Sustainable Management of Fruit Growing in Rural Areas of Montenegro: The Impact of Location on the Phenological and Nutritional Properties on Raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.) Sustainable Management of Fruit Growing in Rural Areas of Montenegro: The Impact of Location on the Phenological and Nutritional Properties on Raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.)

: The physical-geographical features of the mountainous area of Montenegro cause difﬁ-culties in farmers’ life and work. The organization of the agricultural production faces a number of problems that limit the overall development of rural areas. Some agricultural crops, such as raspberry, have found optimal growth conditions and produce appropriate yields associated with good fruit quality in such mountainous area. The Willamette variety dominates the production and has broadly expanded, as some new varieties, most notably, Tulameen, Fert Abstract: The physical-geographical features of the mountainous area of Montenegro cause diffi-culties in farmers’ life and work. The organization of the agricultural production faces a number of problems that limit the overall development of rural areas. Some agricultural crops, such as raspberry, have found optimal growth conditions and produce appropriate yields associated with good fruit quality in such mountainous area. The Willamette variety dominates the production and has broadly expanded, as some new varieties, most notably, Tulameen, Fert ȍ di Zamatos, and Glen Ample. The aim of this paper was to examine the biological and production characteristics of two raspberry varieties—one floricane (Tulameen) and one primocane (Polka)—grown in two localities. We confirmed the general rule that at lower altitudes, these varieties (570 m a.s.l, Bijelo Polje) are characterized by earlier vegetation, flowering, and fruit ripening in comparison to plants at higher altitude (1040 m a.s.l, Mojkovac). The Tulameen variety started flowering on 15 May in Bijelo Polje (the flowering phenophase lasted for 29 days, until 12 June) and on 25 May in Mojkovac (the flowering phenophase lasted for 27 days, until 20 June). That is a delay of 11 days in relation to different locations. The Polka variety started flowering on 25 June in Bijelo Polje (57 days, until 20 August) and on 1 July in Mojkovac (flowering for 67 days, until 5 September). That is a delay of 7 days. The Tulameen variety started maturation on 14 June in Bijelo Polje (maturation lasted for 27 days, until 10 July) and on 22 June in Mojkovac (26 days, until 17 July), with a delay of 9 days. The Polka variety started maturation on 23 July in Bijelo Polje (the maturation phenophase lasted for 55 days, until 15 September) and on 5 August in Mojkovac (52 days, until 25 September), with a delay of 14 days. The results showed that the Polka variety had significantly higher total phenol content than the Tulameen variety (4.43 and 4.03 mg, respectively). In terms of locality, the Mojkovac raspberries had higher total phenol content than the Bijelo Polje raspberries. Polka raspberries also had a higher content of total flavonoids than Tulameen, whereas differences between localities in regard to the content of total flavonoids in the fruit were not significant. The content of condensed tannins and gallotannins in the raspberry fruit was similar in relation to both varieties and localities. Finally, the total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in the Polka compared to the Tulameen variety, whereas the differences between localities were not statistically significant. of to examine the biological and production characteristics of two raspberry varieties—one ﬂoricane (Tulameen) and one primocane (Polka)—grown in two localities. the general that at lower altitudes, these varieties (570 m a.s.l, Bijelo Polje) are characterized by earlier vegetation, ﬂowering, and fruit ripening in comparison to plants at higher altitude (1040 m a.s.l, Mojkovac). The Tulameen variety started ﬂowering on 15 May in Bijelo Polje (the ﬂowering phenophase lasted for 29 days, until 12 June) and on 25 May in Mojkovac (the ﬂowering phenophase lasted for 27 days, until 20 June). That is a delay of 11 days in relation to different locations. The Polka variety started ﬂowering on 25 June in Bijelo Polje (57 days, until 20 August) and on 1 July in Mojkovac (ﬂowering for 67 days, until 5 September). That is a delay of 7 days. The Tulameen variety started maturation on 14 June in Bijelo Polje (maturation lasted for 27 days, until 10 July) and on 22 June in Mojkovac (26 days, until 17 July), with a delay of 9 days. The Polka variety started maturation on 23 July in Bijelo Polje (the maturation phenophase lasted for 55 days, until 15 September) and on 5 August in Mojkovac (52 days, until 25 September), with a delay of 14 days. The results showed that the Polka variety had signiﬁcantly higher total phenol content than the Tulameen variety (4.43 and 4.03 mg, respectively). In terms of locality, the Mojkovac raspberries had higher total phenol content than the Bijelo Polje raspberries. Polka raspberries also had a higher content of total ﬂavonoids than Tulameen, whereas differences between localities in regard to the content of total ﬂavonoids in the fruit were not signiﬁcant. The content of condensed tannins and gallotannins in the raspberry fruit was similar in relation to both varieties and localities. Finally, the total antioxidant capacity was signiﬁcantly higher in the Polka compared to the Tulameen variety, whereas the differences between localities were not statistically signiﬁcant. Abstract: The physical-geographical features of the mountainous area of Montenegro cause diffi-culties in farmers’ life and work. The organization of the agricultural production faces a number of problems that limit the overall development of rural areas. Some agricultural crops, such as raspberry, have found optimal growth conditions and produce appropriate yields associated with good fruit quality in such mountainous area. The Willamette variety dominates the production and has broadly expanded, as some new varieties, most notably, Tulameen, Fert ȍ di Zamatos, and Glen Ample. The aim of this paper was to examine the biological and production characteristics of two raspberry varieties—one floricane (Tulameen) and one primocane (Polka)—grown in two localities. We confirmed the general rule that at lower altitudes, these varieties (570 m a.s.l, Bijelo Polje) are characterized by earlier vegetation, flowering, and fruit ripening in comparison to plants at higher altitude (1040 m a.s.l, Mojkovac). The Tulameen variety started flowering on 15 May in Bijelo Polje (the flowering phenophase lasted for 29 days, until 12 June) and on 25 May in Mojkovac (the flowering phenophase lasted for 27 days, until 20 June). That is a delay of 11 days in relation to different locations. The Polka variety started flowering on 25 June in Bijelo Polje (57 days, until 20 August) and on 1 July in Mojkovac (flowering for 67 days, until 5 September). That is a delay of 7 days. The Tulameen variety started maturation on 14 June in Bijelo Polje (maturation lasted for 27 days, until 10 July) and on 22 June in Mojkovac (26 days, until 17 July), with a delay of 9 days. The Polka variety started maturation on 23 July in Bijelo Polje (the maturation phenophase lasted for 55 days, until 15 September) and on 5 August in Mojkovac (52 days, until 25 September), with a delay of 14 days. The results showed that the Polka variety had significantly higher total phenol content than the Tulameen variety (4.43 and 4.03 mg, respectively). In terms of locality, the Mojkovac raspberries had higher total phenol content than the Bijelo Polje raspberries. Polka raspberries also had a higher content of total flavonoids than Tulameen, whereas differences between localities in regard to the content of total flavonoids in the fruit were not significant. The content of condensed tannins and gallotannins in the raspberry fruit was similar in relation to both varieties and localities. Finally, the total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in the Polka compared to the Tulameen variety, whereas the differences between localities were not statistically significant. Zejak, D.; Glisic, I.; Spalevic, V.; Maskovic, P.; Dudic, B. The of Location on the Phenological and in Agronomy , 11 ,


Introduction
Montenegro is situated in Southeast Europe along the Adriatic Sea and within the Dinaric Alps, a Western Balkan mountain range comprising mainly NW-SE-oriented ridges [1]. The narrow coastal zone with steep limestone slopes rises to average heights of 800 m, a ria coast is centered on Boka and a large debris cone near Albania [2]. Northeast of this zone lies the high karst zone, which extends about 60 km in NW-SE direction. Parallel to this zone, the elevated Durmitor Flysch region presents a relatively soft lithology dominated by sandstones, siltstones, marls, and conglomerates. The north-western highlands contain limestone and derive from a combination of glacial and karst processes. In the north, the Tara canyon marks the border with the Northern crystalline hills and mainly comprises flysch and sandstone sediments. The Polimlje Region with Prokletije, where the study area of this research is located, contains a varied geology (schists, sand-and limestone, dolomites, volcanic outcrops) with glacial geomorphic features [2][3][4][5].
The organization of any agricultural production in such hilly and mountainous landscapes faces a number of problems that limit the overall development of the agricultural area, so that in most cases, the potential of this remote rural area remains large and permanently underutilized.
However, some agricultural crops have found optimal growth conditions and produce appropriate yields accompanied by good fruit quality in the hilly and mountainous area. One of such crops is raspberry, with perennial raspberry plantations, record-breaking yields, excellent fruit quality, and the production of this fruit species in this region, which is one of the world's largest producers at high altitudes [6,7].
Growing raspberries in the north Montenegro has been increasing and is greatly contributing to the development of the region. The Willamette variety dominates the production and, over the last decade, the Meeker variety, as well as some new varieties, most notably, Tulameen, Fert rg/10.3390/xxxxx www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy anagement of Fruit Growing in Rural Areas of he Impact of Location on the Phenological and perties on Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) Abstract: The physical-geographical features of the mountainous area of Montenegro cause difficulties in farmers' life and work. The organization of the agricultural production faces a number of problems that limit the overall development of rural areas. Some agricultural crops, such as raspberry, have found optimal growth conditions and produce appropriate yields associated with good fruit quality in such mountainous area. The Willamette variety dominates the production and has broadly expanded, as some new varieties, most notably, Tulameen, Fertȍdi Zamatos, and Glen Ample. The aim of this paper was to examine the biological and production characteristics of two raspberry varieties-one floricane (Tulameen) and one primocane (Polka)-grown in two localities. We confirmed the general rule that at lower altitudes, these varieties (570 m a.s.l, Bijelo Polje) are characterized by earlier vegetation, flowering, and fruit ripening in comparison to plants at higher altitude (1040 m a.s.l, Mojkovac The results showed that the Polka variety had significantly higher total phenol content than the Tulameen variety (4.43 and 4.03 mg, respectively). In terms of locality, the Mojkovac raspberries had higher total phenol content than the Bijelo Polje raspberries. Polka raspberries also had a higher content of total flavonoids than Tulameen, whereas differences between localities in regard to the content of total flavonoids in the fruit were not significant. The content of condensed tannins and gallotannins in the raspberry fruit was similar in relation to both varieties and localities. Finally, the total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in the Polka compared to the Tulameen variety, whereas the differences between localities were not statistically significant.
Keywords: fruit growing; raspberry; Rubus idaeus L.; phenological properties; Montenegro di Zamatos, and Glen Ample have broadly expanded. To extend the season of supply of fresh raspberries, remontant (primocane) varieties are increasingly represented, even in the plains. Taking into account the growing demand for fresh raspberry fruit, with the aim to make it available on the market for a longer period of time, great attention should be paid to two-crop (remontant) red raspberry varieties (Rubus idaeus L.) characterized by excellent fruit quality, firmness, and robustness and suitable for table use. Thanks to the extended maturation period, which, in our agroecological conditions takes place from mid-July to September and even until the end of October, the fruits of these varieties can be present on the market over a longer period of time and be sold at significantly higher prices than floricane varieties intended primarily for industrial processing. According to the data of Petrovic and Leposavic [8], Polka fruits are small-to-medium-sized, cone-shaped, light red, attractive, and of better quality than most of the two-crop raspberry varieties [9]. This variety can be grown at higher altitudes.
Tulameen is a Canadian variety. It has been in production since the beginning of the 1990s. The parents of this variety are Nootka and Glen Prosen. The fruits are large (about 2 g heavier than Vilamet), long, conical in shape, bright red in color, aromatic, and sweet-sour in taste. They keep well and stay fresh for a few days after harvest. They are primarily intended for fresh consumption and are also suitable for freezing and other types of processing.
The shoots are lush, green in color, with irregularly distributed purple spots in the ground part of the shoot. The native shoots are strong, fairly erect, gray-yellow, with longitudinal cracking of the bark in the base part. The fruits are well distributed and have a relatively long stalk.
Polka is a very popular Polish variety, created in 2001 at the Institute of Fruit Growing and Floriculture in Skernjevice, Poland. The varieties 'Autumn Bliss' and 'Lloyd George' and the species Rubus crataegifolius were used for the creation of this variety. Due to the good quality of the fruits, ripening time, yield, and pronounced resistance, Polka has spread very quickly in production plantations in Poland, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ukraine, and other well-known raspberries growers in the world.
The fruits of this variety are small-to-medium-sized, conical, light red in color, very attractive in appearance, and of better quality than most two-species varieties of raspberries. Their primary purpose is for fresh consumption, but due to their good technological characteristics, Polka fruits can also be used for various types of processing. When frozen and stored, the fruits turn to a darker color, which means that they lose their quality.
The aim of this paper was to examine the biological and production characteristics of two raspberry varieties-one floricane (Tulameen) and one primocane (Polka)-grown in two localities. Particular emphasis was laid on the maturation of the fruits of the two varieties in different localities to assess the possibility of expanding the supply of fresh raspberries on the market, especially during the summer tourist season. The second part of the research addresses the fruits' nutritional properties, highlighting that raspberries represent a diverse source of healthy antioxidants and, as such, can be a useful component of our daily diet. The studied raspberry fruits are a rich source of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids and, thus, could be used as a food additive [10][11][12].

Location of the Study Area
The research work presented in this paper was carried out in two localities in the northern part of Montenegro. This area is mainly mountainous, with the presence of deep valleys incised into limestone ranges. The north Montenegro is rather hilly and underlain by Palaeozoic rocks. In this region, the highest peaks of Montenegro are found, including Komovi (2487 m a.s.l.) and Zla Kolata (2535 m a.s.l.) in the Prokletije Mountains. The rivers in this region drain to the Black Sea, and some of them form deep canyons crossing limestone formations. Further downstream, the River Lim and Tara (close to Mojkovac) form broad valleys flowing through softer Palaeozoic material [1][2][3][4][5]. The

Climatic Characteristics
The study area is characterized by a moderate continental climate, and in some locations, by a typical mountain climate, as in the neighboring Serbia and other Balkan countries [6,7].
Climate has a high impact on this type of agriculture production. According to Jovovic et al. [13], "Global warming is driving a dynamic hydrological cycle with higher total precipitation and more frequent high intensity rainfall events. Rainfall amounts and intensities expanded around the world and, according to various models, it is expected to increase furthermore during the 21st century. In this Region, we are experiencing increasing temperatures and evapotranspiration, most notably in the northern mountainous region of the studied area. The first two decades of the 21st century were recorded as the warmest since records started, with the most prominent changes within the northern hilly region, corresponding to +1.4 • C and with a decrease in the number of frost days and exceptionally cold days and evenings. A changing precipitation pattern is also forecasted in the near future (less precipitation in summer, more in winter), with an increase of land degradation and erosion processes, water stress (summer), and flood risk (winter). Regarding rainfall, there has been no critical decrease in the normal annual rainfall: precipitation has increased in autumn, whereas it has decreased from springtime to wintertime. There has been a significant increase in the number of extreme weather events".

Climatic Characteristics
The study area is characterized by a moderate continental climate, and in some lo tions, by a typical mountain climate, as in the neighboring Serbia and other Balkan cou tries [6,7].
Climate has a high impact on this type of agriculture production. According to Jov vic et al. [13], "Global warming is driving a dynamic hydrological cycle with higher to precipitation and more frequent high intensity rainfall events. Rainfall amounts and tensities expanded around the world and, according to various models, it is expected increase furthermore during the 21st century. In this Region, we are experiencing incre ing temperatures and evapotranspiration, most notably in the northern mountainous gion of the studied area. The first two decades of the 21st century were recorded as t warmest since records started, with the most prominent changes within the northern hi region, corresponding to +1.4 °C and with a decrease in the number of frost days a exceptionally cold days and evenings. A changing precipitation pattern is also forecast

Climatic Characteristics
The study area is characterized by a moderate continental climate, and in some lo tions, by a typical mountain climate, as in the neighboring Serbia and other Balkan cou tries [6,7].
Climate has a high impact on this type of agriculture production. According to Jov vic et al. [13], "Global warming is driving a dynamic hydrological cycle with higher to precipitation and more frequent high intensity rainfall events. Rainfall amounts and tensities expanded around the world and, according to various models, it is expected increase furthermore during the 21st century. In this Region, we are experiencing incre ing temperatures and evapotranspiration, most notably in the northern mountainous gion of the studied area. The first two decades of the 21st century were recorded as t warmest since records started, with the most prominent changes within the northern hi region, corresponding to +1.4 °C and with a decrease in the number of frost days a exceptionally cold days and evenings. A changing precipitation pattern is also forecast "Furthermore, storms have become more frequent and more intense as of the begging of the 21st century, resulting in huge amounts of precipitation and high flooding. Flooding, droughts, and heatwaves are progressively impacting natural assets. Flash floods and heavy snowfalls are becoming more common. For this research, we used data provided by the Institute of Hydrometeorology of Montenegro, which considers the studied region as having continental climate, with rainy autumns and springs and cold winters" [4,14,15].
Some basic data on meteorological conditions in the course of the experiments are presented in the Table 1. The absolute maximum air temperature ever recorded is 39.2 • C. Winters are severe with negative temperatures as low as −27.6 • C. The average annual air temperature, t0, is 8.9 • C. The average annual precipitation, Hyear, is 873 mm [15].

The Geological Structure and Soils of the Area
Montenegro is part of the Dinaric Alps, which are included in the complex thrustand-fold system of the Mediterranean area. This area represents a proxy of long-lasting interactions between Eurasia and Gondwana, resulting in a system of fold-and-thrust belts and associated foreland and back-arc basins. The system cannot be interpreted as the end product of one single Alpine orogeny, as the major suture zones result from various tectonic events which closed different oceanic basins of the former Tethyan Ocean. The Dinarides-Albanides-Hellenides orogenic belt was caused by a Tertiary collision between the Adriatic promontory and the Serbo-Macedonian-Rhodope blocks. The belt is bordered to the west by a foreland basin in the Eastern Adriatic basin filled with Eocene-Quaternary deep marine sediments [14,15].
The study area at large consists of various types of sediment, magmatic, and metamorphic rocks generated in the long, Palaeozoic to Quaternary, interval. Most of the terrain is underlain by Mesozoic formations of carbonate composition, while magmatic and silico-clastic rocks are substantially less present. Palaeozoic geological formations consist of sedimentary and metamorphic, silico-clastic rocks found mostly in the north-eastern parts of Montenegro, while Cainozoic rocks of carbonate and clastic composition occur almost in all regions of Montenegro [14][15][16][17].
The main rocks outcropping in the area are clastic and subordinate carbonate rocks from the Palaeozoic, Triassic clastites, volcanites, tuffs, limestone and dolomites, Jurassic clastic rocks with diabasic effusions, metamorphic rocks, and Quaternary, mainly alluvial and colluvial deposits.
According to the results of the field visits and supplementary laboratory analysis, but also using the previous research data of the project Soils of Montenegro  carried out by Fustic and Djuretic [18] and Spalevic [5,19], the most common soil types in the study basin are Dystric Cambisols and Fluvisols and Colluvial Fluvisols in the lower alluvial plain.

Phenological Characteristics and Chemical Analysis
The varieties examined were Tulameen and Polka. These two varieties are present in a small area of Montenegro's raspberry growing region compared to Willamette. However, as these varieties mature during June and July (Tulameen) and during August and September (Polka), they are very interesting for expansion of the variety structure and extension of the supply, especially, the supply of fresh raspberries on the market. The plantations were set up with a plant spacing of 2.8 × 0.3 m or 11,900 seedlings per hectare. Standard agrotechnical and protection measures were applied in the plantation.
The The content of the so-called secondary chemical compounds-total phenols, total flavonoids, condensed tannins and gallotannins, on the basis of which the total antioxidant capacity was calculated. The total phenol content (mg GA/g extract) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method. The total quantity of flavonoids (mg RU/g extract) was determined by spectrophotometry using AlCl 3 according to a methodology described by Brighente et al. [20]. The method for the determination of condensed tannins is based on proanthocyanidins deposition using formaldehyde [21]. Gallotannins can be quantitatively determined by the potassium iodate assay. The assay is based on the reaction of potassium iodate (KIO 3 ) with galloyl esters [21], which leads to the formation of a red intermediate and, eventually, a yellow compound. All determinations were performed in triplicate, and the results are presented as the mean value of three measurements (± standard deviation). The abovementioned methods were performed on a HACH DR2800 mobile photometer at the Faculty of Agronomy in Cacak, in the laboratory for testing the quality of food and agricultural products. The total antioxidant activity of the obtained extracts was determined by the phosphomolybdenum method [22]. The method is based on a reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) using antioxidants, resulting in phosphate/Mo (V) complex in an acidic environment. The antioxidant activity of the fruit extracts analyzed was determined by the ABTS+ radical cation method described by Re et al. [23]. Antioxidant activity at the DPPH radical level was determined by the method described by Kumarasamy et al. [24]. The abovementioned methods were performed on a CARY 300 spectrophotometer at the Faculty of Agronomy in Cacak, in the laboratory for testing the quality of food and agricultural products.

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis and testing of the significance of the differences obtained were carried out by variance analysis and LSD test for the significance level of p ≤ 0.05, using the ANOVA statistical software (SPS Statistica, Software 5.0).

Results
The results concerning the blooming of the tested raspberry varieties at different localities in the north of Montenegro are shown in Figure 4.
of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) using antioxidants, resulting in phosphate/Mo (V) complex in an acidic environment. The antioxidant activity of the fruit extracts analyzed was determined by the ABTS+ radical cation method described by Re et al. [23]. Antioxidant activity at the DPPH radical level was determined by the method described by Kumarasamy et al. [24]. The abovementioned methods were performed on a CARY 300 spectrophotometer at the Faculty of Agronomy in Cacak, in the laboratory for testing the quality of food and agricultural products.

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis and testing of the significance of the differences obtained were carried out by variance analysis and LSD test for the significance level of p ≤ 0.05, using the ANOVA statistical software (SPS Statistica, Software 5.0).

Results
The results concerning the blooming of the tested raspberry varieties at different localities in the north of Montenegro are shown in Figure 4.  The Polka variety in both localities flowered later than the Tulameen variety. In the Bijelo Polje Locality, flowering lasted from 25 June to 20 August, while in the Mojkovac Locality, Polka flowered from 1 July to 5 September. In both localities under research, the first flowering phase (flowering in the upper part of the primocanes) lasted about 20-25 days, followed by a shorter recess in flowering. The second flowering phase (on the same primocanes, only in their central and lower parts) was shorter by 15 to 20 days. A similar pattern was also observed in relation to the fruit maturation phenophase ( Figure 5). The Tulameen variety is a floricane variety that maturated before the Polka variety. At the Bijelo Polje Locality, the Tulameen maturation period was from 14 June to 10 July (the harvesting period lasted 26 days). In the same Locality, Polka fruit maturation began on 23 July. The first harvest wave lasted until 15 August, followed by a brief recess in maturation. In the lower cane parts, fruit maturation started around 22 August and lasted until 15 September.
Fruit maturation in the Mojkovac Locality began later than in the Bijelo Polje Locality. In the Mojkovac Locality, the Tulameen variety matured from 22 June to 17 July, which is, on average, 8 days later than in the Bijelo Polje Locality. The Polka variety matured in the Mojkovac Locality from 5 August to 25 September (10-15 days later than in the Bijelo Polje Locality). In the Mojkovac Locality, fruit maturation of the Polka variety was continuous, i.e., there it did not stop as in Bijelo Polje. The main reason for this phenomenon is that Mojkovac is at a higher altitude; temperatures in summer are moderate and pleasant, exceptionally favorable for raspberry maturation [6]. High temperatures that can occur during the summer, especially on southern slopes and at lower elevation, can cause significant problems in fruit bearing, leading to smaller fruits, the appearance of sunburns, and even a halt in flowering or fruiting [7]. The Tulameen variety is a floricane variety that maturated before the Polka variety. At the Bijelo Polje Locality, the Tulameen maturation period was from 14 June to 10 July (the harvesting period lasted 26 days). In the same Locality, Polka fruit maturation began on 23 July. The first harvest wave lasted until 15 August, followed by a brief recess in maturation. In the lower cane parts, fruit maturation started around 22 August and lasted until 15 September.
Fruit maturation in the Mojkovac Locality began later than in the Bijelo Polje Locality. In the Mojkovac Locality, the Tulameen variety matured from 22 June to 17 July, which is, on average, 8 days later than in the Bijelo Polje Locality. The Polka variety matured in the Mojkovac Locality from 5 August to 25 September (10-15 days later than in the Bijelo Polje Locality). In the Mojkovac Locality, fruit maturation of the Polka variety was continuous, i.e., there it did not stop as in Bijelo Polje. The main reason for this phenomenon is that Mojkovac is at a higher altitude; temperatures in summer are moderate and pleasant, exceptionally favorable for raspberry maturation [6]. High temperatures that can occur during the summer, especially on southern slopes and at lower elevation, can cause significant problems in fruit bearing, leading to smaller fruits, the appearance of sunburns, and even a halt in flowering or fruiting [7].
Based on the results shown, it can be stated that the conditions of the locality significantly affected the dynamics and duration of the flowering and fruiting phases.
Climate parameters significantly influence the beginning and flow of phenophases in raspberry development [25,26].
The most important climate parameters are temperature, sunlight quality, and daylight duration [27]. Our results related to flowering duration (26-28 days for Tulameen and 55-65 days for Polka), as well as to the duration of fruit bearing, are similar to the results of several other authors [8,[28][29][30][31].
Orographic factors, primarily altitude, significantly modify climate parameters. The Mojkovac Locality is located 470 m higher than the Bijelo Polje Locality, which caused significant differences in the time of beginning and in the flow of the flowering and fruitbearing phenophases.
For the same variety, due to the influence of latitude, altitude, climate conditions, terrain exposure, etc., the difference in time between the phenophases can be several weeks [30], as shown by the results of our paper.
The results related to the fruit characteristics of the raspberry varieties under research in different localities are summarized in Tables 2 and 3.  The results related to the fruit characteristics of the raspberry varieties under research in different localities are presented in Tables 2 and 3.
The differences in fruit weight as well as in soluble dry matter content between the localities were not statistically significant. However, the differences between varieties were significant. The Tulameen variety fruits were significantly larger than those of Polka (4.76 g and 3.47 g, respectively), which is consistent with their variety characteristics and the results of various authors, i.e., Daubeny and Anderson [32], Peral Eyduran and Sabit Agaoglu [33], Milivojevic et al. [34], Leposavic et al. [35].
As regards the soluble dry matter content, the results showed that the values of Polka were higher (13.63 • Brix) than those of Tulameen (12.24 • Brix). In the study of Markuszewski et al. (2019), Polka showed a larger soluble dry matter content than Tu-lameen. Peral Eyduran and Sabit Agaoglu (2006) presented a significantly higher value of soluble dry matter content in the Tulameen variety compared to our research. On the other hand, Cortellino et al. [36] obtained values lower than ours, which only confirms that soluble dry matter content is a complex characteristic that depends on a large number of factors, such as tending, locality, and harvest season, i.e., sampling time [37,38].
Fruit and vegetables contain a wide range of antioxidant compounds that can help protect cellular systems against oxidative damage and reduce the risk of chronic diseases [39]. Such benefits for cellular systems can be attributed to the antioxidant capacity and specific interrelationships of compounds present in the raspberry fruit, such as total phenols, total flavonoids, condensed tannins and gallotannins, often referred to as secondary chemical units [40].
The results showed that the Polka variety had significantly higher total phenol content than the Tulameen variety (4.43 and 4.03, respectively). When considering localities, the Mojkovac Site raspberries had higher total phenol content than the Bijelo Polje raspberries. Polka also had a higher content of total flavonoids in the fruit than Tulameen, whereas differences between the localities for the content of total flavonoids in the fruit were not significant. The content of condensed tannins and gallotannins in the raspberry fruit was similar both between the varieties and between the localities. Finally, the total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in Polka compared to Tulameen, whereas the differences between localities in this regard were not statistically significant.
Phenolic compounds in raspberry fruits are known to have antioxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neurodegenerative biological properties [41].
The results obtained by Milivojevic et al. [42] demonstrated that the average content of total phenols for eight raspberry varieties varied from 2.34 to 4.66 mg GAE g −1 FW. Moore et al. [43], examining the content of total phenols in 10 raspberry varieties, found an average value of 3.04 mg GAE g −1 FW.
Some results suggest that the genotype may have a very strong influence on the content of bioactive compounds in fruits [44]. The research of Milivojevic et al. [45] established a negative correlation between fruit size and most nutritive quality parameters. In particular, raspberry varieties with a smaller fruit size (such as Polka, in our case) showed a higher nutritional value, expressed in high values of soluble dry matter and phenols. Similar results were obtained by Remberg [46], with a negative correlation between fruit weight and total antioxidant capacity in raspberry fruits. Our results are consistent with those of previous studies. As a variety characterized by larger fruits, Tulameen had a slightly lower antioxidant capacity value and lower soluble dry matter content values than Polka.
With our research, we confirmed the findings of Augšpole et al. [47], Liu [39], Krauze-Baranowska M. and Majdan [40] that raspberry represents a diverse source of potentially healthy antioxidants and, as such, can be a useful component of our daily diet. Raspberry cultivar fruits are a rich source of total phenols, total flavonoids, titrable acidity, and total soluble sugars, which demonstrates their potential use as a food additive.

Conclusions
Raspberry flowering in the Bijelo Polje Locality was, on average, 7-11 days earlier than flowering in the Mojkovac Locality. Irrespective of the locality, Tulameen flowered 35-40 days earlier than Polka.
There were no differences between the localities in terms of fruit weight and soluble dry matter content. The Tulameen variety was significantly larger but had a lower soluble dry matter content.
The Polka variety had higher total phenols and total flavonoids, as well as a higher total antioxidant capacity compared to Tulameen. The locality had no significant effect on these properties, except for total phenol contents, which was higher in the raspberry fruit from the Mojkovac Locality.
In general, the good raspberry growing results in both localities for both varieties indicate that production of the raspberry varieties Tulameen and Polka can be implemented in the northern part of Montenegro, which will provide a continuous and long-term supply of fresh raspberry on the market, as well as fruits of good quality.