The Well Posedness for Nonhomogeneous Boussinesq Equations

This paper is devoted to studying the Cauchy problem for non-homogeneous Boussinesq equations. We built the results on the critical Besov spaces (θ,u)∈LT∞(B˙p,1N/p)×LT∞(B˙p,1N/p−1)⋂LT1(B˙p,1N/p+1) with 1<p<2N. We proved the global existence of the solution when the initial velocity is small with respect to the viscosity, as well as the initial temperature approaches a positive constant. Furthermore, we proved the uniqueness for 1<p≤N. Our results can been seen as a version of symmetry in Besov space for the Boussinesq equations.


Introduction
This paper discusses the global well-posedness of Boussinesq equations. We assume that the viscosity and thermal conductivity are temperature dependent. The coupled mass flow and heat flow of the viscous incompressible fluid are controlled by Boussinesq approximation. The equations we study are as follows:      u t − div(ν(θ)∇u) + u · ∇u + αθg + ∇p = 0, div(u) = 0, θ t − div(κ(θ)∇θ) + u · ∇θ = 0. (1) Here u(t, x) denotes the velocity of the fluid , (t, x) ∈ R + × R N , N ≥ 2 is the spatial dimension; p(t, x) is the hydrostatic pressure; θ(t, x) is the temperature; g(t, x) is the external force by a unit of mass; ν(θ) is the kinematic viscosity; κ(θ) is the thermal conductivity; α is a positive constant which is dependent on the coefficient of volume expansion. The Boussinesq system has important roles in the atmospheric sciences, for more details, one could refer to [1,2].
Some attentions have been paid to the nonhomogeneous case (1). In [13], the authors investigated the initial-boundary problems of (1) and obtained the global well-posedness.
In [14], they studied an optimum control problem of mathematical model describing steady non-isothermal creep of incompressible fluid through local Lipschitz bounded region. In [15], they studied an optimal control problem for the mathematical model that describes steady non-isothermal creeping flows of an incompressible fluid through a locally Lipschitz bounded domain. In [16], the initial-boundary value problem of completely incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with viscosity coefficient ν and heat conductivity κ varying with temperature by the power law of Chapman-Enskog are studied. When κ = 0, the method used in [16] is not applicable. We must seek new methods to overcome the difficulty.
The purpose of this paper is to study the well-posedness of the Boussinesq system (1). Equations (1) corresponds to the physical environment which we can't ignore the variation of fluid viscosity (and thermal conductivity) with temperature (for more details see [17] and the references therein). The existing literature has more discussion on the constant viscosity and less discussions on the viscosity of temperature. This paper will provide some methods for studying other problems when viscosity relates to temperature. In the present paper, we consider the system (1) without thermal conductivity, and with the viscosity ν dependent on θ. The main difficulty is that we can not use the results obtained previously for the constant viscosity. We firstly use the method of iteration, then we transform the problem into a constant viscosity problem. This is the biggest innovation of this paper. Since the Besov space is more meticulous than the traditional Sobolev space, the results obtained in this paper are no longer correct in the Sobolev space. In the present paper, we study the following equations: In order to have a clear idea of our purpose, we shall recall some research history for the following Navier-Stokes equations: In [18], Fujita & Kato proved the global existence and uniqueness of problem (4) in the critical Sobolev spaceḢ is a solution of (4), with initial data (ρ 0 (x), u 0 (x)), then: is also the solution of (4) with initial data (ρ 0,λ (x), u 0,λ (x)) = (ρ 0 (λx), λu 0 (λx)).
We suppose that the initial data θ 0 > 0. In the present paper, we shall establish the well-posedness of the non-homogeneous Bounssinesq Equation (3) inḂ N/p p,1 (see the definition in Section 2). Since the Besov spaces are symmetry, the results obtained in this paper have the property of symmetry. We shall restrict our work to solutions such that the temperature θ is a small perturbation of a constant temperature θ. As we know, there are inevitable errors in the process of modeling or measurement. We are looking forward to understanding the impact of these errors on the behavior of the solutions. This paper solves this problem well. There are few relevant studies at present. Without loss of generality, in the following, we take θ = 1,ν ∈ C ∞ and ν(θ) = ν(1) = ν. Therefore, Equation (3) can be rewritten as: where, We write: Let us now state our main results.
Moreover, if there exist a small constant ε, such that: then T = +∞. If 1 < p ≤ N, the solution is unique.
The present paper is structured as follows: in the next section, we show some preliminaries. In Section 3, we show the existence of the solution. The uniqueness is presented in Section 4. Some conclusions are included in Section 5. Remark 1. Throughout this paper, C stands for a 'harmless' uniform constant, and we sometimes use the notation A B as an equivalent of A ≤ CB. The notation A ≈ B means that A B and B A.

Littlewood-Paley Theory
At the beginning, we shall recall the Littlewood-Paley decomposition. Denoting: and: ). The formal decomposition: is called homogenous Littlewood-Paley decomposition. This dyadic decomposition has a nice quasi-orthogonality, and we have: The details of Littlewood-Paley decomposition can be found in [31,32].

The Homogeneous Besov Spaces
In the following, we shall define the functional spaces in which we shall work in.
Let us now recall some classical properties for these Besov spaces (see [23,24]) Proposition 1. The following properties hold: (i) There exists a uniform constant C, such that, (ii) Sobolev embedding: for p 1 ≤ p 2 and r 1 ≤ r 2 , then, (iii) For s > 0,Ḃ s p,r L ∞ is an algebra. Moreover, for any p ∈ [1, +∞], then, (iv) Interpolation: Through this paper, we shall use the product law in Besov spaces. These product laws are proved in [20,33].

Estimates for Linear Transport Equation
In the following, we recall some estimates for the following linear transport equation: The following results will hold, (see proof in [19,24,33]).
Proposition 3. Let (p, r) ∈ [1, +∞] 2 and s be such that −1 − Nin f ( 1 p , 1 p ) < s < 1 + N p where p is the conjugate of p. Let v be a free divergence vector such that ∇v ∈ L 1 (0, T;Ḃ N/p p,r L ∞ ). Suppose that g 0 ∈Ḃ s p,r and F ∈ L 1 (0, T,Ḃ s p,r ), and g be a solution of (21) then holds: Proposition 4. Let p ∈ (1, +∞) and −1 − Nin f ( 1 p , 1 p ) < s < N p , where p is the conjugate exponent of p. Let u 0 ∈Ḃ s p,r , F ∈L 1 T (Ḃ s p,r ) and v be a free divergence vector such that ∇v ∈ L 1 (0, T;Ḃ N/p p,r L ∞ ), then Let u be a solution of the following system: where ν is a positive constant. Then there exists a constant C such that the following estimates hold:

The Existence of the Solution
In this section we shall prove the existence of the solution for (5). We state the results as following.
Moreover, if there exist a small constant ε, such that: then T = +∞.
Proof. We shall prove this results by iteration. Denoting, We shall build an approximate smooth solution (θ n , u n , p n ) of (5) satisfying, where, Obviously, from Propositions 3 and 4, we know that there exist a T such that (25) admits a unique smooth solution in t ∈ [0, T]. Then, the proof of Theorem 2 is divided into two steps: (1) The uniform a priori estimates for (θ n , u n ).
(2) The proof of the convergence of the sequences.
We begin to obtain the uniform estimates for (θ n , u n ) Denoting: I 0 θ 0 Ḃ N/p p,1 and, . Let: Now, we shall prove that {(θ n , u n ) n∈Z } is uniformly bounded in χ T . Moreover, ∀n ∈ Z, we have the following conclusion: We shall prove these by induction. For n = 0, they are valid obviously. We assume that for a fixed n, (θ n , u n ) ∈ χ T is valid and the claim holds, we shall show that for n + 1, (θ n+1 , u n+1 ) ∈ χ T and the claim are also valid.
Combining (26) and (34), and using (15), we can get: . (35) Therefore, by the induction hypothesis, taking T 1 small enough, such that: Then, from (32), (33), (35), and (36), we proved the claim that: Repeating the progress above, we see that if there exists a constant ε small enough such that: then, the results presented above will be valid globally. (37) will be valid for all T. Thus, we have proved the claim (28). We begin to get the convergence of the sequences.
To verify the convergence of the sequences of (θ n , u n ), we shall consider the time derivative of the solution. We first show the following Lemma.
In order to use the Ascoli Theorem, it suffices to estimate the derivatives of θ n and u n .
Similarly, we get: Then we get the desired result (ii) from Lemma 1.
Now we turn to the proof of the existence of the solution. According to Proposition 5, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and Hölder's inequality, we deduce the following Corollary.
According to Corollary 1, the sequence (θ n , u n ) n∈N is uniformly bounded in C ) N . We recall that the injection ofḂ s+ε pq,loc inḂ s pq,loc is compact for all ε > 0. (See the proof in [34]). Using the uniform estimates and applying the Ascoli's Theorem, there exists a subsequence (θ n , u n ), which converges to (θ, u). We gather that (θ, u) is a solution of (25) belongs to: )).

The Uniqueness of the Solution
In this section we shall prove the uniqueness of the solution for (5). We shall only establish the uniqueness when p = N, the case when 1 < p < N follows by injection.
We state the results as following.

Conclusions
In this paper, we studied the Cauchy problem for non-homogeneous Boussinesq equations. We proved the global existence of the solution when the initial velocity are small with respect to the viscosity, as well as the initial temperature approaches a positive constant on the critical Besov spaces (θ, u) ∈ L ∞ T (Ḃ ) with 1 < p < 2N. Furthermore, we proved the uniqueness for 1 < p ≤ N. When N ≤ p ≤ 2N, the uniqueness is difficult. We can't get any result following the method proposed in this paper. We will consider the uniqueness for N ≤ p ≤ 2N in the future. We can also obtain similar results for other fluid equations.