Simultaneous and Non-Simultaneous Quenching for a System of Multi-Dimensional Semi-Linear Heat Equations

: This article deals with ﬁnite-time quenching for the system of coupled semi-linear heat equations u t = u xx + f ( v ) and v t = v xx + g ( u ) , for ( x , t ) ∈ ( 0, 1 ) × ( 0, T ) , where f and g are given functions. The system has the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions and the bounded nonnegative initial conditions that are compatible with the boundary conditions. The existence result is established by using the method of upper and lower solutions. We obtain sufﬁcient conditions for ﬁnite time quenching of solutions. The quenching set is also provided. From the quenching set, it implies that the quenching solution has asymmetric proﬁle. We prove the blow-up of time-derivatives when quenching occurs. We also ﬁnd the criteria to identify simultaneous and non-simultaneous quenching of solutions. For non-simultaneous quenching, the corresponding quenching rate of solutions is given.


Introduction
Since the study of quenching phenomena for the parabolic equations was begun in 1975 by Kawarada [1], a lot of works along this direction, its generalization and its variation have been contributed. For example, in 2002, De Pablo et al. [2] studied the coupled parabolic system subject to the Neumann boundary conditions and initial conditions In Reference [2], the solution u or v of Equation (1) is said to quench in a finite time if there exists T q < ∞ such that u or v exists in the classical sense and is positive for all 0 ≤ t < T q , while lim inf The System (1) is said to quench simultaneously if both u and v quench at the same finite time T q . However, if only one of the solutions quenches in a finite time T q , then it is called non-simultaneous quenching. The main results of [2] can be summarized as follows.

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If p, q ≥ 1, then any quenching solutions of (1) is simultaneous; if p ≤ 1 ≤ q, then any quenching solutions of (1) is non-simultaneous with u being strictly positive; if p, q ≤ 1, then there exists (u 0 , v 0 ) such that simultaneous quenching occurs.

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If quenching is non-simultaneous, and, for instance, v is the unique quenching component, then v(0, t) ∼ (T q − t). Otherwise: pq−1 if p, q > 1 or p, q < 1; Note that f ∼ g means there exist finite positive constants c 1 and c 2 such that c 1 g(x) ≤ f (x) ≤ c 2 g(x), for all x ∈ D f ∩ D g . Furthermore, the blow-up of u t and v t at the quenching time were also proved. Since they can prove that u t and v t are decreasing functions of t, the blow-up of them means u t → −∞ and v t → −∞ as t approaches the quenching time.
They derived the quenching rate in the case of non-simultaneous quenching. Later, in 2019, Chan [4] studied the semi-linear parabolic system , in D × (0, Γ), subject to the Dirichlet boundary conditions and initial conditions , and a, b are positive constants such that a ≤ b. The definition of quenching was different from References [2,3]. In Reference [4], the solution u or v is said to quench if there exists a finite time Γ such that He proved that the solutions quench simultaneously and approximated critical values a * and b * . This a * and b * associate with the existence of the solutions of their steady state system.
Let T > 0. In this article, we consider the system of coupled semi-linear heat equations subject to the Neumann boundary conditions and the initial conditions We assume that the initial conditions are nonnegative, bounded, smooth, and compatible with the boundary conditions. Let c be a positive constant. The given functions f and g are positive and satisfy the following conditions: Hypothesis 3. f (s) > 0 and g (s) > 0 f or s ∈ [0, c); Throughout this work, we assume that u 0 (x) < c, v 0 (x) < c, and they satisfy The solutions of the System (2) are said to quench simultaneously in a finite time if there exists However, if either max 0≤x≤1 {u(x, t)} → c − or max 0≤x≤1 {v(x, t)} → c − as t → T − q , we say that the quenching is non-simultaneous. The time T q is called the quenching time of (2). This article is organized as follows. In Section 2, we prove the comparison principles for heat inequlity and system of coupled heat inequalities involving the Neumann boundary conditions. In Section 3, we prove the existence of solutions to our problem. In Section 4, we determine conditions under which we are guaranteed the queching in a finite time. We also prove that the time derivatives become unbounded when quenching occurs. The quenching set is also provided. In Section 5, we characterize when simultaneous or non-simultaneous quenching are possible. We also give the quenching rates when non-simultaneous quenching occurs. Section 6 closes with disscussion and conclusion.

Comparison Principles
The aim of this section is to establish two comparison principles. We modify the idea of Reference [5] to obtain the proof of Theorem 1. We note that the boundary conditions of the problem in Theorem 1 are different from those of Reference [5].
which implies that Ψ n (x k , t k ) > 0. We have a contradiction.

Existence of Solutions
In this section, we use the technique of upper and lower solutions to investigate the existence result of our problem.

Definition 1. A pair of functions ( u, v) is called an upper solution of Equation
Similarly, a lower solution ( u, v) of (2) is defined by reversing all inequalities in Definition 1.
We modify the proof of Lemma 2.1 in Reference [8] to obtain Lemma 1. We note here that the forcing terms appeared in Lemma 1 are more general than those in Reference [8].

This gives
By the initial conditions of the upper and lower solutions, we obtain Next, let us define two monotone sequences of functions u (k) , v (k) and u (k) , v (k) for k ∈ N which we refer them as the maximal and the minimal sequences, respectively, where the initial guesses are (u (0) , v (0) ) = ( u, v) and (u (0) , v (0) ) = ( u, v) and those maximal and minimal sequences satisfy the linear problem (9) and the boundary and initial conditions thereafter.
subject to the boundary conditions and the initial conditions where k ∈ N.
We have by Equation (9) and Similarly, using the property of a lower solution and Theorem 1 we obtain The next step is obtained by the mathematical induction. Let Next, let k ≥ 2 be an integer and assume By the induction hypothesis, f and g being increasing functions, we can conclude that, for (x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, T), The result follows from the mathematical induction.
We have from Lemma 2 that the sequences u (k) and v (k) are monotone decreasing and are bounded from below, while the sequence u (k) and v (k) are monotone increasing and are bounded from above. Therefore, the pointwise limits of sequences exist and we arrive at the conclusion that the solutions u and v to the System (2) exist.

Finite-Time Quenching of (u, v) and Blow-Up of (u t , v t )
In this section, we provide the sufficient conditions to guarantee quenching in a finite time of the System (2). First, we prove that the solutions u and v are increasing in space and increasing in time.

Theorem 3.
(i) If the initial conditions satisfy Equation (3), then u quenches in a finite time.
(ii) If the initial conditions satisfy Equation (4), then v quenches in a finite time.
Proof. We will give the proof of (i). The proof of (ii) can be done in a similar manner. Assume that u 0 (x) and v 0 (x) satisfy (3). Then, We have by Leibniz's rule, (2), the boundary conditions, and f being an increasing function that Integrating Equation (10) with respect to t from 0 to t, we obtain From (11), there exists a finite time t = T q such that m(T q ) = 0. Therefore, u(x, t) quenches in a finite time. (3) and (5), then x = 1 is the only quenching point of u(x, t).

(i) If the initial conditions satisfy Equations
(ii) If the initial conditions satisfy Equations (4) and (6), then x = 1 is the only quenching point of v(x, t).
Proof. We will give the proof of (i). The proof of (ii) can be done by using a similar argument. For any fixed b 1 ∈ (0, 1), b 2 ∈ (b 1 , 1) and τ ∈ (0, T). Let > 0 and define G( Furthermore, if is small enough, then By Theorem 15 [7] (p. 191), we obtain Integrating (12) with respect to x from b 1 to b 2 , we have Therefore, u(x, t) does not quench in (0, 1). Next, we have to show that u(0, t) does not quench at T q . Suppose u(0, t) → c as t → T q . Then, there exists δ > 0 such that u x (η, T q ) < 0 where η ∈ (0, δ). By Lemma 3 (ii), we have a contradiction. Therefore, u(x, t) does not quench in [0,1). The theorem is proved.
The next Lemma will be used to prove that the time-derivatives blow up at the quenching time. (3) and (4), then there exists δ > 0 such that

Theorem 5. Let the initial conditions satisfy Equations
(i) If v quenches in a finite time T q , then u t (1, t) blows up at T q . (ii) If u quenches in a finite time T q , then v t (1, t) blows up at T q .
Proof. We give the proof of (i). One can prove (ii) by using a similar argument. If v quenches in a finite time T q , then v quenches only at x = 1 by Theorem 4.
By the hypothesis of f , we can conclude that u t (1, t) → ∞ as t → T − q .

Simultaneous and Non-Simultaneous Quenching
In this section, we provide sufficient conditions for simultaneous and non-simultaneous quenching. Moreover, if quenching is non-simultaneous, we give the esimates of the quenching rates.

Theorem 6.
(i) If g is integrable on [0, c), for any initial condition v 0 (x), there exists an initial condition u 0 (x) such that u quenches in a finite time T q while v does not quench at T q . (ii) If f is integrable on [0, c), for any initial condition u 0 (x), there exists an initial condition v 0 (x) such that v quenches in a finite time T q while u does not quench at T q .
Proof. We only give the proof of (i). One can prove (ii) by using a similar argument. Assume that g is integrable on [0, c). Let v 0 (x) be fixed. Thus, by Theorem 3, u quenches at a finite time T q . By Equation (11), we have At the quenching time T q , we have For any fixed τ ∈ (0, T), let us define W( We have by Equation (2) that By the boundary conditions of Equation (2), we have Therefore, Integrating Equation (13) from t to T q , we obtain By Equations (2) and (14), we have We consider the following problem with the solution v * (x, t), Integrating the differential equation in Equation (15) from 0 to t, we obtain Theorem 7. If f and g are not integrable on [0, c), then simultaneous quenching occurs in a finite time.
Proof. We will prove the contrapositive version: "if non-simultaneous quenching occurs in a finite time, then f or g is integrable on [0, c)." Assume non-simultaneous quenching occurs in a finite time T q and u is the only solution that quenches at a finite time T q . Suppose, for the sake of contradiction, that g is not integrable on [0, c). By Lemma 4, v t (1, t) ≥ δg(u(1, t)), t ∈ (0, T q ).
Integrating Equation (17) from 0 to t, we obtain (1, τ))dτ. Then, This is a contradiction; hence, g must be integrable on [0, c). Similary, if we assume non-simultaneous quenching occurs, and v is the only solution that quenches in a finite time, then we have that f is integrable on [0, c).
Theorem 7 implies that, if both f and g are not integrable on [0, c), then quenching is simultaneous for every pair of initial conditions (u 0 (x), v 0 (x)). Next, we impose one more condition to Theorem 6 so that non-simultaneous quenching occurs for every pair of initial conditions (u 0 (x), v 0 (x)). In order to prove the next theorem, let us give the remarks about the estimates of the time derivatives as follows.
At x = 1, by Lemma 3 (i) and Lemma 4, we have Therefore, u(t) = u(1, t) and v(t) = v(1, t) behave as solutions of the system Theorem 8. Proof. We give the proof of (i). The proof of (ii) can be done by using a similar argument. Suppose u quenches in a finite time T q . By Equation (18) and the positivity of g( u(t)) for t ∈ [0, T], we have for t ∈ (0, T). By Equation (19), we have for t ∈ (0, T). Integrating Equation (20) from 0 to t, we obtain As t approaches the quenching time T q , we have Since u quenches in a finite time T q , this is a contradiction. The theorem is proved.
Proof. We give the proof of (i). The proof of (ii) can be done by using a similar argument. Assume non-simultaneous quenching occurs and u is the only solution that quenches in a finite time T q . Hence, u quenches only at x = 1. By Lemma 4, for t ∈ (0, T). By Lemma 3 and f being an increasing function, we have for t ∈ (0, T). Integrating Equation (21) with respect to t from t to T q , we obtain Since u(1, t) → c − as t → T − q , this gives the upper estimate of u(1, t) as Next, we find the lower estimate of u(1, t). From the System (2) and (18), we have for t ∈ (0, T). Integrating Equation (23) with respect to t from t to T q , we obtain u(1, T q ) − u(1, t) ≤ T q t f (v(1, τ))dτ.
Since u(1, t) → c − as t → T − q , we have the lower estimate of u(1, t) as Therefore, combing of Equations (22) and (24), we have the quenching rate of u(1, t) as t approaches T q .
Theorem 9 implies that, if non-simultaneous quenching occurs, then the rate at which the quenched solution approaches zero is of linear order.

Discussion and Conclusions
We studied the system of coupled semi-linear heat equations. The existence result is proved by using comparison principles and the technique of upper and lower solutions. Under proper conditions, we prove that the finite time quenching occurs to the system, and we also provide the queching set. We obtain the sufficient conditions for simultaneous and non-simultaneous quenching. The blow-up of time derivatives of the solutions at the queching point are proved. Moreover, we observe that the integrability of f or g plays an important role to prevent one of the solutions from quenching in a finite time. For non-simultaneous quenching, we give the estimates of the quenching rates. Finally, we propose that our future research is to extend our study to the n-dimensional domain.