the right-hand side of Equation (26), yields Finally, the fourth application of the q-binomial theorem (7), this time to the last term of Equation (27), involving summation over m, leads us to Theorem 1.

Remark 1.
The case k = 0 of Theorem 1 leads to the classical q-Kummer first summation theorem (6). The limiting case q → 1 of Theorem 1 yields a result due to [29] p. 1523, Equation (2.2) . Theorem 2. For any k ∈ N 0 , the following assertion holds true: provided that q b < 1.
Theorem 3. For any k ∈ N 0 , the following assertion holds true: provided that q b < 1.

Proofs of Theorems 2 and 3.
Theorems 2 and 3 can also be proved along the lines of each of the above-mentioned three proofs of Theorem 1. We choose to omit the analogous details which are involved in each of these three demonstrations.

Remark 2.
The case k = 0 of Theorem 2 leads to the classical q-Kummer first theorem (6). The limiting case of Theorem 2, when q → 1, yields a known result [29] p. 1524, Equation (2.3) . The case k = 0 of Theorem 3 leads to the classical q-Kummer first theorem (6). The limiting case of Theorem 3, when q → 1, leads to a known result in [29] p. 1524, Equation (2.3) .

General Contiguous Extensions of the q-Kummer Second Summation Theorem and the q-Kummer Third Summation Theorem
This section presents the application of the general contiguous extensions of the q-Kummer first summation theorem. Theorem 4. For any k ∈ N 0 , the following assertion holds true: Proof. Replacing b by c b and then letting c = abq 1−k and z = − bq 1−k a in Jackson's transformation (11), we obtain Finally, by applying a result, which is obtained by a replacement of b by aq 1+k b in Theorem 3, to the right-hand side of Equation (31), leads us to Theorem 4.

Remark 3.
The case k = 0 of Theorem 4 leads us to the q-Kummer second summation theorem (9). The limiting case of Theorem 4, when q → 1, gives an additional result in the form of a general contiguous extension of Kummer's second summation theorem.
Theorem 5. For any k ∈ N 0 , the following assertion holds true: Proof. The choice c = bq 1+k a in Jackson's transformation (11), followed by a replacement of b by ab q 1+k and the substitution z = − q a , we obtain Finally, applying a result, which is obtained by an interchange of a and b, followed by a replacement of b by ab q 1+k in Theorem 1, to the right-hand side of Equation (33) leads to Theorem 5.  Theorem 6. For any k ∈ N 0 , the following assertion holds true: Proof. First of all, taking c = bq 1−k a in Jackson's transformation (11), followed by a replacement of b by ab q 1−k and the substitution z = − q a , we obtain a transformation from 2 Φ 2 to 2 Φ 1 similar to Equation (33). At the end, the result developed from Theorem 2, by interchanging a and b and then setting b → ab q 1−k , can be applied to the right-hand side of the obtained transformation to yield Theorem 6. Remark 6. The case k = 0 of Theorem 6 leads us to the q-Kummer third summation theorem (10). The limiting case of Theorem 6, when q → 1, gives an additional result in the form of another general contiguous extension of Kummer's third summation theorem.

Special Cases and Additional q-Summations
Several known as well as additional q-summations are presented in this section as special cases of Theorems 1 to 6.

1.
Theorem 1, for k = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, produces the results given in [19] pp. 892-83, Equations (6.100) to (6.104) , respectively. For example, the case k = 1 of Theorem 1 is as shown below [19] p. 82, Equation (6.100) : In addition, for k = 6, 7, 8, · · · , Theorem 1 gives a number of additional qsummations. For instance, taking k = 6 in Theorem 1, yields Next, by splitting the summation over j in two parts by selecting the even and odd values of j and then applying the identities (4) and (2), followed by further simplifications, leads to the following presumably new result: where X 1 and Y 1 are as given below: and

Concluding Remarks and Observations
In conclusion, this paper establishes a fact that the known techniques, which were used in [15,16,18] to derive the three q-Kummer summation theorems, can be applied in a straightforward manner to develop the general contiguous extensions of the q-Kummer summation theorems (6), (9) and (10). Moreover, the techniques used in this paper are clearly more efficient and more effective than the use of the contiguous relations by Harsh et al. (see [19,20]), because the techniques used here have been demonstrated to be much more widely applicable and in more general situations as well (see also some related earlier works [31][32][33][34][35][36]) on the subject of our present investigation. In a forthcoming sequel to this article, we aim at investigating several general contiguous extensions of the q-analogues of Dixon's summation theorem [7] p. 355, Equation (II.13) , Watson's summation theorem [7] p. 355, Equation (II.16) and Whipple's summation theorem [7] p. 355, Equations (II. 18) and (II.19) . This seemingly worthwhile sequence to our present work is under preparation and will be communicated in the foreseeable future.
In view of the applications, which are mentioned in [16] (Sections 2 and 3) regarding derivations of partitions as well as number-theoretic identities from the basic hypergeometric summations and transformations, and also the applications of Watson's transformation in deriving the Rogers-Ramanujan type identities see [2] (pp. 103-105) and [7] (p. 44) , the results investigated here are potentially useful in these directions.
It may be remarked that, in a recent paper by Srivastava [8], the so-called (p, q)calculus was exposed to be a rather trivial and inconsequential variation of the classical q-calculus, since the additional parameter p is redundant (see, for details, Reference [8] (p. 340)). This observation by Srivastava [8] will indeed apply also to any attempt to produce the rather straightforward (p, q)-variations of the results which we have presented in this paper.