The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (B. dorsalis) is an important agricultural, major invasive, and quarantine pest that can cause significant damage to the economic value of the fruit and vegetable industry. Male bait is one of the most effective methods of surveying, monitoring, and controlling B. dorsalis. In our study, we constructed cDNA libraries using total RNA extracted independently from the antennae, mouthparts, and thoracic legs of male and female adults and the ovipositors of female adults and screened out four aldehyde-oxidase-related genes (AOX-related), C58800, C66700, C67485, and C67698. Molecular docking predictions showed that eight compounds, including 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol, 3,4-dimethoxy-cinnamaldehyde, deet, ethyl N-acetyl-N-butyl-β-alaninate, n-butyl butyrate, n-butyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, methyl eugenol, and ethyl acetate, could combine with proteins encoded by the four B. dorsalis AOX-related genes. Furthermore, QPCR was performed to confirm that four compounds, including 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic aldehyde, butyl levulinic acid ethyl ester (mosquito repellent), butyl butyrate, and methyl eugenol, induced significant changes in the AOX-related genes of B. dorsalis. These results provide useful information and guidance for the batch screening of potentially useful compounds and the search for effective attractants of B. dorsalis.


Introduction
B. dorsalis is considered to be a highly invasive and destructive agricultural pest due to its high dispersal and adaptive capacity [1,2].
Olfactory sensilla are mainly distributed in the antennae of insects, as well as in the wings, feet, genitalia, and auxiliary organs of the head, such as chin and lower lip whiskers.The antennae are the main organs used for sensing odorous substances [3,4].The process of insect odour recognition is complex.At the level of peripheral nerve sensation, many proteins are involved in this process, including odorant binding proteins (OBPs), olfactory receptors (ORs), odour-degrading enzymes (ODEs), and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) [5,6].Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) is a subfamily of the molybdoflavoenzyme family (MFE), and the classification number of AOX is EC 1.2.3.1.[7].AOX is widely present in organisms and participates in a variety of physiological metabolisms.It converts aldehydes formed in the body into non-toxic acids to reduce the toxic effects of aldehydes on the body and participates in intracellular electron transfer; it also plays an important role in physiological activities related to metabolism and reproduction [8][9][10].AOX has a diverse range of physiological and biochemical functions and can degrade odour molecules in the insect olfactory system.For example, Culex quinquefasciatus AOX may be related to insecticide resistance [11].
Attractants are an important tool in the control of B. dorsalis.A major attractant at present is methyl eugenol, which can be converted into 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxy phenol (DMP) and (E) coniferyl alcohol (E-cf) in B. dorsalis.DMP is more attractive to male B. dorsalis than E-cf and does not pose a risk to human health and the environment [12].Methyleugenol (ME) can stimulate the odour receptors 63a-1 (OR63a-1) and OR88a in the antennae of mature male B. dorsalis [13].However, at present, few studies on the interaction between compounds and the aldehyde-oxidase-related genes of B. dorsalis have been reported.
In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed on different parts of B. dorsalis, and molecular docking and QPCR were used to identify the relationship between B. dorsalis AOX-related genes and potential compounds.Finally, it was found that nine compounds, including maldehyde, deet, ethyl acetyl-N-butyl-β-alaninate, n-butyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, methyl eugenol, ethyl acetate, and sex pheromones, could significantly affect the expression of AOX-related genes in B. dorsalis nymphs.These results provide a methodological reference for the batch screening of potentially useful compounds and the search for effective attractants of B. dorsalis.

Materials
Insect rearing: B. dorsalis was collected from South China Agricultural University Fruit Tree Plantation, Guangdong Province, China and reared as previously described in the South China Agricultural University (Guangzhou, China).The larvae of the B. dorsalis colony were provided with an artificial larval diet mixture of torula yeast, wheat powerbran, sugar, sodium benzoate, nipagin, and water in fixed proportions.The adult flies were reared in a cage (60 × 60 × 60 cm) under pesticide-free conditions at 27 ± 1 • C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h and provided with water and a mixture of torula yeast and sugar at a fixed rate [14].

Generated cDNA Libraries Using Male and Female Adult Antennae, Mouthparts, Thoracic Legs, and Female Ovipositors
We sampled adult male and female antennae, mouthparts, and thoracic legs and female ovipositors.To minimise RNA degradation and sample contamination, these sampling steps were performed on an ultra-clean bench and on ice.The cutting tools, scalpel, and forceps were sterilised.The antennae, mouthparts, thoracic legs, and ovipositors were quickly cut off and placed in tissue lysate (trace sample total RNA extraction kit, DP420, Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), and the antennae, mouthparts, thoracic legs, and ovipositors of each group of 200 flies were treated as one sample replicate.The samples were sent to GeneDenovo (Guangzhou, China) for library construction and genome sequencing using a combination of next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the Hiseq 2500 and thirdgeneration sequencing on the Pacbio RSII.BLAST [15] software was used to compare the Unigene sequence with NR, Swiss-Prot [16], GO [17], COG [18], KOG [19], KEGG [20], using KOBAS2.0[21].
Using transcriptome data to detect gene expression has high sensitivity.Generally, the FPKM value of the protein coding gene expression level that can be sequenced spans six orders of magnitude from 10 −2 to 10 −4 [22].Using the box diagram of FPKM distribution, the dispersion degree of horizontal distribution of gene expression in a single sample was evaluated, and the overall gene expression abundance of different samples was compared.

Comparative Analysis of the Expression of Genes between the Male and Female Parts of B. dorsalis
Based on our independent comparison between female and male B. dorsalis, we analysed the gene expression differences between different parts of the female and between different parts of the male and considered the |log2FC| > 1 as a significant difference.A differential expression analysis between sample groups was performed using DESeq (version 4.2.2).At the same time, in the process of differential expression analysis, the significant p-value obtained from the original hypothesis testing was corrected using the generally accepted and effective Benjamini-Hochberg method, and the corrected p-value, i.e., FDR (false discovery rate), was finally adopted as a key indicator for differential expression gene screening to reduce the false positives caused by independent statistical hypothesis testing of the expression values of a large number of genes.

Screening and Identification of AOX-Related Genes in B. dorsalis
Based on the comparative analysis of gene expression between the male and female parts of B. dorsalis, the keywords "dehydrogenase" and "aldehyde oxidase" and "aldehyde" were selected from the gene databases GO [23], KEGG [24], Pfam [14], KOG ((http://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/COG/KOG/kyva,accessed on 1 December 2022), swissprot https://www.expasy.org/resources/uniprotkb-swiss-prot,accessed on 9 December 2022), and NR (https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/db/,accessed on 19 December 2022).The ORF of the screened gene was predicted using the DNAStar software package (version 7.1, DNAstar Inc.).Using the GenBank database from the NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/,accessed on 10 December 2022), the homologous sequences were compared and analysed using the BLASTX method.Clustal X (version 1.81) was used for multiple sequence alignment of the sequences downloaded from NCBI.The phylogeny and molecular evolution were analysed using the neighbour-joining method with MEGA (version 11.0.11).
Both AOX and XDH are proteins in the MFE, and the structural features of AOX and XDH were similar.The genes identified as AOX and XDH with similar sequences were named AOX-related genes.

Docking Simulations
Four protein structures corresponding to the four AOX-related genes C58800, C66700, C67485, and C67698 were found in the Swissmodel database (https://swissmodel.expasy.org/interactive, accessed on 8 June 2023), while the the 3D structures of eight components were sourced from the PubChem database ((https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/,accessed on 8 June 2023) and the protein structures of the eight components selected for this study from AutoDock-vina.The 3D structures of the eight components CFQ1~CFQ8 were obtained from the PubChem database (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/,accessed on 8 June 2023).PYMOL (version 2.5.4) and LIGPLOT (version 2.2.5) software were used for image visualisation.

Changes in B. dorsalis AOX-Related Genes Expression under the Action of 9 Compounds
Four protein structures corresponding to the four AOX-related genes C58800, C66700, C67485, and C67698 were found in the Swissmodel database.The prediction and docking simulations showed that the compounds of (3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol, 3,4dimethoxy-cinnamaldehyde, Deet, ethyl N-acetyl-N-butyl-β-alaninate, n-butyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, methyl eugenol and ethyl acetate) were able to bind to 4 protein structures.We selected the 3rd-day pupae of B. dorsalis to perform the experiment.Chemical concentrations of 20 µg/µL were used [12].Three replicates were made for each chemical treatment and 500 normal pupae were used in each set of replicates; then, 1 mL of the chemical was placed in a culture plate with cotton, and the culture plate was placed in a 30*30*35 cm transparent and breathable acrylic box where the pupae were kept, and the sterile water treatment was used as a control.We collected B. dorsalis antennae, ovipositors, thoracic legs, and mouthparts from insects that had fledged 24 h after treatment for RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and QPCR.The compound-treated transcriptome was further analysed with the untreated transcriptome.Four AOX-related genes, C58800, C66700, C67485, and C67698, were analysed for differential changes after different compound treatments.

Generation of cDNA Libraries Using Male and Female Adult Antennae, Mouthparts, and Thoracic Legs and Female Ovipositors
The clean data obtained totalled 77.52 Gb, and the base percentage of Q30 was not less than 96.11% (Supplementary Table S1, Supplementary Figure S1B).After assembling and splicing, 77,765 pieces of Unigene were obtained, of which the GC content was 42.33%.The N50 of Unigene was 1482 bp, with the longest Unigene being 2000 bp, the shortest 200-300 bp, and the average length 938.41 bp.The matching rate was over 80%.In addition, the position distribution of mapped reads of each sample was obtained by evaluating the random degree of mRNA fragmentation (Supplementary Figure S1C).Using the box diagram of FPKM distribution, the main area of log10(FPKM) was found to be −1~1.This shows that the assembly integrity is high (Supplementary Figure S1D).

Comparative Analysis of Genes between Male and Female Parts of B. dorsalis
By comparing the genes in different tissues of individual B. dorsalis, we found that the female thoracic leg contained a total of 9802 genes that were differentially expressed in male and female thoracic legs, which was the highest number compared with DEGs in antennae, ovipositors, and mouthparts (Figure 1A,B).
Based on the independent comparison between female and male B. dorsalis, gene expression between different parts of the female and male was compared.Differential expression analysis between sample groups was performed using DESeq.In terms of the number of GO terms, female thoracic legs had 35 more than female antenna, female ovipositor, and female mouthparts; male antenna had 11 more than male thoracic legs and male mouthparts (Figure 1C,F).Regarding the KEGG pathways, female thoracic legs had the highest number of KEGG pathways compared to female antennae, female ovipositors, and female mouthparts.Male thoracic legs had the highest number of pathways compared to male antennae and male mouthparts at 4 (Figure 1B,E).
KEGG and GO enrichment analysis of the genes in different tissues of individual B. dorsalis revealed that among the 33 pathways of the thoracic leg, AOX-related genes were found (Figure 1I).KEGG enrichment showed that the differences in KEGG analysis were more pronounced in females than in males, with the number of female thoracic leg KEGG differences higher than in male thoracic legs (Figure 1B,E).The differential genes were mainly enriched in the pathways of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, etc.
Based on the independent comparison between female and male B. dorsalis, gene expression between different parts of the female and male was compared.Differential expression analysis between sample groups was performed using DESeq.In terms of the number of GO terms, female thoracic legs had 35 more than female antenna, female ovipositor, and female mouthparts; male antenna had 11 more than male thoracic legs and male mouthparts (Figure 1C,F).Regarding the KEGG pathways, female thoracic legs had the highest number of KEGG pathways compared to female antennae, female ovipositors, and female mouthparts.Male thoracic legs had the highest number of pathways compared to male antennae and male mouthparts at 4 (Figure 1B,E).

Identification of AOX-Related Genes in B. dorsalis
Based on B. dorsalis transcriptome annotation, four AOX-related genes were found, including C58800, C67698, C66700, and C67485 (Supplementary Table S2).According to the evolutionary tree and sequence comparison, they were predicted to be AOX and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) (Figure 2A).The sequences of these four genes were analysed.The size of C58800 was 2886 bp, with an open reading frame 2487 bp in length encoding

Identification of AOX-Related Genes in B. dorsalis
Based on B. dorsalis transcriptome annotation, four AOX-related genes were found, including C58800, C67698, C66700, and C67485 (Supplementary Table S2).According to the evolutionary tree and sequence comparison, they were predicted to be AOX and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) (Figure 2A).The sequences of these four genes were analysed.The size of C58800 was 2886 bp, with an open reading frame 2487 bp in length encoding 828 amino acids.The size of C67698 was 5463 bp, with an open reading frame of 3552 bp, encoding 1183 amino acids.The size of C66700 was 3989 bp, and the maximum open reading frame was 3792 bp, encoding 1263 amino acids.The size of C67485 was 4687 bp, and the maximum open reading frame was 4074 bp, encoding 1357 amino acids (Figure 2B).AOX is usually composed of a homodimer formed by two identical subunits, and each subunit has two [2Fe-2S] redox centres, a flavin cofactor (FAD), and a substratebinding domain.By comparing and analysing the sequences of these four genes, two conserved iron-sulphur (2Fe-2S) redox reaction centres were found in the N segment and eight conserved cysteine residues were found in this centre.However, the domains were not detected in C66700 and C58800.The N-terminal is connected to the FAD− binding site through a less conserved region.XDH has a typical conservative NAD+ binding site in the FAD− binding site region, but AOX does not contain this site, while C67698 has this site.The phylogenetic tree was constructed with the four enzymes and a number of AOXs and XDHs from other species using the neighbour-joining method.The results show that C66700 and C67485 were clustered with AOXs of other species, and C67698 was clustered with XDH.Through sequence analysis, it was speculated that C66700 and C67485 encodes AOX in B. dorsalis and C67698 encodes XDH.Through NCBI comparison analysis, it was speculated that the gene C57605 might be lactate dehydrogenase (Figure 2A).The four identified genes, C66700, C6748, C67698, and C57605, were classified as AOX-related genes.
The FPKM of the four genes related to AOX, including C58800, C67698, C66700, and C67485 in thoracic legs, antennae, mouthparts, and ovipositors from the transcriptome are shown in Figure 2. It was found that the expression level of C58800 was higher in the olfactory tissues of males than that of females.The expression of C58800 was the highest in the male thoracic leg, which suggested that the gene C58800 is mainly concentrated in the olfactory tissues of males.The genes C67698, C66700, and C67485 were all expressed in the olfactory tissues of B. dorsalis.Among them, the expression level of C67698 in the thoracic legs, antennae, and mouthparts of females was higher than that of males, and the genes C67700 and C67485 were mainly expressed in the antennae of males and females.The genes C58800, C67698, and C67485 were all highly expressed in male antennae (Figure 2C,E,F), and it was assumed that the three AOX-related genes have a greater effect on olfaction in males.

Docking Simulations
In order to test the effects of eight compounds (CFQ1-8) on the AOX-related genes in B. dorsalis and whether the components of the eight reagents have effective binding targets, molecular docking was performed between the 3D conformation of eight components and four proteins of the four AOX-related genes.A total of 288 binding relationships were detected (Supplementary Table S3).The lower the affinity value, the more stable the binding between protein and ligand, and the better the binding in protein-ligand interaction.An affinity ≤ −5 kcal/mol was considered to have good binding [25].According to the binding affinity value, the binding relationships of five components, CFQ1, CFQ2, CFQ3, CFQ6, and CFQ8, were simulated to bind four proteins, among which four proteins had an affinity equal to or lower than −5 kcal/mol, and it was confirmed that these four components can effectively target the proteins involved in the complex pathway of B. dorsalis (Figure 3).Component CFQ6 can bind three genes and three proteins with an average binding affinity of −5.49 kcal/mol.It can bind best with protein structure c66700 responding to gene c66700 with a binding affinity of −6.56 kcal/mol.Components CFQ1, CFQ2, CFQ3, and CFQ8 could bind four genes and four proteins with average binding affinities of −5.42, −5.45, −5.45, and −5.55 kcal/mol.CFQ2 and CFQ3 can bind best with protein structure c67698 responding to gene c67698 with a binding affinity of −6.32 kcal/mol.These five components are thought to affect the olfactory genes of B. dorsalis and are associated with the four predicted AOX-related genes.

Changes in B. dorsalis AOX-Related Gene Expression by Nine Compounds
In determining the influence of nine compounds on the AOX-related genes in B. dorsalis, compared with deionised water (CK) and sex lures, all nine compounds were found to alter the expression of four AOX-related genes, with CFQ2 significantly upregulating the expression of four genes in females and males, especially C58800.CFQ6 and CFQ7 significantly downregulated the expression of C67698 in females.It was speculated that the drugs CFQ6 and CFQ7 might have a behavioural effect on B. dorsali females (Figure 4A-D).The females were more significantly upregulated than the males (Figure 4E,F).The expression of genes C58800 and C67698 in females was significantly upregulated by CFQ6, while their expression was significantly downregulated in males.CFQ4 significantly upregulated the expression of the C5880 gene in males and CFQ6 significantly upregulated the expression of the C67485 gene in males.CFQ2 and CFQ4 and sex lures significantly upregulated C5880 gene expression in both sexes.It was hypothesised that CFQ2 and CFQ4 and sex lures had the same priming effect on B. dorsali.(Figure 4A,E).The above results are consistent with the binding reaction between the components and the AOX-related genes predicted by the docking model.Molecular docking can be used to screen components related to B. dorsalis control.

Changes in B. dorsalis AOX-Related Gene Expression by Nine Compounds
In determining the influence of nine compounds on the AOX-related genes in B. dorsalis, compared with deionised water (CK) and sex lures, all nine compounds were found to alter the expression of four AOX-related genes, with CFQ2 significantly upregulating the expression of four genes in females and males, especially C58800.CFQ6 and CFQ7 significantly downregulated the expression of C67698 in females.It was speculated that the drugs CFQ6 and CFQ7 might have a behavioural effect on B. dorsali females (Figure 4A-D).The females were more significantly upregulated than the males (Figure 4E,F).The expression of genes C58800 and C67698 in females was significantly upregulated by CFQ6, while their expression was significantly downregulated in males.CFQ4 significantly upregulated the expression of the C5880 gene in males and CFQ6 significantly upregulated the expression of the C67485 gene in males.CFQ2 and CFQ4 and sex lures significantly upregulated C5880 gene expression in both sexes.It was hypothesised that CFQ2 and CFQ4 and sex lures had the same priming effect on B. dorsali.(Figure 4A,E).The above results are consistent with the binding reaction between the components and the AOXrelated genes predicted by the docking model.Molecular docking can be used to screen components related to B. dorsalis control.

Predicted Mechanism of the B. dorsalis AOX-Related Genes
KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that the AOX-related genes, including C58800, C66700, C67485, and C67698, were mainly involved in four pathways: ko00230, ko00232, ko00983, and ko04146.These AOX-related genes were involved in the same pathways after

Predicted Mechanism of the B. dorsalis AOX-Related Genes
KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that the AOX-related genes, including C58800, C66700, C67485, and C67698, were mainly involved in four pathways: ko00230, ko00232, ko00983, and ko04146.These AOX-related genes were involved in the same pathways after treatment with nine components.The pathways in which the four genes were mainly involved are shown in Table 1.Four pathways were integrated into one pathway (Figure 5).All four genes were involved in purine metabolism (ko00230), caffeine metabolism (ko00232), drug metabolism of other enzymes (Ko00983), and peroxisome pathways (ko04146).

Discussion
In this study, cDNA libraries were generated using male and female adult antennae, All four genes were involved in purine metabolism (ko00230), caffeine metabolism (ko00232), drug metabolism of other enzymes (Ko00983), and peroxisome pathways (ko04146).

Institutional Review Board Statement:
The oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis is not included in the "List of Endangered and Protected Animals in China" because it is a major fruit fly pest in tropical and sub-tropical countries.All experiments were performed in compliance with the general ethical guidelines in order to minimize pain and discomfort to the insects.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Comparative analysis of genes between male and female parts of B. dorsalis.FA: female antennae; FO: female ovipositors; FTL: female thoracic legs; FM: female mouthparts; MA: male antennae; MM: male mouthparts; MTL: male thoracic legs.(A) Comparative analysis of genes among all parts of female B. dorsalis; (B) KEGG enrichment of genes in different parts of female B. dorsalis.;(C) GO terms of genes from different parts of B. dorsalis females; (D) comparative analysis of genes among different parts of male B. dorsalis; (E) KEGG analysis of genes among all parts of B. dorsalis males; (F) GO enrichment analysis among all parts of B. dorsalis males; (G) FA vs. FM: the differential gene KEGG between female antennae and female mouthparts was enriched; (H) FA vs. FO: the differential gene KEGG between female antennae and female ovipositor was enriched; (I) FA vs. FTL, KEGG, a differential gene between female antennae and female thoracic leg, is enriched.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Comparative analysis of genes between male and female parts of B. dorsalis.FA: female antennae; FO: female ovipositors; FTL: female thoracic legs; FM: female mouthparts; MA: male antennae; MM: male mouthparts; MTL: male thoracic legs.(A) Comparative analysis of genes among all parts of female B. dorsalis; (B) KEGG enrichment of genes in different parts of female B. dorsalis.;(C) GO terms of genes from different parts of B. dorsalis females; (D) comparative analysis of genes among different parts of male B. dorsalis; (E) KEGG analysis of genes among all parts of B. dorsalis males; (F) GO enrichment analysis among all parts of B. dorsalis males; (G) FA vs. FM: the differential gene KEGG between female antennae and female mouthparts was enriched; (H) FA vs. FO: the differential gene KEGG between female antennae and female ovipositor was enriched; (I) FA vs. FTL, KEGG, a differential gene between female antennae and female thoracic leg, is enriched.
828 amino acids.The size of C67698 was 5463 bp, with an open reading frame of 3552 bp, encoding 1183 amino acids.The size of C66700 was 3989 bp, and the maximum open reading frame was 3792 bp, encoding 1263 amino acids.The size of C67485 was 4687 bp, and the maximum open reading frame was 4074 bp, encoding 1357 amino acids (Figure 2B).
42, −5.45, −5.45, and −5.55 kcal/mol.CFQ2 and CFQ3 can bind best with protein structure c67698 responding to gene c67698 with a binding affinity of −6.32 kcal/mol.These five components are thought to affect the olfactory genes of B. dorsalis and are associated with the four predicted AOX-related genes.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Visual diagram for protein docking of eight components with B. dorsalis.(A-D) are the docking diagrams of components CFQ1, CFQ2, CFQ3, and CFQ6, respectively.Colorful cartoon patterns are protein, the blue stick structure is chemical composition.Yellow doJed lines are linked hydrogen bonds.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Visual diagram for protein docking of eight components with B. dorsalis.(A-D) are the docking diagrams of components CFQ1, CFQ2, CFQ3, and CFQ6, respectively.Colorful cartoon patterns are protein, the blue stick structure is chemical composition.Yellow dotted lines are linked hydrogen bonds.Genes 2024, 15, 35 9 of 13

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Expression changes in AOX-related genes in B. dorsalis under the action of nine components.(A-D) correspond to female AOX-related genes; (E-H) correspond to the expression changes in the male AOX-related genes C58800, C67698, C66700, and C67485 under the action of nine components.Different leJers above the error bars indicate the significant differences analyzed (p < 0.05).

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Expression changes in AOX-related genes in B. dorsalis under the action of nine components.(A-D) correspond to female AOX-related genes; (E-H) correspond to the expression changes in the male AOX-related genes C58800, C67698, C66700, and C67485 under the action of nine components.Different letters above the error bars indicate the significant differences analyzed (p < 0.05).

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Predicted mechanism of action of the B. dorsalis AOX-related gene.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Predicted mechanism of action of the B. dorsalis AOX-related gene.

Table 1 .
Pathways involved by four genes from B. dorsalis.