T-Spherical Fuzzy Rough Interactive Power Heronian Mean Aggregation Operators for Multiple Attribute Group Decision-Making

: In this article, to synthesize the merits of interaction operational laws (IOLs), rough numbers (RNs), power average (PA) and Heronian mean (HM), a new notion of T-spherical fuzzy rough numbers (T-SFRNs) is ﬁrst introduced to describe the intention of group experts accurately and take the interaction between individual experts into account with complete and symmetric information. The distance measure and ordering rules of T-SFRNs are proposed, and the IOLs of T-SFRNs are extended. Next, the PA and HM are combined based on the IOLs of T-SFRNs, and the T-Spherical fuzzy rough interaction power Heronian mean operator and its weighted form are proposed. These aggregation operators can accurately express both individual and group uncertainty using T-SFRNs, capture the interaction among membership degree, abstinence degree and non-membership degree of T-SFRNs by employing IOLs, ensure the overall balance of variable values by the PA in the process of information fusion, and realize the interrelationship between attribute variables by the HM. Several properties and special cases of these aggregation operators are further presented and discussed. Subsequently, a new approach for dealing with T-spherical fuzzy multiple attribute group decision-making problems based on proposed aggregation operator is developed. Lastly, in order to validate the feasibility and reasonableness of the proposed approach, a numerical example is presented, and the superiorities of the proposed method are illustrated by describing a sensitivity analysis and a comparative analysis.


Introduction
An attribute evaluation value usually embraces ambiguous and impermeable information in multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problems. However, as the actual group decision -making problem becomes more and more complex, scholars are faced with significant challenges in the expression of attribute variables. Fuzzy set (FS) [1] is an information representation method, which is widely used to solve information modeling problems with vague and uncertain information in many fields, but the FS has only one membership degree (MD) M( ) (0 ≤ M( ) ≤ 1). This is not sufficient to comprehensively depict the uncertainty degree of humans' cognition of things. In view of this, Atanassov advanced intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) [2], which can describe more detailed information than the FS via the MD M( ) and non-membership degree (NMD) N ( ) (0 ≤ N ( ) ≤ 1). The characteristic of IFS is M( ) + N ( ) ≤ 1. In order to overcome the shortcoming that the IFS cannot be used in decision-making scenarios where the sum of M( ) and N ( ) is greater than one, some scholars successively proposed Pythagorean fuzzy set (PyFS) [3,4] ((M( )) 2 + (N ( )) 2 ≤ 1) and Fermatean fuzzy set (FFS) [5,6] ((M( )) 3 + (N ( )) 3 ≤ 1) with a wider range of decision-making information, and more generalized q-rung orthopair

Research Motivations
Different AOs are expressed by different functions in the T-spherical fuzzy environment. Some AOs focus on eliminating the influence of absurd or biased data provided by people's preferences from the results, such as the PA operator [42]. Some AOs concern the correlation among input arguments, such as the MM [43] and MSM operators [44]. Other AOs emphasize the operation laws between T-SFNs, such as Algebraic operations [21], Hamacher operations [31], Einstein operations [36] and interactive operations [33,34,37]. At present, these studies only focus on the advantages of a certain dimension, and there are still insufficient studies on T-spherical fuzzy AOs that comprehensively consider the advantages of multi-dimensions. Therefore, until now, no AO has been proposed to fuse T-spherical fuzzy evaluation information based on the comprehensive consideration of the uncertainty of individual expert's viewpoint and expert groups' opinion, interactions between membership functions, the balance of input data and the interrelationship of attributes. To bridge this gap, the motivations of this paper are summarized as follows: • In group decision-making process, each decision maker gives the initial T-SFNs for the assessment object and aggregates them according to certain rules. The relationship between T-SFNs given by individual decision-maker is ignored, which leads to the loss of part of the assessment information, so that the opinions of the decision-maker group cannot fully and accurately express. In other words, the T-SFNs given by individual decision-makers in group decision-making can only depict the ambiguity and hesitation of the individual evaluation of decision-makers (i.e., individual uncertainty), but cannot deal with the inaccuracy and subjectivity of group evaluation of decision-makers (i.e., group uncertainty). Therefore, the uncertainty in practical group decision-making problems cannot be fully expressed and dealt with only by T-SFN. In order to simultaneously and synthetically express the individual and group uncertainty of T-spherical fuzzy group decision-making problems, a new expression needs to be developed. The combination of fuzzy theory and rough set (RS) theory can form a more flexible and reliable expression through which to handle fuzzy assessment information from an overall perspective [45][46][47]; it can reflect the completeness and rationality of decision-makers' viewpoints. This paper observes that existing studies mainly focus on the relationship between the FSs or IFSs and rough sets [48,49], and seldom study the relationship between intuitionistic fuzzy numbers [47,50,51]. However, there is no research on T-SFNs.

•
In terms of the IOLs of T-SFNs, the existing Algebraic, Einstein and Hamacher operations do not consider the interaction among the MD, AD and NMD in T-SFNs. For example, assuming that℘ 1 =<M 1 , Λ 1 , N 1 >,℘ 2 = <M 2 ,Λ 2 ,N 2 > are two T-SFNs, if N 1 = 0, Λ 2 = 0, and others are not 0, then the result is that both AD and NMD are 0 based on T-SFNs algebraic sum operation [21,31], which is counterintuitive and needs to be overcome. Therefore, the use of the IOLs of T-SFNs for this purpose (IOLs-ZG) was introduced by Zeng SZ et al. [33] and Grag et al. [34]. Although the IOLs of T-SFNs can solve the above situation to a certain extent, they still feature limitations (see example 1). However, Ju et al. [37] proposed more generalized and universal IOLs of T-SFNs based on He et al. [52] (IOLs-J). IOLs-J can deal with the above two defects.

•
The decision-makers may give too high or too low abnormal preference values due to personal emotion or insufficient understanding of the decision object in the real world, which can make the decision-making process unfair. In order to eliminate this negative influence, this paper chooses the PA [42], which can mine the relative closeness of variables through the support degree, and then make the variables support and strengthen each other by assigning different power weights, to reflect the overall balance in the process of information fusion.

•
In some decision situations, attribute variables are correlated with each other, which is objective and should not be ignored in the process of information aggregation. Existing AOs, such as the Bonferroni mean (BM) [53], HM [54,55], MM [43] and MSM [44] feature the ability to capture the interrelationship between attribute variables. MM and MSM operators have been extended in the T-spherical fuzzy environment [30,35,40]. Although MM and MSM operators feature more advantages than the HM and BM operators in this respect [43,56], the calculation amount and computational complexity of MM and MSM operators are much higher than in HM and BM operators, especially when the number of attributes is large. With regard to HM and BM operators, Liu [57] indicated the former is more powerful than the latter, since the former is capable of assessing the interrelationship between an attribute variable and itself and reduce computational redundancy. In recent years, HM AOs have been successfully utilized in various kinds of fuzzy MAGDM [57][58][59][60], but there is no study on HM AOs with T-SFNs.

Research Contributions
In view of the above four motivations, the goal of this paper is to integrate the advantages of RNs, IOLs, PA and HM to solve practical decision-making problems. In this paper, there is a correlation between the concept of symmetry and the concepts of T-SFN and RN. The mixture of T-SFN and RN can be further investigated based on symmetry. A new concept of T-SFRN and its IOLs are introduced. The T-Spherical fuzzy rough interaction power Heronian mean (T-SFRIPHM) and its weighted AOs are developed. Furthermore, a MAGDM framework based on T-SFRIPWHM operator is established. In addition, the proposed framework is applied to an example to find the most appropriate alternative. The main contributions of this paper are described as follows.

•
The concept of T-SFRN is proposed for the first time, and the distance measure, ordering rules and IOLs of T-SFRNs are extended. • T-SFRIHM AOs are explored, along with their effective properties and special cases.

•
The MAGDM framework is established based on the T-SFRIPWHM operator.

•
Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the MAGDM framework proposed in this paper. The advantages and scientificity of the proposed method are verified by sensitivity analysis and comparison with existing methods.
The other segments of this paper are structured as follows. Several basic notions about the T-SFS, HM and PA operators are introduced succinctly in Section 2. Some concepts of T-SFRNs are advanced in Section 3. The T-SFRIPHM and T-SFRIPWHM operators are developed in Section 4. A new approach for MAGDM problem based on the T-SFRIPWHM operator is advanced in Section 5. Subsequently, this method is applied to a given numerical example, and the sensitivity analysis and comparison analysis are reported in Section 6. Section 7 presents the concluding remarks.

Preliminaries
Here, some basic concepts of T-SFS, IOLs, PA and HM are introduced.

Remark 1.
T-SFN is a generalization of all kinds of fuzzy numbers, its special cases are as follows:

6.
If t = 1, Λ = 0, N = 0, the T-SFN reduces to the classical fuzzy number (CFN) [1]. 37]). Suppose℘ = M, Λ, N is a T-SFN, its score function sc is given as follows: Its accuracy function ac is also given as follows: These T-SFNs can be ranked in the light of the following laws: the T-SFNs algebraic operation laws are described as follows (λ > 0): He et al. [52] have proven that there are some shortcomings in the operation rules of algebraic sum and product in the intuitionistic fuzzy environment. For example, if the NMD of one intuitionistic fuzzy number (IFN) is 0 in the IFS, and the NMD of other IFNs is non-zero, then the final NMD is also 0 through the aggregation of algebraic sum operation rule, which is unreasonable and counterintuitive. Therefore, this situation exists not only in the algebraic operation rules of Definition 4, but also in the Einstein operation, Hamacher operation, and so on. In addition, there are some defects and limitations in the T-SFN IOLs defined by Zeng et al. [33] and Garg et al. [34] (IOLs-ZG), and the sum and product operations of any two T-SFNs may violate the constrain condition that the t power sum of T-SFN's MD, AD and NMD is not greater than one.

1.
If t = 2, the IOLs of T-SFNs in Definition 6 reduce to the IOLs of SFNs.

The Concept of the T-SFRN
The T-SFS features a unique advantage in dealing with imprecise, vague, asymmetric and uncertain complex information, while the RS does not need any prior knowledge, and it can mine useful knowledge completely through the internal relationship of data. Therefore, the combination of T-SFS and RS can realize the complementary advantages of these two tools. This combination not only features data-driven characteristics and is not restricted by expert knowledge, but can also express the intention of individual and group decision-makers more comprehensively and objectively. Based on this, this subsection proposes a new concept of T-SFRN in the light of combining the concepts of T-SFN and RN.
Suppose that the finite non-empty set Z is the universe, ∀z ∈ Z, the definition of T-SFRN assumes that t class is equivalent to T-SFN class to form a family of T-spherical fuzzy topological sets, expressed as R = {ỹ ς |ς = 1, 2, . . . , τ}. There is a certain dominant ordering relationship between each equivalent T-spherical fuzzy class, namely, ỹ 1 < ỹ 2 < . . . < ỹ ς , so for any class ỹ ς ∈ R, 1 ≤ ς ≤ τ, Y ⊆ Z, X ⊆ Z. The upper approximation of ỹ ς can be defined as follows: The lower approximation of ỹ ς can be defined as follows: where (Z, ) forms approximate T-spherical fuzzy rough space. Based on the classical RN construction, any T-spherical fuzzy class ỹ ς can be expressed by T-SFRN, which consists of the T-spherical fuzzy rough lower limit (TSFRLL) T − SFRN(ỹ ς ) and the T-spherical fuzzy rough upper limit (T-SFRUL) T − SFRN(ỹ ς ), and can be expressed as follows: T − SFRN(ỹ ς ) is obtained by utilizing the T-SFWAI operator [39] to aggregate T-SFN of Y 1 , Y 2 , . . . , Y Q L as (Y 1 ), (Y 2 ), . . . , (Y Q L ), and their weights are equal, namely, w 1 = w 2 = · · · = w Q L = 1/Q L . Similarly, T − SFRN(ỹ ς ) can be obtained. Definition 11. Based on the TSFRLL T − SFRN(ỹ ς ) and TSFRUL T − SFRN(ỹ ς ) of T-spherical fuzzy class ỹ ς , T-SFRN(ỹ ς ) is defined as For convenience of expression, Equation (14) can be expressed as The significance of the T-SFNs' conversion into the T-SFRNs is that the initial T-SFN is only given by an individual expert, which ignores the interaction between experts and cannot accurately express the group opinions of experts. However, the T-SFRN is derived from a holistic perspective and can reflect the integrity and rationality of the experts' opinions. For example, the first expert's evaluation of the attribute is ỹ 1 = <0.700, 0.000, 0.400>, but from overall perspective, the attribute value should be [ỹ 1 ] = [<0.566, 0.432, 0.360>, <0.756, 0.077, 0.305>], which means the accurate value should be between the TSFRLL <0.566, 0.432, 0.360> and the TSFRUL <0.756, 0.077, 0.305>. Thus, the T-SFRN should be all T-SFNs between the lower limit and the upper limit. In addition, the T-SFNs are transformed into T-SFRNs by applying the T-SFWAI operator, where taking IOLs of T-SFNs into account, so that the T-SFRN is more reasonable, and it can avoid the counterintuitive dilemmas caused by such as AD 0 in ỹ 1 and NMD 0 in ỹ 4 . Therefore, the T-SFRNs can not only reflect the uncertainty of individuals and groups, but also avoid the loss or attenuation of information.

The Compare Rules of T-SFNs
In this subsection, the HD between two T-SFRNs is proposed based on the distance measure of T-SFNs.
The HD between [ỹ 1 ] and [ỹ 2 ] features the following properties: To compare any two T-SFRNs, the score function sc([ỹ ς ]) and the distance function Dis([ỹ ς ]) of T-SFRN [ỹ ς ] are advanced based on the TSFRLL and TSFRUL of the T-SFRN.
Considering that the TSFRLL and TSFRUL are T-SFNs, they are fused by the interaction sum operation, and the score function of one T-SFRN is obtained by utilizing the Equation (2) It is defined as: According to Definition 8, the distance between the TSFRLL and TSFRUL of any T-SFRN is taken as the distance function of T-SFRN [ỹ ς ], which is defined as:

The IoLs of T-SFRNs
The T-spherical fuzzy rough interaction operation can be extended on the basis of Definition 6.
Therefore, the proof of Theorem 5 is complete.

The T-SFRIPHM Operator
which is called the T-SFRIPHM operator, where Ω indicates the group of all T-SFRNs, and κ is the indicates the support degree of [ỹ ς ] and [ỹ σ ], and it can be obtained from Equation (20):  (21) is also a T-SFN.
Proof. In order to demonstrate that the result from Equation (21) is also a T-SFRN, the TSFRLL and TSFRUL can be proven respectively. To this end, the proof of the TSFRLL is first considered. According to the IOLs in Definition 16, there is .

ν ςξ
Therefore, the following equation can be obtained through mathematical induction on κ.
Therefore, the TSFRULL can be obtained as follows, Similarly, the TSFRUL can be obtained. Therefore, the proof of Theorem 6 is complete.  (21) is as follows (supposing t = 2, η = 1, ρ = 3): Step 1. Calculated by the Equation (20)  According to Theorem 6, it is found that the proposed operator features the following desirable properties.

2.
Boundedness. Suppose [ỹς] (ς = 1, 2, . . . , κ) is a family of T-SFRNs, for any non-negative real number η, ρ with η + ρ > 0, then However, the T-SFRIPHM operator does not feature the property of Monotonicity. In accordance with the IOLs of the T-SFRNs in Definition 16, the above properties of the proposed operator can be easily proven, so this proof is omitted here.
Next, special types of this operator are obtained with regard to different the parameters t, η and ρ.

A Method to MAGDM Based on T-SFRIPWHM Operator
In this segment, a T-spherical fuzzy MAGDM approach with completely known weights of experts and attributes is proposed. Suppose Ψ = {Ψ 1 , Ψ 2 , . . . , Ψ κ } is a finite collection of alternatives and Φ = {Φ 1 , Φ 2 , . . . , Φ θ } is a finite collection of attributes, and W = (w 1 , w 2 , . . . , w κ ) T is the weight vector of the attributes, meeting w ξ ≥ 0, ∑ θ ξ=1 w ξ = 1. Let λ = (λ 1 , λ 2 , . . . , λ m ) T be the weight vector of experts, and satisfying λ e ≥ 0, ∑ m e=1 λ e = 1. The expert E e (e = 1, 2, . . . , m) evaluates the alternative Ψ ς (ς = 1, 2, . . . , κ) with respect to the attribute Φ ξ (ξ = 1, 2, . . . , θ), and the evaluation value is The T-SFRIPWHM operator is utilized to handle the MAGDM problems in the T-spherical fuzzy environment; the flowchart of proposed method is shown in Figure 1, and the following detailed procedure is presented. Step 1. It is necessary to guarantee that the types of attributes remain consistent in the decision process, so the cost type attribute is converted into benefit type attribute. Furthermore, the given ITSFM e D (e = 1,2, …, m) can be transformed into a normalized ITSFM Step 2. According to Equations (12) and (13)   Step 1. It is necessary to guarantee that the types of attributes remain consistent in the decision process, so the cost type attribute is converted into benefit type attribute. Furthermore, the given ITSFMD e (e = 1,2, . . . , m) can be transformed into a normalized ITSFMR e = [r Step 2. According to Equations (12) and (13)   Step 4. Compute the power weight ε e ςξ corresponding to the T-SFRN [r e ςξ ] according to Equations (32) and (33).
Step 10. The final ranking of alternatives is determined according to Section 3.2, and the best alternation is selected, i.e., the bigger the better.

Numerical Example
An example is provided to illustrate the application of proposed method in this segment. The following example is revised from Refs. [21,35].

The Decision Procedure
Step 1. Since all attribute types are consistent, no normalization is required here.

Parameter t Influence Analysis
The score values and ranking orders are obtained by utilizing the T-SFRIPWHM operator when different parameter t. The results are listed in Table 4. From Table 4 and Figure 2, the score value of each alternative decreases gradually as the parameter t increases, and the ranking order of alternatives also changes. As can be seen from Table 4, the alternative Ψ 4 and alternative Ψ 2 are the best and worst when t = 2, respectively. When the t value changes from 3 to 7, the alternative Ψ 3 is optimal, while the worst alternative changes from Ψ 2 to Ψ 1 . When t = 10, the alternative Ψ 2 is the most desirable, and Ψ 1 is the least ideal.

Parameters η and ρ Influence Analysis
The score values and ranking orders are presented in Table 5, where different values of parameters η and ρ are taken in the T-SFRIPWHM operator. Table 5. Influence of parameters η and ρ on the results (t = 2). With increasing η and ρ, the score value of each alternative decreases gradually and the ranking results are generally stable at Ψ 4 Ψ 3 Ψ 1 Ψ 2 . In particular, when η = 1, ρ = 0, Ψ 3 is optimum alternative and the worst alternative is Ψ 1 . When η = 3, ρ = 1, the best alternative is also Ψ 3 and the worst is Ψ 2 .

Compare with the Methods without Considering the Balance and Interrelationship
The score values and the ranking of alternatives obtained by different operators without considering the balance and interrelationship under T-spherical fuzzy environment are compared [21,22,31,33,34,36,37,41].
As can be seen in Table 6, the existing methods of the T-SFWA, T-SFWG, T-SFEWA, T-SFEWG, T-SFHWA and T-SFHWG operators all fail to consider the interaction between T-SFNs membership functions, and only take into account the Algebraic, Einstein, and Hamacher operations; the alternative ordering results obtained are all Ψ 3 Ψ 4 Ψ 2 Ψ 1 . In addition, although the T-SFWAI and T-SFWGI operators take the IOLs-J of T-SFNs into consideration, the T-SFWIA and T-SFWGIA consider the IOLs-ZG of T-SFNs. The alternative ordering results obtained by them are consistent, namely Ψ 3 Ψ 4 Ψ 2 Ψ 1 . However, the T-SFDPWA and T-SFDPWG combining attributes' (or experts') priority relationship and the Dombi operator obtain different results, in which the T-SFDPWA and proposed method obtain the same optimal alternative, Ψ 4 , while the T-SFDPWG produces the same result as other operators. T-spherical fuzzy Dombi prioritized weighted arithmetic; 8 T-spherical fuzzy Dombi prioritized weighted geometric; 9 T-spherical fuzzy weighted interactive averaging; 10 T-spherical fuzzy weighted geometric interaction averaging; 11 T-spherical fuzzy weighted averaging interaction; 12 T-spherical fuzzy weighted geometric interaction.

Comparison with the Methods Considering Equilibrium
Some T-spherical fuzzy operators [35,38] considering the overall data balance are selected to compare with the proposed operator with T-SFNs.
As can be seen in Table 7, the T-SFPWA and T-SFPWG operators only consider the overall balance of T-SFNs, but do not consider the interrelationship among the attribute variables. This is the same as the alternative ranking results of the T-SFRIPWHM operator in the parameters η = 1, ρ = 0 and η = 0, ρ = 1 scenarios. In the T-SFRIPWHM operator, the overall balance of the T-SFNs and the interrelationship between the attribute variables are both considered when the parameters η = ρ = 1. Obviously, the ranking of the obtained alternatives is more reasonable. In addition, compared with the WT-SFPMM and WT-SFPDMM operators (η = ρ = 1), the same optimal alternative Ψ 4 and suboptimal alternative Ψ 3 are obtained. Obviously, the proposed method takes more account of the IOLs and uncertainty in T-SFSs compared with the WT-SFPMM and WT-SFPDMM operators. Therefore, the T-SFRIPWHM operator is more scientific and advantageous.

Comparison with the Methods Considering Interrelationships
In the following, three T-spherical fuzzy operators [30,35] considering the interrelationships of attributes are applied to compare with the T-SFRIPWHM operator.
As can be seen in Table 8, the T-SFWGMSM, WT-SFPMM and WT-SFPDMM operators all consider the interrelationship among attribute variables, and the optimal alternative Ψ 4 and suboptimal one Ψ 3 are consistent with proposed method, which also reveals the practicability and feasibility of proposed approach. However, the ranking of alternatives Ψ 1 and Ψ 2 is different from the proposed method, because the T-SFRIPWHM operator considers more uncertainty and interaction than the existing methods described above. Furthermore, characteristics are compared in terms of IOLs, individual and group uncertainty, the overall balance of T-SFNs, and the interrelationships between the attribute variables. The differences among the AOs are listed in Table 9. In summary, the superiorities of the T-SFRIPWHM operator are as follows: • The concept of T-SFRN can handle both individual uncertainty and group uncertainty in Tspherical fuzzy MAGDM problems, which ensures the integrity of evaluation information and makes the decision results more reasonable. Other existing methods only consider the individual uncertainty of the individual decision maker, so that reasonable decision results cannot be obtained in some group decision situations.

•
The IOLs of T-SFTN is extended based on IOLs-J; that is, the interaction among the MD, AD and NMD in the T-SFRLL and T-SFRUL is considered respectively, so as to avoid the irrational decision results when the MD, AD or NMD is 0 in the aggregated values of the T-SFRIPHM AOs.

•
The PA operator is included in the T-SFRIPHM AOs, which can effectively reduce the influence of the abnormal preference evaluation value given by the decision-maker due to personal emotion or insufficient understanding of the decision objects. Thus, it can improve the controllability and fairness of the decision-making process.

•
The HM operator can reflect the interrelationships between the attribute variables in the proposed T-SFRIPHM OAs. Compared with the existing methods without considering the relationship between the variables, the T-SFRIPHM AOs can consider more evaluation information in the actual decision process.

•
The proposed T-SFRIPHM AOs integrate the advantages of RNs, IOLs, PA and HM. In the real-life decision-making process, the proposed method can comprehensively consider the uncertainty of individuals and groups, the interaction between membership functions, the overall balance of input T-SFNs, and the interrelationships between input arguments.
Therefore, it is more suitable for dealing with complex MAGDM problems in the T-spherical fuzzy environment.

Conclusions
In this study, a new MAGDM model based on the T-SFRIPWHM operator was developed and applied to solve group decision-making problems with T-spherical fuzzy information. The main conclusions are as follows:

•
To deal with the uncertainty of expert individuals and expert groups in group decision-making, a new concept T-SFRN was constructed. At the same time, the distance measure and ordering rules of The -SFRNs and the IOLs of T-SFRNs were extended to eliminate the counterintuitive phenomenon.

•
To guarantee the integrity and rationality of evaluation information, and to effectively extract the interrelationship between T-spherical fuzzy variables and the overall information about decision objects, T-SFRIPHM and T-SFRIPWHM operators were proposed from a multi-dimensional perspective, which integrates the advantages of RNs, IOLs, PA and HM. These operators cannot only deal with the uncertainty of individual and group decision makers at the same time, but also consider the interaction between membership functions in T-SFNs, and can reflect the interrelationship between aggregation variables and the overall equilibrium of aggregation T-SFNs, so as reduce the interference of "singularity" as much as possible and make the decisionmaking process more objective and fair.

•
A new approach for dealing with T-spherical fuzzy MAGDM problems based on the T-SFRIPWHM operator was developed. Through the application and analysis of example, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach were shown.
However, the proposed method also features three weaknesses: (1) although the amount of computation of the T-SFRIPWHM operator is higher than that of existing AOs, it can accurately obtain the calculation results and meets the complexity of the actual decision-making problems.
(2) The AOs proposed cannot satisfy Monotonicity and other properties. We will try to consider operation laws containing parameters, such as Frank operations, so that these AOs can satisfy relevant properties with respect to this parameter. (3) The attributes weight vector is assumed rather than obtained through a particular approach. In the follow-up study, we will adopt subjective, objective or combined weighting methods to obtain attribute weights according to the actual conditions and requirements of T-spherical fuzzy decision-making problems.
In the future, our proposed AOs can be further extended to different decision-making environments, such as simplified Neutrosophic sets [68], hesitant fuzzy sets [69], and uncertain linguistic sets [70]. We will focus on the integration of the proposed AOs with other sorting methods (e.g., TOPSIS, VIKOR, WASPAS, MARCOS, etc.) and apply them to different real-life decision problems.