A New Approach to the Solution of the Fredholm Integral Equation via a Fixed Point on Extended b-Metric Spaces

It is very well known that real-life applications of fixed point theory are restricted with the transformation of the problem in the form of f (x) = x. (1) The Knaster–Tarski fixed point theorem underlies various approaches of checking the correctness of programs. (2) The Brouwer fixed point theorem is used to prove the existence of Nash equilibria in games. (3) Dlala et al. proposed a solution for magnetic field problems via the fixed point approach. In this paper, by obtaining the fixed point results in an extended b-metric space, we are able to consider real-life applications in a very general frame such as a simple and efficient solution for a Fredholm integral equation by using the technique of a fixed point in the consideration of a new abstract space: the extended b-metric space. Moreover, to address conceptual depth within this approach, we supply illustrative examples of usage where necessary.


Introduction
In 1903, Erik Ivar Fredholm [1] introduced a revolutionary result in the theory of nonlinear integral equations, and it was defined by the fixed limits of integration of the expression: where the terms p and q are denoted as constants, λ is a parameter, Λ(x) is the data function, Ξ(x, t) is called the kernel function and κ(x) is the unknown function.
Fredholm integral equations appear widely in many scientific areas like physical mathematics, computational mathematics and approximation theory.
The Banach contraction principle is a one of the superior results in non-linear analysis and has always been at the forefront of creating and supplying outstanding generalizations for its researchers.Many authors have generalized and utilized the Banach contraction principle in their pertinent research.Thus, we can easily conclude that the largest part of the fixed point theory has been occupied by various generalizations of the Banach contraction principle.
Throughout the paper, R, R + , N stand for the reals, positive reals and natural numbers, accordingly.Moreover, we employ the symbols R + 0 = R + ∪ {0} = [0, ∞) and N 0 = N ∪ {0}.Below are some of the standard extensions of the Banach contraction principle.
(Note that, a mapping Z : S 1 ∪ S 2 → S 1 ∪ S 2 is called cyclic if Z (S 1 ) ⊆ S 2 and Z (S 2 ) ⊆ S 1 , where S 1 , S 2 are nonempty subsets of a metric space (M, d).) Cyclic orbital contraction by Karpagam et al. [7] ⇔ d(Z 2n x, Z y) ≤ γd(Z 2n−1 x, y); for all x ∈ S 1 , γ ∈ (0, 1); where S 1 and S 2 are non-empty closed subsets of M and Z : where F : R + 0 → R is a mapping satisfying (F1).F is strictly increasing, which claims, for all t 1 , We represent by F the set of all functions satisfying the above mentioned conditions.
For more literature pertinent to above, the reader can refer to [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].Recently, a new kind of generalized metric space was introduced by T.Kamran et al. [14], announced as the E b -metric space.Definition 1.Let M be a non-empty set and s : Clearly, (i) and (ii) hold.For (iii), we have: Hence, for all x, y, z ∈ M, we have Consequently, the pair (M, E b ) forms an E b -metric space.Definition 2. (See, e.g., [14]) Let (M, E b ) be an E b -metric space, and a sequence {x n } in M is said: (a) to converge to x if and only if for every > 0, there exists N = N( ) ∈ N such that E b (x n , x) < , for all n ≥ N.For this particular case, we write lim n→∞ x n = x.(b) to be Cauchy if and only if for every > 0, there exists N = N( ) ∈ N such that E b (x m , x n ) < , for all m, n ≥ N.
Definition 3. (See [14]) An E b -metric space (M, E b ) is complete if and only if every Cauchy sequence in M is convergent.
Observe that usually, a b-metric is not a continuous functional.Analogously, the functional, E b -metric, is also not necessarily a continuous functional (see, e.g., [15][16][17]).
Motivated by the above facts, we introduce and establish various approaches to cyclic orbital contraction using new sorts of contractions, named as extended cyclic orbital contraction and extended cyclic orbital-F -contraction in the setting of an E b -metric space.Thereafter, we propose a simple and efficient solution for a Fredholm integral equation by using the technique of the fixed point in the setting of the E b -metric space.Moreover, to address conceptual depth within this approach, we supply illustrative examples of usage where necessary.

An Extended Cyclic Orbital Contraction
We start this section by introducing the notion of an extended cyclic orbital contraction.Definition 4. Let us take two non-empty subsets S 1 and S 2 of a E b -metric space (M, E b ), and let Z : S 1 ∪ S 2 → S 1 ∪ S 2 be a cyclic map such that for some x ∈ S 1 , there exists a k x ∈ (0, 1) such that: where n ∈ N, y ∈ S 1 .Then, Z is called an extended cyclic orbital contraction.
Theorem 1.Let E b be a continuous functional in complete E b -metric space (M, E b ).Let S 1 and S 2 be non-empty subsets of an E b -metric space (M, E b ) and Z : S 1 ∪ S 2 → S 1 ∪ S 2 be an extended cyclic orbital contraction.Suppose that for each x 0 ∈ S 1 , lim Then, S 1 ∩ S 2 is non-empty, and Z has a unique fixed point.
Proof.Suppose there exists an x (say x 0 ), ∈ S 1 satisfying (2).Define an iterative sequence {x n } starting by x 0 , as follows: Recursively, we derive that: Since for any n ∈ N, there is a possibility that either n or n + 1 is even, we have: By the triangle inequality and (2), for m > n, we have: converges as per the ratio test for each m ∈ N. Let: Thus, for m > n, the above inequality implies: Letting n → ∞, we conclude that {Z n x} is a Cauchy sequence, and as a result, there exists a ρ ∈ S 1 ∪ S 2 such that Z n x → ρ.Now, note that {Z 2n x} is a sequence in S 1 , {Z 2n−1 x} is a sequence in S 2 and both converge to ρ, since the sets S 1 and S 2 are closed in M and ρ ∈ S 1 ∩ S 2 .Hence, S 1 ∩ S 2 is non-empty.To prove ρ = Z ρ, consider: Thus, ρ is a fixed point of Z.In order to get the uniqueness of ρ, assume there exists an ∈ S 1 ∪ S 2 , ρ = such that Z = .Now, Therefore, ρ = .Thus, ρ is the unique fixed point of Z.This completes the proof.
Hence, E b (Z 2n x, Z y) ≤ k x E b (Z 2n−1 x, y).As a result, all the conditions of the above theorem are satisfied, and '0' is the unique fixed point where 0 ∈ S 1 ∪ S 2 .
Initially, we have to prove that Z is a cyclic map.
Case I.If y = 0.
Therefore, for k x ∈ (0, 1), Therefore, for k x = 1 2 ∈ (0, 1), Thus, Hence, in all cases, the extended cyclic orbital condition is satisfied, and 2 5 is the unique fixed point of Z.
Special cases: If we take, 1. s(x, y) = k for k > 1, then the above theorem reduces to the b-metric space.2. s(x, y) = k for k = 1, then the above theorem reduces to the main result of Karpagam et al. [7].

An Extended Cyclic Orbital F -Contraction
In this section, we join and build a connection between F -contraction and cyclic orbital contraction.Thereby, we build unique fixed point theorems in the setting of E b -metric space (M, E b ).Definition 5. Let E b be a continuous functional in complete E b -metric space (M, E b ), and suppose that S 1 and S 2 are non-empty subsets of an E b -metric space (M, E b ).Let Z : S 1 ∪ S 2 → S 1 ∪ S 2 be a cyclic map such that for some x ∈ S 1 , there exists τ > 0 such that ∀x, y ∈ M satisfying E b (Z x, Z y) > 0, the following holds: where n ∈ N, y ∈ S 1 such that for each x 0 ∈ M, lim n,m→∞ s(x n , x m ) < 1; here, x n = Z n x 0 , n = 1, 2, 3....
be an extended cyclic orbital F -contraction.Then, S 1 ∩ S 2 is non-empty and Z has a unique fixed point in Proof.Suppose there exists an x ∈ S 1 (say x 0 satisfying (5)).
Since for any n ∈ N, there is the possibility that either n or n + 1 is even, we have: Therefore: By (6) for all n ∈ N, we obtain: Considering (7) and (8) and letting n → ∞ in (9), we have: Since (10) holds, there exists n 1 ∈ N, such that n(E b (x n , x n+1 )) k ≤ 1 for all n ≥ n 1 or: for all n ≥ n 1 .Using (11) and the triangular inequality, we get from m > n > n 1 , Note that this series: Since, , which is convergent.(13) Let: Thus, for m > n, the above inequality implies: Letting n → ∞, we conclude that {x n } is a Cauchy sequence.Hence, {Z n x} is a Cauchy sequence, and thus, there exists a ρ ∈ S 1 ∩ S 2 such that {Z n x} → ρ.Now, note that {Z 2n x} is a sequence in S 1 and {Z 2n−1 x} is a sequence in S 2 and both converge to ρ.Since S 1 and S 2 are closed, ρ ∈ S 1 ∩ S 2 .Hence, S 1 ∩ S 2 is non-empty.
To prove the uniqueness of ρ, suppose there exists an ∈ S 1 ∩ S 2 , such that = ρ and such that Z = .
Define the function F : R + 0 → R by F(x) = ln x, for all x ∈ R + 0 and τ > 0.
Thus, we have, Hence, Z is an extended cyclic orbital F -contraction for τ = 1.Thus, all the conditions of the above theorem are satisfied, and '0' is the unique fixed point.
Special cases: If we take, 1. s(x, y) = k for k > 1, then the above theorem reduces to the b-metric space.2. s(x, y) = k for k = 1, then the above theorem reduces to the metric space.Then, the integral Equation (15) has a solution.

Applications to the
We have to prove that the operator Z satisfies the conditions of Theorem 2.2.For x ∈ S 1 , consider, which implies: Thus, all the conditions of Theorem.1 follow by the hypothesis.Therefore, the operator Z has a fixed point, i.e., the Fredholm integral equation has a solution.
Consider the Fredholm integral equation as, where Clearly, Z (S 1 ) ⊂ S 2 and Z (S 2 ) ⊂ S 1 .Thus, Z is a cyclic map on S 1 ∪ S 2 .Hereafter, assume that the following condition holds.Then, the integral Equation (18) has a solution.

|M(t,
We will prove now that the operator Z satisfies the conditions of Theorem 3.2. For some U(t) ∈ A, consider: Therefore, all the conditions of Theorem.2 are satisfied for F(t 1 ) = ln t 1 , t 1 > 0. Therefore, the operator Z has a fixed point.Hence, the Fredholm integral equation has a solution.

Conclusions
Since Wardowski's characterization of the Banach contraction mapping theorem, many characterizations of contraction type mapping theorems have appeared in the literature.In this article, we introduced the concepts of extended cyclic orbital contraction and extended cyclic orbital-F -contraction in the setting of E b -metric space.Thereafter, we proposed a simple and efficient solution for a Fredholm integral equation by using the technique of the fixed point in the setting of the E b -metric space.We hope that the results contained in this article will build new connections for those who are working in F -contraction (or its generalizations), cyclic orbital contraction (or its generalizations) and its applications to differential, integral and functional equations.

Existence of Solutions for the Fredholm Integral Equation Theorem 3.
Let M be the set of C[a, b] of real continuous functions on [a, b], and let E b : M × M → [0, ∞) be given by: E b (x, y) = sup t∈[a,b] |x(t) − y(t)| 2 , with s(x, y) = |x(t)| + |y(t)| + 1, where s : M × M → [1, ∞).Easily, we can prove that M is a complete E b -metric space.Consider the Fredholm integral equation as, [a, b] → R and N : [a, b] × [a, b] × R → R are continuous functions.Let S 1 = S 2 = M = C([a, b], R).It is clear that S 1 and S 2 are closed subsets of (M, E b ).Define Z : S 1 ∪ S 2 → S 1 ∪ S 2 by: where the function f : [a, b] → R and N : [a, b] × [a, b] × R → R are continuous.Clearly, Z (S 1 ) ⊂ S 2 and Z (S 2 ) ⊂ S 1 .Thus, Z is a cyclic map on S 1 ∪ S 2 .Next, assume that the following condition holds well.