Modified Septic Tank: Innovative Onsite Wastewater Treatment System

This research documents two innovative designs of septic tanks used for onsite wastewater treatment. The designs were implemented and tested as part of a research project focused on innovative decentralized wastewater treatment solutions. The modified septic tanks were tested at different hydraulic loading rates for sufficient periods to effectively evaluate their performance. The two systems were designed with successive anaerobic and aerobic chambers and were differentiated between attached and suspended growth. The systems were operated at detention times of 4.3, 3.2, and 2.6 days. High removal of organic load was achieved under all loading criteria in both systems. Effluent BOD5 concentration at lower and higher loading rates were found to be less than 15 and 25 mg/L, respectively, representing a removal rate of more than 95%. Nitrogen was also removed but at a lower rate. The highest TN removal was achieved (59%) in the attached growth system at the lowest loading rate. Although two logs of E. coli removal (99%) were achieved in all systems, E. coli numbers were high enough to necessitate further tertiary treatment. The modified septic tanks proved to be a cost-effective technology with low energy and O&M requirements.


Introduction
There is a growing need for the development of sustainable and cost-effective technologies to treat wastewater [1,2]. Within the context of adaptive water resources management, centralized wastewater treatment is an appropriate approach for large communities [3]. In small communities, however, centralized wastewater collection and treatment systems are not feasible because of the relatively high cost of capital investment and intensive operation and maintenance requirements [4][5][6]. Decentralized solutions in wastewater management are recognized as cost-effective alternatives to centralized systems, which could be effectively integrated into rural as well as urban settings. This can significantly support future water resources management plans [7][8][9]. Moreover, extension of wastewater management services to small communities is essential to address serious concerns in water scarcity, pollution, and public health. Accordingly, decentralized wastewater treatment has been recognized as an effective solution allowing the sanitation requirements to be met [10][11][12].
In Ontario, Canada, about 10% of the population uses onsite systems for wastewater sanitation, where most of these systems are conventional septic systems (i.e., septic tank and leaching bed) [13]. Similarly, 12% of the population in Australia relies on septic systems [14]. In the United States, around 60 million people are connected to onsite wastewater treatment systems with the majority use of conventional onsite systems [15]. In Germany, about 15% of the population use onsite wastewater treatment systems [16]. In Jordan, 32% of the population is not connected to a sewer system. Most of them rely on cesspits for wastewater disposal [9]. Hence, onsite wastewater systems are common and can be replicated to help serve smaller communities. Meuler et al. [16] described septic tanks as a poor pretreatment system and a source of groundwater pollution, where dissolved pollutants, nutrients and pathogens may remain in the effluent causing serious threat to human health and accelerated deterioration to the environment including air, water and soil. One study has even reported a significant increase in Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration in the septic tank effluent [17].
It is evident that there is a need for more efficient and reliable decentralized wastewater treatment solutions. Modifications of septic tank design have been proposed in different studies in order to improve onsite wastewater system performance. For example, changing septic tank retention times and including packing materials have been suggested [6,18,19]. Other studies investigated the effects of baffles on the treatment process and the results showed that increased number of baffles resulted in enhanced treatment performance [6,20,21]. Generally, most septic tank modifications were suggested to enhance the performance of the septic system. However, if a septic tank is recognized as a stand-alone treatment unit, rational modification should be considered. This paper aims at evaluating the performance of two modified septic tanks (MSTs) designed as onsite systems for treating domestic wastewater. This project demonstrates a modern low-cost onsite wastewater treatment technology tested at varying hydraulic loading rates with both attached growth and suspended growth biological treatment.

Materials and Methods
This paper reflects actual experimental work ranging from developing the idea, to designing and constructing onsite systems, to testing and analyzing the performance of these systems. The two onsite treatment units were designed and constructed within the Competence Facility for Decentralized Wastewater Management-SMART Project in Jordan [22]. The two units were built using reinforced concrete with proper mechanical and electrical connections. Each unit has a total working volume of 5700 L and consists of four equally sized chambers connected in series; with the first three chambers operated under anaerobic conditions with a total volume of 4275 L. The fourth chamber consists of an aeration chamber and settling tank with working volumes of 950 and 475 L, respectively. Water depth in all chambers was 1.5 m. Air is supplied for 15 min intermittently (every other 15 min) to the aeration chamber via a plate diffuser using a 0.18 KW blower. Figure 1 shows the general layout of the MST system. 60 million people are connected to onsite wastewater treatment systems with the majority use of conventional onsite systems [15]. In Germany, about 15% of the population use onsite wastewater treatment systems [16]. In Jordan, 32% of the population is not connected to a sewer system. Most of them rely on cesspits for wastewater disposal [9]. Hence, onsite wastewater systems are common and can be replicated to help serve smaller communities. Meuler et al. [16] described septic tanks as a poor pretreatment system and a source of groundwater pollution, where dissolved pollutants, nutrients and pathogens may remain in the effluent causing serious threat to human health and accelerated deterioration to the environment including air, water and soil. One study has even reported a significant increase in Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration in the septic tank effluent [17]. It is evident that there is a need for more efficient and reliable decentralized wastewater treatment solutions. Modifications of septic tank design have been proposed in different studies in order to improve onsite wastewater system performance. For example, changing septic tank retention times and including packing materials have been suggested [6,18,19]. Other studies investigated the effects of baffles on the treatment process and the results showed that increased number of baffles resulted in enhanced treatment performance [6,20,21]. Generally, most septic tank modifications were suggested to enhance the performance of the septic system. However, if a septic tank is recognized as a stand-alone treatment unit, rational modification should be considered. This paper aims at evaluating the performance of two modified septic tanks (MSTs) designed as onsite systems for treating domestic wastewater. This project demonstrates a modern low-cost onsite wastewater treatment technology tested at varying hydraulic loading rates with both attached growth and suspended growth biological treatment.

Materials and Methods
This paper reflects actual experimental work ranging from developing the idea, to designing and constructing onsite systems, to testing and analyzing the performance of these systems. The two onsite treatment units were designed and constructed within the Competence Facility for Decentralized Wastewater Management-SMART Project in Jordan [22]. The two units were built using reinforced concrete with proper mechanical and electrical connections. Each unit has a total working volume of 5700 L and consists of four equally sized chambers connected in series; with the first three chambers operated under anaerobic conditions with a total volume of 4275 L. The fourth chamber consists of an aeration chamber and settling tank with working volumes of 950 and 475 L, respectively. Water depth in all chambers was 1.5 m. Air is supplied for 15 min intermittently (every other 15 min) to the aeration chamber via a plate diffuser using a 0.18 KW blower. Figure 1 shows the general layout of the MST system. The MST is designed to allow gravity flow between the compartments. The treatment in one MST was designed as a suspended growth system (MST-S), while the other one was designed as an attached growth system (MST-A). In the MST-A system, all chambers (except the first one) were filled with fixed bed media (corrugated plastic media with a specific area of 100 m 2 /m 3 ) filled to 2/3 of the The MST is designed to allow gravity flow between the compartments. The treatment in one MST was designed as a suspended growth system (MST-S), while the other one was designed as an attached growth system (MST-A). In the MST-A system, all chambers (except the first one) were filled with fixed bed media (corrugated plastic media with a specific area of 100 m 2 /m 3 ) filled to 2/3 of the tank working capacity. Both of these MSTs were operated in parallel, so that their performances can be compared.
The MST systems were initially designed to receive an average wastewater flow of 1.2 m 3 /d. Raw wastewater was obtained from the forebay of a nearby centralized domestic wastewater treatment plant after bar screening and grit removal. The wastewater dosing was controlled by an electromagnetic flowmeter connected to programmable logic controller (PLC) SIEMENS-SIMATIC S7-200. Within the MST, the water flow pattern between the chambers resembles the plug flow pattern to minimize short circuiting. While oxygen is limited in the anaerobic chambers, oxygen concentration in the aeration chamber was set to remain above 2 mg/L during the aeration period to ensure that oxygen is not a limiting factor in the treatment process. The aerated chamber is equipped with an integrated settling tank, so that the mixed liquor suspended solids are settled and the supernatant (effluent) is flowing free of solid downstream to the irrigation tank. The configuration of aeration and settling tank was designed such that the settled sludge is returned continuously to the aeration tank. The plants were equipped with several by-passes, fittings, and valves, so that the mode of operation can be easily changed and adjusted.
Initially, the MST systems were operated with a hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d (Phase 1). However, the systems were further investigated under higher loading rates of 1.6 and 2.0 m 3 /d (Phases 2 and 3, respectively). At each loading rate, the investigation was carried out for a period of 26 weeks. Between any two loading phases MSTs were not sampled for a period of four weeks in order to allow the systems to develop a steady state condition. Table 1 shows the summary of the hydraulic loading rates and the detention times in the MST chambers for each investigation phase. Inflow and outflow of MST-S and MST-A were monitored weekly and evaluated for a number of parameters. A wastewater sample volume of 500 mL from each system was collected and analyzed for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP). A WTW multi-meter was used to measure ORP and DO, while a WTW ProfiLine-Cond 3110 (Xylem Analytics, Weilheim, Germany) probe was used to measure the EC, pH and temperature. Subsequently, 25 mL of wastewater samples were filtered (using a 0.45 µm membrane filter) for further analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia (NH 4 + ), nitrate (NO 3 − ), and orthophosphate (PO 4 3− ) using LCK test kits and HACH spectrophotometer model 2800. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) was measured using OxiTop ® manometric OC 100, following the German standard DIN 38 409 H52. Total suspended solid (TSS) concentration was analyzed according to the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater [23]. Finally, E. coli was measured using the IDEXXTM Colilert-18 Quanti-tray method according to the manufacturer's specifications.

Results and Discussion
The analysis results of pH, EC, DO, ORP, turbidity, and TSS for the three phases are summarized in Table 2. Each value in this table represents an average of 26 weeks of investigation. Under all loading conditions, pH values were found to be in an acceptable range for wastewater effluent (pH values of 6-9) [24]. It was also observed that no significant changes in pH values during the treatment process were noted compared with raw wastewater pH values, indicating a good buffering capacity of the wastewater. Effluent EC values also showed no reduction during treatment but consistently remained below the Jordanian Standards No. JS893/2006, for reclaimed domestic wastewater; indicating acceptable salt content in the wastewater for reuse purposes (EC < 3000 µS/cm) [25]. Table 2 shows also the development and change of the ORP at the different phases. The higher negative ORP values of raw wastewater indicate clearly the anaerobic character of the influent water. Due to the aeration in the last chamber, ORP values in both systems were significantly increased indicating a well aerated effluent. However, a slightly higher ORP values in MST-A compared to MST-S indicates a higher treatment efficiency of MST-A [26]. Table 2 shows the temperature of wastewater over the entire phases of investigation. The average temperature of raw wastewater during the three phases (78 weeks) was 19.8 ± 3.8 • C. The location where the systems were installed and tested exhibits moderate climate with low inter-annual variability in temperature. Thus, temperature had minimal influence on the tested parameters.
The results in Table 2 also show that both systems were able to produce clear water based on low TSS concentrations and turbidity as opposed to the conventional septic tank, where high effluent solids represent the main cause for most dysfunctional septic systems [7]. The results show two trends of solid concentration in the effluent. TSS concentrations and turbidity were significantly lower in MST-A than in MST-S effluents, suggesting that the attached growth media plays a significant role in either filtering or trapping suspended solids. Lower TSS concentrations were observed as hydraulic loading increased for MST-A, but remained almost constant for MST-S. There was no clear correlation between turbidity and hydraulic loading, however.
One of the main objectives of this investigation was to evaluate the MST systems for their capacity to reduce the organic loading. Accordingly, the pilot plants were monitored for carbonaceous oxygen demand in the effluents. Figures 2 and 3 show the results of BOD 5 and COD concentrations for MST-A and MST-S under a hydraulic loading rate of 1.2 m 3 /d over the entire investigation period. It is clearly observed that both systems were able to significantly reduce carbonaceous content of wastewater (BOD 5 and COD) to a secondary treatment level [27]. The wastewater effluent quality even meets the strict Jordanian Reuse Standards for Irrigation (JS893/2006) [25] of BOD 5 and COD concentrations of 30 and 100 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, Figures 2 and 3 show also that in spite of highly fluctuating quality of the influent wastewater, the effluent quality remained stable over the period of investigation. This shows the capacity of the MST systems to absorb the normal shock loading usually experienced in onsite systems [28]. It is also clearly seen that the MST-A produced a slightly better quality effluent than MST-S, which is attributed to the robustness of attached growth systems [29]. As opposed to the conclusion of Meuler et al. [16], who stated that only about 40% of the BOD 5 is removed in septic tanks, both of MST systems have gone much further and achieved removal rates of more than 95%.
Water 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 11 capacity of the MST systems to absorb the normal shock loading usually experienced in onsite systems [28]. It is also clearly seen that the MST-A produced a slightly better quality effluent than MST-S, which is attributed to the robustness of attached growth systems [29]. As opposed to the conclusion of Meuler et al. [16], who stated that only about 40% of the BOD5 is removed in septic tanks, both of MST systems have gone much further and achieved removal rates of more than 95%.  As a result of increased interest in nutrient concentrations in wastewater effluent, the monitoring included both nitrogen and phosphorous constituents. Nitrate is a very important parameter that indicates the efficiency of a treatment system to remove nitrogenous compounds from wastewater [30]. The results of nitrate (NO3-N) concentration for both systems under a hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d over the entire investigation period are shown in Figure 4. The very low nitrate concentration in the influent wastewater is expected in domestic wastewater as most of the nitrogen compounds are present as organic nitrogen or ammonia nitrogen [30]. The increase in the nitrate concentration in the effluents reflects the nitrification capacity of both systems. Nitrification in the attached growth system is, however, more stable than in the suspended growth system. This is attributed to the numerous nitrifying bacteria in the biofilm in the attached growth systems compared to those in the capacity of the MST systems to absorb the normal shock loading usually experienced in onsite systems [28]. It is also clearly seen that the MST-A produced a slightly better quality effluent than MST-S, which is attributed to the robustness of attached growth systems [29]. As opposed to the conclusion of Meuler et al. [16], who stated that only about 40% of the BOD5 is removed in septic tanks, both of MST systems have gone much further and achieved removal rates of more than 95%.  As a result of increased interest in nutrient concentrations in wastewater effluent, the monitoring included both nitrogen and phosphorous constituents. Nitrate is a very important parameter that indicates the efficiency of a treatment system to remove nitrogenous compounds from wastewater [30]. The results of nitrate (NO3-N) concentration for both systems under a hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d over the entire investigation period are shown in Figure 4. The very low nitrate concentration in the influent wastewater is expected in domestic wastewater as most of the nitrogen compounds are present as organic nitrogen or ammonia nitrogen [30]. The increase in the nitrate concentration in the effluents reflects the nitrification capacity of both systems. Nitrification in the attached growth system is, however, more stable than in the suspended growth system. This is attributed to the numerous nitrifying bacteria in the biofilm in the attached growth systems compared to those in the  As a result of increased interest in nutrient concentrations in wastewater effluent, the monitoring included both nitrogen and phosphorous constituents. Nitrate is a very important parameter that indicates the efficiency of a treatment system to remove nitrogenous compounds from wastewater [30]. The results of nitrate (NO 3 -N) concentration for both systems under a hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d over the entire investigation period are shown in Figure 4. The very low nitrate concentration in the influent wastewater is expected in domestic wastewater as most of the nitrogen compounds are present as organic nitrogen or ammonia nitrogen [30]. The increase in the nitrate concentration in the effluents reflects the nitrification capacity of both systems. Nitrification in the attached growth system is, however, more stable than in the suspended growth system. This is attributed to the numerous nitrifying bacteria in the biofilm in the attached growth systems compared to those in the bioflocs of the suspended growth system [11]. Under a hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d, the average effluent nitrate concentrations for MST-A and MST-S are 14.9 and 8.2 mg/L, respectively. Though these values seem to be relatively low, some nitrate-vulnerable areas requires certain measures to further decrease the nitrate concentration (i.e., denitrification). In many areas around the world, where water is scarce and wastewater is deemed to be a resource for irrigation, high nitrate concentrations can be beneficial for agriculture and reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers [30].
Water 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 11 bioflocs of the suspended growth system [11]. Under a hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d, the average effluent nitrate concentrations for MST-A and MST-S are 14.9 and 8.2 mg/L, respectively. Though these values seem to be relatively low, some nitrate-vulnerable areas requires certain measures to further decrease the nitrate concentration (i.e., denitrification). In many areas around the world, where water is scarce and wastewater is deemed to be a resource for irrigation, high nitrate concentrations can be beneficial for agriculture and reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers [30]. Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were also monitored and the results for the two systems operated at hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d are shown in Figure 5. The results clearly show that both systems were able to reduce the total nitrogen concentration with higher (better) performance for the MST-A. Nevertheless, if more TN reduction is required, measures to enhance denitrification should be considered. As previously mentioned, each MST is equipped with a return line connecting the aerobic chamber with the first anaerobic compartment. This line was not utilized in this investigation and should be used in future research work.   Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were also monitored and the results for the two systems operated at hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d are shown in Figure 5. The results clearly show that both systems were able to reduce the total nitrogen concentration with higher (better) performance for the MST-A. Nevertheless, if more TN reduction is required, measures to enhance denitrification should be considered. As previously mentioned, each MST is equipped with a return line connecting the aerobic chamber with the first anaerobic compartment. This line was not utilized in this investigation and should be used in future research work. Similarly, phosphorous concentration was monitored and the results of total phosphorous (TP) for both systems operated at hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d are shown in Figure 6. The results show that there were small decreases in TP concentration in both systems. This can be seen by comparing the average TP concentration in raw wastewater (12.9 ± 3.1 mg/L) with the effluent average of MST-A and MST-B (9.7 ± 6.7 and 9.4 ± 1.9 mg/L, respectively). The 24-27% average reduction in TP is likely due to the settling of organic phosphorus associated with TSS. Bacteriological load in the form of E. coli was another parameter used to evaluate the system's performance. The results of E. coli monitoring for both systems operated at 1.2 m 3 /d are shown in Figure 7. Logarithmic values were plotted in order to graphically show the log reduction in E. coli concentrations. The results show clearly that both MST systems were able to significantly decrease the E. coli concentration. Two logs of E. coli reduction was achieved by MST-S, while only approximately one log was achieved for MST-A. The higher E. coli reduction in MST-S could be Similarly, phosphorous concentration was monitored and the results of total phosphorous (TP) for both systems operated at hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d are shown in Figure 6. The results show that there were small decreases in TP concentration in both systems. This can be seen by comparing the average TP concentration in raw wastewater (12.9 ± 3.1 mg/L) with the effluent average of MST-A and MST-B (9.7 ± 6.7 and 9.4 ± 1.9 mg/L, respectively). The 24-27% average reduction in TP is likely due to the settling of organic phosphorus associated with TSS. Similarly, phosphorous concentration was monitored and the results of total phosphorous (TP) for both systems operated at hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d are shown in Figure 6. The results show that there were small decreases in TP concentration in both systems. This can be seen by comparing the average TP concentration in raw wastewater (12.9 ± 3.1 mg/L) with the effluent average of MST-A and MST-B (9.7 ± 6.7 and 9.4 ± 1.9 mg/L, respectively). The 24-27% average reduction in TP is likely due to the settling of organic phosphorus associated with TSS.  Figure 7. Logarithmic values were plotted in order to graphically show the log reduction in E. coli concentrations. The results show clearly that both MST systems were able to significantly decrease the E. coli concentration. Two logs of E. coli reduction was achieved by MST-S, while only approximately one log was achieved for MST-A. The higher E. coli reduction in MST-S could be attributed to the formation of bioflocs that can agglomerate the free swimming bacteria, including E. coli, and settle them out in the sedimentation tank. Though the MST-S showed higher performance compared to the MST-A, E. coli concentrations in both effluents were very high and thus tertiary treatment is required.
The investigations in Phases 2 and 3 are similar to those carried out in Phase 1 and were designed to examine the capability of the treatment systems to operate under elevated hydraulic loadings (1.6 and 2.0 m 3 /d). The purpose of this investigation was to reveal the upper limits of the system at which wastewater can be properly treated. This can significantly affect the construction cost and energy consumption for the treatment systems. Bacteriological load in the form of E. coli was another parameter used to evaluate the system's performance. The results of E. coli monitoring for both systems operated at 1.2 m 3 /d are shown in Figure 7. Logarithmic values were plotted in order to graphically show the log reduction in E. coli concentrations. The results show clearly that both MST systems were able to significantly decrease the E. coli concentration. Two logs of E. coli reduction was achieved by MST-S, while only approximately one log was achieved for MST-A. The higher E. coli reduction in MST-S could be attributed to the formation of bioflocs that can agglomerate the free swimming bacteria, including E. coli, and settle them out in the sedimentation tank. Though the MST-S showed higher performance compared to the MST-A, E. coli concentrations in both effluents were very high and thus tertiary treatment is required. The results of the three investigation phases for both systems are summarized in Table 3. Each value in this table represents an average of 26 weeks of investigation. The results show that both MST systems were able to operate under elevated hydraulic loadings with almost double the design capacity. The quality of the wastewater effluent was found to comply with the Jordanian standards except for E. coli [27]. This nonconformity is expected in most decentralized systems and, therefore, tertiary treatment is usually suggested (ex. UV, hypochlorite or chlorine disinfection) whenever reuse The investigations in Phases 2 and 3 are similar to those carried out in Phase 1 and were designed to examine the capability of the treatment systems to operate under elevated hydraulic loadings (1.6 and 2.0 m 3 /d). The purpose of this investigation was to reveal the upper limits of the system at which wastewater can be properly treated. This can significantly affect the construction cost and energy consumption for the treatment systems.
The results of the three investigation phases for both systems are summarized in Table 3. Each value in this table represents an average of 26 weeks of investigation. The results show that both MST systems were able to operate under elevated hydraulic loadings with almost double the design capacity. The quality of the wastewater effluent was found to comply with the Jordanian standards except for E. coli [27]. This nonconformity is expected in most decentralized systems and, therefore, tertiary treatment is usually suggested (ex. UV, hypochlorite or chlorine disinfection) whenever reuse is required [31]. 3.0 × 10 7 ± 3.0 × 10 6 2.2 × 10 5 ± 8.4 × 10 4 2.7 × 10 4 ± 1.5 × 10 4 Table 3 also shows that the effluent quality of the MST-A system was better than the MST-S system. The difference in the system performance can be clearly seen in the nitrate and total nitrogen concentrations. Under a hydraulic loading of 1.2 m 3 /d (Phase 1), the total nitrogen concentration was almost 50% less in the attached growth system than in the suspended growth one. The enhanced nitrogen removal suggests both nitrifying and denitrifying biofilm on the media [32].
The MSTs were also analyzed for their energy requirements. As wastewater flows by gravity in and out of the systems, the only energy-consuming part in both tanks are the blowers. Equation (1) is used to calculate the specific power consumption based on the capacity of the blowers and the served population equivalent.
where sPC is the specific power consumption per capita per year (KW/c.y), P B is the power capacity of the blower (kW), N is the number of operational hours in a year (h), and PE is the population equivalent. The energy consumption in the different phases described as kilowatt hours per person per year (kWh/c.y) was calculated using Equation (1) based on the blower capacity, time of operation, and population equivalent. The results are shown in Table 4. As clearly observed, energy requirement for the modified septic system operated at elevated hydraulic loading can be notably reduced making this system a low cost technology. The energy consumption of the MST under a hydraulic loading rate of 2 m 3 /d is very well matched with accepted values in modern wastewater treatment facilities [33]. Beside the advantage of low energy requirement, the MST systems demonstrated less operation and maintenance requirements and lower construction and operation costs than more mechanized systems.

Conclusions
Two innovative modified septic tank systems were designed as stand-alone technologies to treat domestic wastewater. Configurations with and without attached growth media were evaluated and demonstrated significant treatment capacities with 95-98% BOD and 92-98% TSS removal observed at hydraulic retention times ranging from 2.6 to 4.4 days. Significant nitrogen removal of 59% was observed in the attached growth system at 2.6 d HRT, while results varied between 26-33% removal at higher loading rates and between 0-29% in the suspended growth configuration. Effluent quality met secondary wastewater quality criteria as well as the Jordanian standard for wastewater reuse for all parameters except for E. coli, where further disinfection is required. Corrugated plastic fixed growth media showed a slight improvement in system performance over the suspended growth alternative. This study revealed that the modified septic tank system can be used as a low cost system due to its low energy requirement.