The Involvement of Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor on Protein Hydrolysate Injection Mediated Hematopoietic Function Improvement

Protein hydrolysate injection (PH) is a sterile solution of hydrolyzed protein and sorbitol that contains 17 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 185.0–622.0 g/mol. This study investigated the effect of PH on hematopoietic function in K562 cells and mice with cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced hematopoietic dysfunction. In these myelosuppressed mice, PH increased the number of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow (BM) and regulated the concentration of several factors related to hematopoietic function. PH restored peripheral blood cell concentrations and increased the numbers of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells (HSPCs), B lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes in the BM of CTX-treated mice. Moreover, PH regulated the concentrations of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukin (IL)-2, and other hematopoiesis-related cytokines in the serum, spleen, femoral condyle, and sternum. In K562 cells, the PH-induced upregulation of hematopoiesis-related proteins was inhibited by transfection with M-CSF siRNA. Therefore, PH might benefit the BM hematopoietic system via the regulation of M-CSF expression, suggesting a potential role for PH in the treatment of hematopoietic dysfunction caused by cancer therapy.


Introduction
Myelosuppression is a significant side effect of most chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic agents [1], leading to decreased red and white blood cell populations [2] and potential immunosuppression [3]. Fatal infections may occur in severe cases [4]. Thus, myelosuppression significantly affects patient outcomes. Hematopoiesis refers to the highly coordinated process of blood cell development and homeostasis [5]. HSPCs, located in the bone marrow, fail to proliferate sufficiently in myelosuppressed patients [6]. Hematopoiesis involves the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), and maturation of differentiated cells [7]. Therefore, myelosuppression leads to significant hematopoietic dysfunction [6].
Cyclophosphamide (CTX), one of the most commonly used alkylating cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, is often used to treat various types of autoimmune diseases and is used in combination with chemotherapy in cancer treatment [8]. CTX treatment can lead to myelosuppression due to its lack of cell-type specificity, negatively affecting hematopoietic precursor stem cells [9]. As a result, CTX is often used to induce hematopoietic dysfunction in vivo models [10]. The main symptoms of CTX-induced hematopoietic dysfunction are weight loss, decreased numbers of peripheral blood cells, and reduced white blood cell (WBC) counts [9]. Our previous study found that CTX reduces the circulating levels of

Molecular Mass and Amino Acid Analyses
The Viscotek TDA 305 multidetector gel permeation chromatography system (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Malvern, UK) was used to determine the molecular weight distribution of PH, using an SRT SEC-300 gel filtration column (30 cm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm). The column temperature was maintained at 30 • C, and the injection volume of the sample was 100 µL. The mobile phase was 0.1 M pH 7.0 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and the elution rate was 0.5 mL/min. The amino acid content of PH was determined using a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) (Agilent 1100, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Böblingen, Germany) equipped with a Diamonsil C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) chromatographic column [22]. The detection wavelength was 360 nm, mobile phase A was 0.05 mol/L of sodium acetate solution (containing 1% N, N-dimethyl formaldehyde; pH 6.4) and mobile phase B was acetonitrile-water (1:1). The column temperature was maintained at 40 • C, and the sample injection volume was 20 µL with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The amino acid contents are expressed in grams of each amino acid per 100 g of protein. Human myelogenous leukemia K562 (CCL-243 ™ ) cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). The cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium 1640 (Gibco, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (Gibco) at 37 • C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO 2 and 95% air.

Animal Experiments and Drug Treatment Protocols
Male BALB/c mice (4-6 weeks old, 20 ± 2 g, specific pathogen-free (SPF) grade; SCXK (Liao) 2020-0001) were purchased from Liaoning Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Liaoning, China). The mice were housed in a strictly controlled environment, with a 12/12 h light/dark cycle (light on from 08:00 to 20:00), temperature of 23 ± 1 • C and relative humidity of 50% ± 10%. Sterile food and water were provided ad libitum. The experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Jilin University (SY202009001). After a 7-day adaptation period, 60 mice were intraperitoneally injected with CTX (100 mg/kg, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) dissolved in normal saline (NS) once daily for 3 days to induce hematopoietic dysfunction. The mice were randomly divided into four groups and intraperitoneally injected with either 0.2 mL/20 g of NS (model group; n = 15); 3.25 (n = 15) or 6.5 g/kg of PH (n = 15) once daily for 4 weeks; or 30 µg/kg of rhG-CSF (n = 15) (Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinan, China) twice weekly for 4 weeks. The mice were also injected with CTX (80 mg/kg) once weekly to avoid the recovery of hematopoietic function. The remaining 30 mice were intraperitoneally injected with NS for 3 days, after which they were injected once daily with 0.2 mL/20 g of NS (control group; n = 15) or 6.5 g/kg of PH (PH treatment group; n = 15) for 4 weeks.
On the 1st, 4th, 11th, 18th, 25th, and 32nd days, mouse bodyweights were measured and recorded ( Figure S1). After sample collection, the mice were euthanized by CO 2 inhalation (LY-FL-1, Lingyunboji Technology, Beijing, China), and the liver, spleen, kidney, and thymus were collected and weighed. Organ indexes were calculated as follows: organ index (%) = organ weight (mg)/bodyweight (g). The femur and tibia were removed in a sterile environment.

Assessment of Peripheral Blood Physiological Indexes
Two hours after the final drug administration, blood samples were taken from the caudal vein. Changes in the composition of the peripheral blood samples were immediately assessed using an automatic blood analyzer (Drew Scientific Group, Dallas, TX, USA). Blood samples were randomly collected from five mice in each group, and the analysis was repeated three times.

Flow Cytometry
Flow cytometry (CytoFLEX 488 nm) was used to determine the proportions of HSPCs, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes in bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) samples of mice with hematopoietic dysfunction. Sca-1, a member of the Ly-6 multi-gene family also known as Ly-6A/E, is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) connexin expressed on HSPCs. The expression levels of the established HPSCs markers Sca-1 and c-Kit on Lin − cells (Lin − /Sca-1 + /c-Kit + ), were quantified to examine the effects of PH on the differentiation potential of bone marrow cells. CD45 and CD19 are specific surface markers used to identify B lymphocytes (CD45 + CD19 + ) [23] in BMMNCs samples. In mice, granulocytes and monocytes typically express Gr1 and CD11b, while monocytes express high levels of F4/80 and granulocytes express Ly6G [24]. The proportions of macrophages (CD11b + F4/80 + ) and granulocytes (CD11b + Ly6G + ) in mouse BMMNCs samples were thus evaluated according to the expression levels of CD11b, F4/80 and Ly6G. Five mice per group were randomly selected, and BMMNCs were detected. The protocols followed were the same as in our previous studies [25]. Antibodies are shown in Table 1.

Histopathological Analysis
Tissues, including heart, liver, spleen, and kidney, were collected randomly from three mice in each group and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48 h. The sternum and femoral condyles were collected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48 h and decalcified in 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 7 days. All samples were embedded in paraffin with 10% neutral buffered formalin, washed with water, dehydrated in ascending grades of alcohol, clarified with xylene, and finally embedded in paraffin. After slicing into 5-µm sections, all samples were stained in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The sternum and femoral condyle samples were also stained with antibodies specific for M-CSF and IL-2 ( Table 1). All samples were examined under a light microscope (BX51; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) was used to quantify the pixel density for semi-quantitative densitometric analysis of protein expressions.

Cytokine Assays
Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) were used to determine the concentrations of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α (EK0449), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (EK0527), and M-CSF (EK0445) in the serum of mice in each group. ELISAs were carried out according to the manufacturer's protocols. Blood samples were collected from the caudal veins of six randomly chosen mice in each group, and quantifications were repeated three times.

Western Blotting
Based on the histopathological analyses, Western blots were used to determine the expression levels of M-CSF and IL-2 in spleen tissue collected from six randomly selected mice in each group. Proteins were extracted from K562 cells (five samples) and spleen tissue using radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer supplemented with 1% protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 2% phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (Sigma-Aldrich). Total protein concentrations were quantified using a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai, China). Proteins (40 µg per group) were separated by 10% or 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (0.45 µm, GE Healthcare, Pittsburgh, USA). The membranes were blocked at room temperature with NcmBlot Blocking Buffer (NCM Biotech, Suzhou, China) for 30 min and incubated with primary antibodies (Table 1) at 4 • C overnight. After washing the membranes with triethanolamine-buffered saline (TBS) containing Tween 20 (TBST), the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies (Table 1) at 4 • C for four hours. An enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (GLPBIO, Montclair, NJ, USA) and imaging system (Tanon-5200, Tanon Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were used to visualize the resultant protein bands. ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health) was used to quantify the pixel density for semi-quantitative densitometric analysis of protein concentrations. Quantification data were normalized by GAPDH, and reported as the folds of those from the corresponding control mice.

Statistical Analysis
Statistical significance was determined using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Tukey's post-hoc test using BONC DSS Statistics 25 software (Businessintelligence of Oriental Nations Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), and results were considered significant at a p value < 0.05.

Molecular Mass Distribution and Amino Acid Content of PH
The specific molecular components of PH may be responsible for its unique pharmacological activities; however, to date, there have been no systematic studies of the composition of PH. Therefore, the molecular mass distribution and amino acid content of PH were initially determined. Accordingly, 2.5% of PH had a molecular mass of 475.0-622.0 g/mol, while 97.5% of PH had a molecular mass <475.0 g/mol ( Table 2). Seventeen different amino acids were detected, with the concentrations of glutamic acid (0.64 g/100 g), leucine (0.42 g/100 g), lysine (0.45 g/100 g), and proline (0.41 g/100 g) being much higher than those of other amino acids (Table 3). Specific peaks are illustrated in Figure S2.   Bold means that the content of amino acid is higher than 0.4 g/100 g. PH, Protein hydrolysate injection.

PH promoted the Hematopoietic Function of Mice
In mice, general health and hematopoietic function can be determined according to body weight and organ indexes. Four weeks of treatment with PH and rhG-CSF increased the body weights of mice with hematopoietic dysfunction (p < 0.01). It also alleviated the pathological changes in organ indexes (p < 0.05), especially in the spleen (p < 0.001) and thymus (p < 0.05). PH alone had no significant effect on body weight or organ indexes in healthy mice (Table S1). According to H&E staining, there was a depression with inflammatory cell infiltration on the joint surface of CTX-induced mice with hematopoietic dysfunction ( Figure 1A, blue arrow). Moreover, the inflammatory cell infiltration can also be seen in the tissue around the joint of CTX-induced mice with hematopoietic dysfunction ( Figure 1B, red arrow). rhG-CSF and PH significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the femoral condyle joint cavity ( Figure 1A) and joint circumference ( Figure 1B) and the concentration of cells and proportion of vacuoles in the sternal marrow cavity ( Figure 1C), and restored the structure of splenic cells ( Figure 1D) in mice with CTX-induced hematopoietic dysfunction. There were no obvious pathological changes in the heart, liver, or kidney in any experimental group ( Figure S3).  Bone marrow dysfunction can be evaluated using physiological indexes of peripheral blood [26,27]. In mice with hematopoietic dysfunction, PH significantly enhanced the number of WBCs (p < 0.001) ( Figure 1E), number of monocytes (MONs) (p < 0.01) ( Figure 1F), percentage of MONs (p < 0.05) ( Figure 1G), number of lymphocytes (LYMs) (p < 0.001) ( Figure 1H), percentage of LYMs (p < 0.01) (Figure 1I), and number of granulocytes (GRAs) (p < 0.01) ( Figure 1J) in the peripheral blood. In healthy mice, PH alone enhanced the numbers of WBCs (p < 0.001) ( Figure 1E), MONs (p < 0.001) ( Figure 1F) and LYMs (p < 0.001) ( Figure 1H).

PH Regulates Hematopoietic Cytokine Expression
To evaluate the protective effects of PH on hematopoietic function, we quantified the concentrations of various hematopoiesis-related cytokines in the serum and spleen. MIP-1α and TNF-α are negative regulators of hematopoiesis. The concentrations of MIP-1α (p < 0.001; Figure 3A) and TNF-α (p < 0.001; Figure 3B) were significantly increased, while the concentration of M-CSF (p < 0.05) was significantly decreased in CTX-treated mice compared with healthy mice ( Figure 3C). These effects were suppressed following administration of PH (p < 0.01) or rhG-CSF (p < 0.05) ( Figure 3A-C).
As positive regulators of hematopoiesis, M-CSF promotes bone resorption and IL-2 promotes B lymphocyte growth and differentiation. The expression levels of M-CSF and IL-2 in the spleen were analyzed by Western blotting. The levels of both were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the spleens of CTX-treated mice than in healthy mice ( Figure 3D). In contrast, both rhG-CSF and PH restored the levels of M-CSF (p < 0.05) and IL-2 (p < 0.05) ( Figure 3D).
To further investigate the roles of M-CSF and IL-2 in PH-induced improvements in hematopoietic function, their expression patterns in the femoral condyle and sternum were assessed by immunohistochemical staining. The expression levels of IL-2 in the femoral condyle and sternum of mice with hematopoietic dysfunction were lower than those in healthy mice, and these effects were suppressed following rhG-CSF and PH treatment ( Figure 4A,B, Figure S4). However, no positive staining of M-CSF was noted in the femoral condyle or sternum among all groups ( Figure 4C,D). PH alone was enhanced the expression of IL-2 in healthy mice ( Figure 4A,B, Figure S4).

PH Regulates M-CSF to Improve Hematopoietic Function
To confirm the relationship between M-CSF and PH, we used M-CSF siRNA to suppress the expression of the M-CSF gene in K562 cells. In PH-treated K562 cells, the expression of M-CSF (p < 0.001) ( Figure 5A), P-RSK1-p90 (p < 0.001) (Figure 5B), c-Myc (p < 0.001) ( Figure 5C), and P-ERK (p < 0.001) ( Figure 5D) was significantly upregulated. However, these effects were significantly alleviated following transfection of M-CSF siRNA (p < 0.05) ( Figure 5). Compared with K562 cells only treated with M-CSF siRNA, the expression of M-CSF (p < 0.001), P-RSK1-p90 (p < 0.001), c-Myc (p < 0.05), and P-ERK (p < 0.01) had also been increased by PH ( Figure 5).  hematopoietic function, their expression patterns in the femoral condyle and sternum were assessed by immunohistochemical staining. The expression levels of IL-2 in the femoral condyle and sternum of mice with hematopoietic dysfunction were lower than those in healthy mice, and these effects were suppressed following rhG-CSF and PH treatment ( Figure 4A,B, Figure S4). However, no positive staining of M-CSF was noted in the femoral condyle or sternum among all groups ( Figure 4C,D). PH alone was enhanced the expression of IL-2 in healthy mice (Figure 4 A,B, Figure S4).

Discussion
As a nutritional drug in China, PH is used to treat severe amino acid deficiency and hypoproteinemia caused by various diseases and to promote tissue healing and restore normal physiological function. In this study, we identified a protective effect of PH on hematopoietic function in a mouse model of CTX-induced hematopoietic dysfunction and in K562 cells. In mice with hematopoietic dysfunction, PH upregulated the expression of IL-2 and M-CSF and altered the composition of the bone marrow hematopoietic cell population. The peptides and amino acids that compose PH are hematopoietic substances that can enhance body metabolism and promote the production, differentiation, maturation, and release of blood cells. Based on the standards of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the total nitrogen content of PH should be 0.6-0.8% (g/mL) and the α-amino acid content should be higher than 60%. However, no systemic analysis of the composition of PH has been carried out previously. We report that PH contains 17 different amino acids, some of which are associated with regeneration of hematopoietic cells and the synthesis of antiinflammatory mediators [28]. Leucine is thought to improve hematopoietic function [29]. Valine is thought to play a role in maintaining the number of HSCs. Depletion of valine has been reported to reduce the total number of HSCs [30]. Fe-Gly, or Gly chelated with iron, is thought to increase the percentage of Th1 cells and enhance the production of cytotoxic CD8 + T cells and IL-2 [31]. The composition of PH likely is related directly to its beneficial effects on hematopoietic function.
The spleen and thymus are central hematopoiesis-related organs. Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) refers to the formation and development of blood cells outside the medullary space of the bone marrow [32]. Patients with bone marrow diseases often experience EMH [33]. As a common site of EMH, the spleen can provide a site for hematopoiesis [34]. In contrast, T lymphocytes are generated in the thymus [35]; however, no selfrenewing progenitor cells reside in the thymus, and they must migrate from the bone Data are showed as the mean ± SD (n = 5 samples in triplicate) and analyzed via a one-way ANOVA test followed by a Tukey's post hoc test comparison. Quantification data were normalized by GAPDH, and reported as the folds of those from the corresponding control cells. # p < 0.05 and ### p < 0.001 vs. control group, $ p < 0.05, $$$ p < 0.001 vs. 20 mg/mL of PH treated K562 cells, & p < 0.05, && p < 0.01, &&& p < 0.001 vs. M-CSF-siRNA treated K562 cells. CTX, cyclophosphamide; Ctrl, control; Model, hematopoietic dysfunction model; rhG-CSF, recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; PH, Protein hydrolysate injection; M-CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor; IL-2, interleukin-2; P-RSK1-p90, p90 ribosomal S6 kinases 1; P-ERK1/2, extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2.

Discussion
As a nutritional drug in China, PH is used to treat severe amino acid deficiency and hypoproteinemia caused by various diseases and to promote tissue healing and restore normal physiological function. In this study, we identified a protective effect of PH on hematopoietic function in a mouse model of CTX-induced hematopoietic dysfunction and in K562 cells. In mice with hematopoietic dysfunction, PH upregulated the expression of IL-2 and M-CSF and altered the composition of the bone marrow hematopoietic cell population. The peptides and amino acids that compose PH are hematopoietic substances that can enhance body metabolism and promote the production, differentiation, maturation, and release of blood cells. Based on the standards of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the total nitrogen content of PH should be 0.6-0.8% (g/mL) and the α-amino acid content should be higher than 60%. However, no systemic analysis of the composition of PH has been carried out previously. We report that PH contains 17 different amino acids, some of which are associated with regeneration of hematopoietic cells and the synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators [28]. Leucine is thought to improve hematopoietic function [29]. Valine is thought to play a role in maintaining the number of HSCs. Depletion of valine has been reported to reduce the total number of HSCs [30]. Fe-Gly, or Gly chelated with iron, is thought to increase the percentage of Th1 cells and enhance the production of cytotoxic CD8 + T cells and IL-2 [31]. The composition of PH likely is related directly to its beneficial effects on hematopoietic function.
The spleen and thymus are central hematopoiesis-related organs. Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) refers to the formation and development of blood cells outside the medullary space of the bone marrow [32]. Patients with bone marrow diseases often experience EMH [33]. As a common site of EMH, the spleen can provide a site for hematopoiesis [34]. In contrast, T lymphocytes are generated in the thymus [35]; however, no self-renewing progenitor cells reside in the thymus, and they must migrate from the bone marrow [36]. Thus, the BM microenvironment plays an important role in regulating hematopoietic function [37]. When hematopoietic dysfunction occurs, especially chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression, an increase in adipose and spleen tissue and a decrease in hematopoietic tissue and megakaryocytes is seen [38], and nucleated myeloid cells are replaced by vacuolation in the bone marrow [39]. According to previous research and our data, these pathologic changes can be normalized by rhG-CSF treatment, a commonly used agent in myelosuppression treatment [40]. Similarly, in mice with CTX-induced hematopoietic dysfunction, PH alleviated these pathologic changes in the spleen, thymus and even the bone marrow, suggesting a significant ability to improve hematopoietic function.
In mice with CTX-induced hematopoietic dysfunction, PH alleviated the pathologic changes seen in the physiological indexes of peripheral blood. As WBCs are the main component of the human immune system and peripheral blood, a reduced WBCs count is one of the main manifestations of hematopoietic dysfunction [41]. Recovery of hematopoiesis can be confirmed by increasing levels of WBCs in the peripheral blood [42]. The number of WBCs in the PH-treated mice increased significantly, suggesting improved immune function. Interestingly, in healthy mice, PH increased the numbers of monocytes and lymphocytes, but failed to influence their percentages in peripheral blood, suggesting that PH increased the total number of blood cells uniformly.
HSPCs are located in the bone marrow, and the cells that they produce enter the peripheral circulatory system [43]. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression can reduce the self-renewal and differentiation capacity of HSPCs and thus the total number of BMM-NCs [44]. PH treatment increased the numbers of HSPCs, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes in the bone marrow of mice with hematopoietic dysfunction. We also noted that PH alone increased the number of granulocytes in healthy mice. An increased number of granulocytes may cause various allergic diseases in patients. This phenomenon may help us to reveal the adverse reactions caused by PH applied in clinics, such as anaphylaxis, which has been reported to be related to anomalous level of granulocytes [45]. These issues need further investigation not only in animal experiments, but also in clinical trials.
In the serum of mice with hematopoietic dysfunction, PH ameliorated increases in the levels of TNF-α and MIP-1α. TNF-α is a negative regulator of hematopoiesis and can inhibit the proliferation of HPCs [46] and reduce the proliferation and differentiation of HSCs [47]. MIP-1α, derived from monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, can inhibit HSPCs proliferation [48]. Accordingly, PH was found to promote the proliferation of HSPCs by decreasing the levels of TNF-α and MIP-1α.
By using several experimental methods, we confirmed that PH increased the expression of IL-2 and M-CSF in mice with hematopoietic dysfunction. In the healthy mice, PH alone also enhanced the expressions of IL-2 in femoral condyle and sternum. As one of the key regulators of hematopoietic cell proliferation, IL-2 stimulates the phosphorylation of ERK [49,50]. M-CSF activates MAPK-related pathways in bone marrow progenitor cells [51]. As a member of the MAPK family, phosphorylation-activated ERK1/2 mediates the activation of the transcription factor c-Myc and the expression of cytokines involved in cell proliferation [52]. c-Myc plays a role in hematopoietic homeostasis, and its upregulation is essential for initiating the differentiation of HSPCs [53]. Expression of c-Myc can be upregulated by IL-2 [54]. Both c-Myc and RSK1-p90 are downstream targets of ERK1/2 [55,56]. Furthermore, the upregulated expression levels of M-CSF, P-ERK1/2, P-RSK1-p90, and c-Myc seen in K562 cells exposed to PH were reversed following transfection with M-CSF siRNA. According to a previous study, phosphorylated ERK1/2 can enhance the expression of IL-2 [57]. Therefore, M-CSF may positively regulate the production of IL-2 via ERK, further confirming the central role of M-CSF in PH-mediated improvements in hematopoietic function.
There are some limitations in this study. For example, the active molecules in PH, a multi-peptide drug, are still unclear. It is hard for us to confirm which components, polypeptides or amino acids, play the important role in regulating M-CSF. Additionally, although we found that the effects of PH on hematopoietic function are at least partially related to the regulation of M-CSF levels, our data also suggest the potential involvement of M-CSF-independent pathways. Future studies should identify the specific signaling pathways involved. Finally, PH may influence several different cell types related to hematopoietic function; however, we failed to confirm the specific cell types that are directly affected by PH.

Conclusions
Based on the systematic analysis on the components of PH, its improvement on hematopoietic function was confirmed in myelosuppressed mice, evidenced by the alleviation of pathological changes on BM, the restoration of peripheral blood cell concentrations, and the increment on the numbers of HSPCs, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes in the BM. Further data suggest that PH improved the hematopoietic function of CTX-treated mice via the regulation of M-CSF. Our data provide an experimental basis for the clinical application of PH to improve hematopoietic function, especially for chemotherapeutic cancer patients.

Supplementary Materials:
The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/cells10102776/s1, Figure S1: The animal experimental schemes flow charts, Figure S2: Define peaks of PH, Figure S3: H&E staining was used to evaluate pathological alterations, Figure S4, Quantitative graph of the expression of IL-2 in the femoral condyle and sternum of mice with hematopoietic dysfunction, Table S1: The effects of PH and rhG-CSF on body weight and organ indexes of CTX-induced hematopoietic dysfunction mice.

Institutional Review Board Statement:
The experiments complied with the ARRIVE guidelines and were carried out in accordance with National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of Laboratory animals, and obtained an ethical review form regarding animal welfare approved by the Institution Animal Ethics Committee of Jilin University (SY202009001).

Data Availability Statement:
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The source data underlying Table S1 and Figures S1-S4 are provided as a Source Data file.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest.