Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Atmospheric Ammonia in the Urban and Suburban Environments of Seoul, Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Setup and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Sample Collection and Lab Preparation
2.3. Passive Sampler
2.4. Annular Denuder
2.5. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Seasonal Variation in Ammonia Concentration
3.2. Spatial Distribution of Ammonia Concentration
3.3. Correlation between Ammonia Concentration and Temperature
3.4. Habitation and Livestock Region Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Name | Type | Latitude | Longitude | Sampler Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Livestock 1 (at 100 m distance) | Rural-agricultural | 37.31° | 127.22° | Passive |
Livestock 2 (at 400 m distance) | Rural-agricultural | 37.31° | 127.22° | Passive |
Roadside | Suburban | 37.61° | 126.97° | Passive |
Seoul Station | Urban | 37.55° | 126.98° | Passive |
Industry | Industrial | 37.27° | 126.86° | Passive |
Habitation 1 (at 30 m height) | Suburban | 37.30° | 126.96° | Passive |
Habitation 2 (at 1 m height) | Suburban | 37.30° | 126.96° | Passive |
Background (HUFS) | Rural | 37.34° | 127.26° | Passive/URG |
Sites | Average | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|
Livestock 1 | 69.3 | 26.3 |
Livestock 2 | 48.3 | 16.7 |
Seoul Station | 18.2 | 4.6 |
Roadside | 15.9 | 4.3 |
Habitation 1 | 8.0 | 3.6 |
Habitation 2 | 8.3 | 3.8 |
Industry | 8.6 | 2.8 |
Background (HUFS) | 3.8 | 1.5 |
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Singh, R.; Kim, K.; Park, G.; Kang, S.; Park, T.; Ban, J.; Choi, S.; Song, J.; Yu, D.-G.; Woo, J.-H.; et al. Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Atmospheric Ammonia in the Urban and Suburban Environments of Seoul, Korea. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121607
Singh R, Kim K, Park G, Kang S, Park T, Ban J, Choi S, Song J, Yu D-G, Woo J-H, et al. Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Atmospheric Ammonia in the Urban and Suburban Environments of Seoul, Korea. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(12):1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121607
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Rahul, Kyunghoon Kim, Gyutae Park, Seokwon Kang, Taehyun Park, Jihee Ban, Siyoung Choi, Jeongin Song, Dong-Gil Yu, Jung-Hun Woo, and et al. 2021. "Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Atmospheric Ammonia in the Urban and Suburban Environments of Seoul, Korea" Atmosphere 12, no. 12: 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121607