Blue Water Visitor Monitoring Potential: A Literature Review and Alternative Proposal
1
School of Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
2
NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
3
Lynker Technologies, LLC & NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
4
Ponta Grossa State University, Ponta Grossa 84010-330, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Salvador García-Ayllón Veintimilla
Water 2021, 13(3), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030305
Received: 5 January 2021
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Revised: 21 January 2021
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Accepted: 23 January 2021
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Published: 27 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Blue Economy: Evaluating the Human Benefits from and Pressures on Marine and Coastal Environments)
This review presents a summary of existing visitor monitoring methods and relevant studies in land and marine-based areas, with a focus on the application to unique aquatic settings. Various opportunities and challenges exist with respect to the use of each method in different marine settings. These methods differ in terms of the complexity, costs, level of accuracy, and detailed information they provide. Furthermore, the feasibility of applying these methods also depends on the site attributes of a marine area. Since each marine area varies in geographical scale and environmental and social conditions, some methods will be more appropriate or perform more successfully than others in a particular location. Therefore, the consideration of these methods should be part of a proposed alternative process, focused on adaptive monitoring that scales to address visitor ebbs and flows in these aquatic areas. The proposed alternative seeks to develop consensus around quantitative goals for visitor monitoring and estimating techniques in marine settings, using a customizable mix of methods and techniques. This alternative effort progresses to subsequent tasks and discussions, and recommendations are made considering the feasibility and confidence of using these methods in particular marine settings and future pilot sites.
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Keywords:
visitor monitoring; marine protected areas; adaptive management; mixed methods; site-specific planning
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MDPI and ACS Style
Andrew, R.G.; Burns, R.C.; Schwarzmann, D.; Allen, M.E.; Moreira, J.C. Blue Water Visitor Monitoring Potential: A Literature Review and Alternative Proposal. Water 2021, 13, 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030305
AMA Style
Andrew RG, Burns RC, Schwarzmann D, Allen ME, Moreira JC. Blue Water Visitor Monitoring Potential: A Literature Review and Alternative Proposal. Water. 2021; 13(3):305. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030305
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew, Ross G., Robert C. Burns, Danielle Schwarzmann, Mary E. Allen, and Jasmine C. Moreira. 2021. "Blue Water Visitor Monitoring Potential: A Literature Review and Alternative Proposal" Water 13, no. 3: 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030305
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