Conservation Laws and Travelling Wave Solutions for Double Dispersion Equations in (1+1) and (2+1) Dimensions

: In this article, we investigate two types of double dispersion equations in two different dimensions, which arise in several physical applications. Double dispersion equations are derived to describe long nonlinear wave evolution in a thin hyperelastic rod. Firstly, we obtain conservation laws for both these equations. To do this, we employ the multiplier method, which is an efﬁcient method to derive conservation laws as it does not require the PDEs to admit a variational principle. Secondly, we obtain travelling waves and line travelling waves for these two equations. In this process, the conservation laws are used to obtain a triple reduction. Finally, a line soliton solution is found for the double dispersion equation in two dimensions.


Introduction
In this work, we study two equations of double dispersion in one and two dimensions. The double dispersion (DD) equation arises in several physical applications. For instance, it is used in analyzing non-linear wave distribution in waveguide, interplay of waveguide and exterior medium, and, therefore, likelihood of energy interchange through lateral coverings of waveguide.
The author of [1] concentrated on the theory, generation, simulation, and propagation of strain solitary waves in a non-linearly elastic, straight cylindrical rod under finite distortions. For this, the general theory of wave propagation in non-linearly elastic solids was introduced, in which a new approach was developed to solve the corresponding DD equation with dissipative terms, which leads to new exact explicit solutions.
In physics of condensed matter, experiments dedicated to lucrative observation of solitary strain wave in solids are not mentioned. Undoubtedly, the description of long wave propagation in solids and liquids is to a certain extent analogous, which provides good estimate of soliton existence in solids [2].
Just after a forceful strain wave inseminates in the non-linearly bounded and elastic solid, curving of wave front can escalate swiftly up to changeless deformation appearance. This sensation could be evened alongside the dispersion of wave inside the wave guide [3][4][5].
In [6], the authors studied a multidimensional double dispersion equation with n = 3, f (u) = |u| l for l > 1, a real constant, or f (u) = u 2m , m = 1, 2, · · · . In [7], the authors investigated the Cauchy problem of Equation (1) and derived the existence (both locally and globally in time) and the blow-up of its solutions.
In this paper, we investigate Equation (1) for n = 1 and n = 2. The DD equation in (1 + 1) dimensions is given by which describes non-linear dispersive waves [1]. Here, f (u) is an arbitrary function of u and a, b > 0 are real numbers. The DD equation in two dimensions is of the form where f (u) is an arbitrary function of u. The Boussinesq equation reads where β is a constant. It arises in various physical applications. For example, it is used in the propagation of long waves in shallow water [8]. Researchers have developed many generalizations of Boussinesq equation. One of such generalizations is the modified Boussinesq equation. In [9], generalization of Equation (4) of the form was studied and classical and nonclassical symmetries were investigated in [10]. Here, f (u) is an arbitrary function of u.
Conservation laws have various utilizations in investigation of PDEs, for instance the determination of conserved quantities and also the constants of motion. These can also be applied to identify integrability and linearization and moreover in verifying the correctness of numerical methods.
The celebrated theorem by Noether [11] can be used to derive conservation laws for variational problems. For any PDE, whether it comes from variational problem or non-variational problem, conservation laws can be determined by a direct method [12][13][14][15][16].
Recently, double reduction of PDEs was performed by using the interrelation between symmetries and conservation laws [17][18][19]. Lately, non-linear p−power generalizations of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili and Boussinesq equations were studied and line soliton solutions were constructed for p > 0 [20]. This paper is arranged as follows: In Sections 3 and 4, conservations laws for the double dispersion Equations (2) and (3) are obtained, respectively. Finally, travelling waves u = U(x − νt), u = U(x + µy − νt) are, respectively, determined for DD Equations (2) and (3), where µ determines direction and ν represents speed of travelling wave. The associated fourth-order non-linear ODEs for U are reduced to first-order variables separable equations by the application of conservation laws derived here for DD equations.

Lie Symmetries
Symmetries are a basic structure of nonlinear PDEs and they can be used to find invariant solutions and yield transformations that map the set of solutions into itself. A general discussion of symmetries and their applications to differential equations can be found in Refs. [15,21,22].
To apply the Lie symmetry method to Equation (3), we consider a one-parameter Lie group of infinitesimal transformations on (x, y, t, u): where ε is the group parameter. For this transformation to be a symmetry, it must leave invariant the set of solutions of Equation (3). This invariance condition yields an overdetermined linear system of equations for the infinitesimals ξ x (x, y, t, u), ξ y (x, y, t, u), τ(x, y, t, u), and η(x, y, t, u). Each set of infinitesimals corresponds to an infinitesimal symmetry with the generator The symmetry generator can be used to find invariant solutions u(t, x, y) of Equation (3) determined by solving the invariant surface condition whose form is We write the point symmetries admitted by the DD equation in (2+1) dimensions in Equation (3) in Table 1.
We point out that, for a = 0, Lie classical symmetries were derived for the DD equation in (1+1) dimensions (1.2) in [10], where, for a = 0, Equation (1.2) only admits translations in t and x.

Conservation Laws for DD Equation in (1+1) Dimension
We obtain conservation laws for DD Equation (2) by using the general multiplier method [12][13][14]22]. We recall that a conservation law for Equation (2) is a continuity equation that holds for all solutions u(x, t) of Equation (2). (T, X) is called a conserved current, where T is the conserved density and X is the spatial flux. Both T, X are functions of t, x, and u and derivatives of u [21]. The operators D t and D x are the usual total derivative operators [15]. Two conservation laws are equivalent [22] provided they vary by a trivial conservation law T = D x Θ, Here, T and X are calculated on solutions of Equation (2), and Θ is some function which depends on t, x, and u and derivatives of u.
Firstly, we note that Equation (2) has a Cauchy-Kovalevskaya form, which tells us that all non-trivial conservation laws arise from multipliers [13,14]. Especially, when one moves off of the solution set of Equation (2), every non-trivial conservation law in Equation (9) is identical to one that can be expressed as where Q = Q(x, t, u, u x , u t , u xx , u tt , u xt , u xxx , u xxt , u xtt ) is a conservation law multiplier, andT andX vary from (T, X) by a trivial conserved current. On the solutions set u(x, t) of Equation (2), the characteristic form in Equation (10) curtails to the conservation law in Equation (9). For our problem, the determining equation for determining all multipliers is which must hold off of the solutions set of Equation (2). As soon as the multipliers are determined, the associated non-trivial conservation laws are derived using a homotopy formula [12][13][14] or else by integrating Equation (10) [21]. We look for low-order multipliers [19,22] as these provide us with physically interesting conservation laws. The determining Equation (11) splits with respect to the remaining variables. We use Maple to solve the determining system with the conditions that f = linear, and a, b = 0.
This classification yields the following four cases: This case gives the following corresponding conserved density and flux: Case 2: Q 2 = t. For this case, we obtain conserved density and flux as Case 3: Q 3 = 1. We get conserved density and flux as Case 4: Q 4 = tx. For this last case, the corresponding conserved density and flux are

Conservation Laws for DD Equation in (2+1) Dimension
For the (2+1) dimensions Equation (3), a local conservation law is the continuity equation which holds for all solutions u(x, y, t) of Equation (3). Here, as before, T is conserved density and X and Y are spatial fluxes. Thus, every conservation law can be expressed as In this case, we seek low order multipliers (as these are physically interesting), namely Q = Q(x, t, y, u, u x , u t , u y , u xx , u tt , u yy , u tx , u ty , u xxx , u txx , u ttx ). Consequently, the determining equation is given by Here, is the Euler operator [15,21,22]. The determining equation, after splitting, yields (with a, b = 0 and f (u) = linear): −a(Q xxtt + Q yytt ) + b(Q xxxx + Q yyyy ) + Q tt Using Maple, we obtain the following eight cases. In each case, we provide the multiplier and corresponding low-order conservation law.

(29)
Case 8: For Q 8 = txy, (2) and (3) In this section, we present travelling waves solutions for the DD Equations (2) in one dimension and line travelling waves for the DD Equation (3) in two dimensions. It is common knowledge that, if a differential equation has a Noether symmetry, then corresponding to this symmetry there exists a conservation law and moreover a double reduction can be performed on the differential equation [15,17]. For instance, in [17][18][19], the connection between symmetries and conservation laws was utilized to perform double reduction of PDEs.

Travelling Waves for Equations
In [19,23], an association between symmetries and conservation laws was further explored by concentrating on conservation laws which were invariant under a given set of symmetries. Furthermore, a few applications of determining symmetry-invariant conservation laws and determining symmetry-invariant solutions of PDEs were presented.

The (1+1)-DD Travelling Waves
We derive travelling waves for Equation (2) and use the travelling wave variable, namely z = x − λt. A travelling wave solution is of the form and substituting this expression into Equation (2), we get the reduced nonlinear fourth-order ODE We observe that these travelling wave solutions arise from invariance under the translation symmetry Suppose a conservation law D t T + D x X = 0 does not contain the variables t and x explicitly. Then, it gives rise to a reduction of order of travelling wave ODE by the reductions Thus, the first integral is and the corresponding symmetry-invariant conservation law is the first integral of Equation (32) as D t (T 3 ) + D x (X 3 ) = 0 does not contain the variables t and x explicitly. Then, the conservation law gives rise to a first integral that yields the following reduced form of the travelling wave ODE Moreover, although conservations laws D t (T 1 ) + D x (X 1 ) = 0 and D t (T 2 ) + D x (X 2 ) = 0 contain explicitly the variables x and t, however, the linear combination is invariant under the generator ∂ x − λ∂ t , yielding a functionally independent second first integral These two first integrals in Equations (36) and (37) yield a triple reduction from the original PDE to the second-order ODE

The (2+1)-DD Line Travelling Waves
In [20], line soliton solutions of generalized KP and Boussinesq equations with p-power nonlinearities in two dimensions were derived. In [24], line soliton solutions were derived for a family of modified KP equations, whereas, in [25], line soliton solutions were constructed for a family of modified KP equations with p-power nonlinearities. In [26], the authors derived conserved vectors for a double dispersion equation.
We now derive the explicit line travelling waves for Equation (3) and use the travelling wave variable z = −µy − νx + t for this derivation. A line travelling wave in two-dimensions is The substitution of Equation (39) into Equation (3) gives the fourth-order non-linear DE for U(ζ), namely We observe that a travelling wave solution remains invariant with respect to three-parameter group of translations, namely t → t − 1 , x → x + 2 ν, y → y + 3 µ, with 1 , 2 , 3 ∈ IR .
Assume that a conservation law D t T + D x X + +D y Y does not contain the variables t, x, and y explicitly. Subsequently, the conservation law gives rise to a reduction of order of travelling wave ODE by the reductions Thus, the first integral is given by and the corresponding symmetry-invariant conservation law will be a first integral of Equation (40) as D t (T 1 ) + D x (X 1 ) + D y (Y 1 ) = 0 that does not contain t, x, and y explicitly. Hence, the conservation law gives rise to the following reduction of order of travelling wave ODE: Moreover, although conservations laws D t (T 2 ) + D x (X 2 ) + D y (Y 2 ) = 0, D t (T 3 ) + D x (X 3 ) + D y (Y 3 ) = 0, and D t (T 4 ) + D x (X 4 ) + D y (Y 4 ) = 0 contain explicitly the variables x, y, and t. However, the linear combination is invariant under the generator λ∂ x + γ∂ y − ∂ t yielding a second functionally independent first integral These two first integrals in Equations (44) and (45) can be combined to obtain a second-order ODE Setting C 2 = 0, we get a separable ODE that can be integrated once, yielding the following first-order ODE: We remark that the double reduction method applied to a fourth-order PDE yields one third-order ODE, while we are getting a triple reduction to a second-order ODE [14].
Setting f (U) as a polynomial, the solutions can be given in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions, in particular, hyperbolic and trigonometric functions. However, in the special case, when f (U) = U 2 , we get the following solution: with z = −µy − νx + t. In Figure 1, we plot this solution for Equation (46) for C 2 = 0, µ = 1, ν = 1, a = − 1 4 , and b = − 1 8 .

Conclusions
In this paper, we study the (1+1)-dimensional and (2+1)-dimensional double dispersion equations, namely Equations (2) and (3). Firstly, we determine all low-order conservation laws by using the multiplier method for Equations (2) and (3). For the double dispersion Equation (2), we obtain four multipliers and, consequently, four conserved densities and fluxes are constructed. On the other hand, the double dispersion Equation (3) provides eight multipliers, which result in eight low-order conservation laws. Secondly, we derive the symmetry invariant conservation laws. In the case of translation symmetries, we show how conservation laws that explicitly contain the independent variables can nevertheless be used to obtain a triple reduction. This is done by obtaining two functionally independent first integrals yielding to a first-order ODE, which gives rise to travelling wave solutions. In particular, we find a line soliton solution for Equation (3).
Author Contributions: All authors made an equal contribution to the preparing the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.