Microwave-Absorbing Properties of Rice Starch

In the food industry, research into the characteristics of microwave-heated materials has focused on dielectric properties. However, the lack of studies on microwave-absorbing properties has hindered the application of microwave technology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microwave-absorbing properties of rice starch. It should be noted that this was the first time that the improved arch method was used to measure the microwave reflection loss (RL) of the starch dispersion. The results showed that the microwave absorption of the liquid system corresponded to the classical quarter-wavelength resonator model. When the concentration of the native starch was increased from 1% to 30%, the RL decreased from  ́5.1 dB to  ́1.2 dB at 2.45 GHz. Therefore, the absorption rate of microwave, γab, decreased from 69.1% to 24.1%. At 1.7 to 2.6 GHz, the interference effect of pregelatinization rice starch in an aqueous system on the microwave absorption properties became weak compared to native starch. Polymers 2015, 7 1896


Introduction
The response of a material in a microwave field cannot be described by its complex permittivity alone, as it can also be affected by the size, resistivity and complex permeability, among others.The response of starch to electromagnetic waves determines the absorption, release and loss ability of the microwave.The absorbing properties of the material were the comprehensive performance of its dielectric properties, the magnetic properties and its macroscopic morphology.Therefore, the study of the microwave-absorbing properties of starch can be used to describe the response of the material to microwaves more completely and also to predict the effect on the space field density.Therefore, the study of the microwave absorption properties of starch materials at low power electromagnetic fields based on a vector network analyzer can provide the theoretical basis to investigate the effect of high power microwave on starch material and to realize the application of high power microwave in the processing field.
The reflection loss (RL) of an electromagnetic wave can be measured using the arch method [1][2][3], which has been widely used in the study of absorbing materials in military areas.The absorption rate can be further calculated using the RL value.
Potato starch dielectric properties have been shown to change significantly with changes in temperature and moisture [4].The dielectric loss factor, ε", of gelatinized potato starch is higher than for granules [5].The permittivity of starch was measured over a 0.2 to 20 GHz frequency range [6].The structure of gelatinized and swollen starch combined with little water.More water was therefore in a free state and responded to the changes in the microwave field, generating heat.With an increase in temperature, the change in permittivity ε' and ε" of potato, wheat, corn and waxy cornstarch suspensions decreased, and with a decrease in concentration, ε' increased, whereas ε" changed only little [7].A study of the effect of temperature on the dielectric properties of five types of starch, including both granular and suspension forms, showed that with increasing temperature, ε' and ε" of the granular starch increased, whereas for starch in solution, ε' and ε" decreased [4].Research on the electromagnetic properties of starchy foods has primarily focused on dough [8,9].However, at present, research on the microwave absorption of food ingredients is scarce, significantly limiting the application of industrial and civilian microwave technology in this field.In this study, to determine the production and reheating adjustments of microwaved rice products, the microwave-absorbing properties of both rice starch granules and its gelatinized form in an aqueous system were investigated.The electromagnetic properties of starch in a microwave field were tested to determine the loss type.We explored an innovative approach to measuring the starch RL, for the further study of its microwave-absorbing properties.

Preparation of Samples in an Amorphous State
Amorphous starch was prepared as described previously [12].

Electromagnetic Measurements
The electromagnetic parameters of starch granules were measured using the coaxial transmission line testing method [13].Coaxial specimens for the electromagnetic parameters were prepared by dispersing starch samples in molten paraffin wax, then molding it into toroid-shaped samples with a 7.00-mm outer diameter and a 3.04-mm inner diameter.The specimens were surveyed over a sweeping range of 2 to 7 GHz.The vector network analyzer (HP 8720B, Hewlett Packard Co., Palo Alto, CA, USA) was the most important part of the testing system.The vector network analyzer was calibrated before measuring, and the sample was then set in the test fixture.The electromagnetic parameters, via the transmission method, were calculated from the scattering parameters.

Dielectric Measurements
The dielectric properties of the liquid system were measured using a vector network analyzer (E5071C, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with an open-ended coaxial line, connected to a dielectric probe (85070E, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) [14,15].The probe was first calibrated using three materials, air, water (of known temperature) and metal, to ensure the accuracy of the measurements.Each sample was mixed to homogeneity before testing and was measured in triplicate.

RL Measurements
The RL versus frequency for complex liquid materials was improved on the basis of the arch method by adding polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as the wall material to the former aluminum plate, to make a specialized container (Figure 1a).The testing system of the improved arch method included a vector network analyzer (HP 8720B, Hewlett Packard Co., Palo Alto, CA, USA) and standard horn antennas in an anechoic chamber as a function of frequency from 1.7 to 2.6 GHz (Figure 1b).

The Electromagnetic Properties of Rice Starch
As shown in Figure 2a,b, at a range of 2 to 7 GHz, ε and the permeability, μ, of the two samples fluctuated periodically and were nearly constant with the increase in frequency.For the complex permittivity of both native and completely gelatinized starch, ε' was 2.7 ± 0.1, and ε" lay in the range of 0 to 0.2, with tan δε below 0.1, indicating that rice starch weakly absorbs microwaves.For complex permeability, μ' was 1.00 ± 0.10, and μ" and tan δμ were both 0.19 ± 0.02, indicating weak magnetic induction.Compared to native starch, the complex permittivity of gelatinized starch in Figure 2c did not change significantly, indicating that the solid powder of each was not obviously polarized.From the testing data, we conclude that starch experiences dielectric loss.

The Dielectric Properties of the Rice Starch Dispersion
We prepared a range of concentrations of the starch dispersion, 1%, 5%, 7%, 8% and 9% [16,17], to study ε' and ε" at room temperature and at 2.45 GHz.The results are shown in Figure 3.With the increase in concentration, the ε' of the starch dispersion decreased in a linear manner, whereas ε" showed little change, indicating that the ability of the starch to absorb and store the microwaves in the microwave

The Electromagnetic Properties of Rice Starch
As shown in Figure 2a,b, at a range of 2 to 7 GHz, ε and the permeability, µ, of the two samples fluctuated periodically and were nearly constant with the increase in frequency.For the complex permittivity of both native and completely gelatinized starch, ε' was 2.7 ˘0.1, and ε" lay in the range of 0 to 0.2, with tan δ ε below 0.1, indicating that rice starch weakly absorbs microwaves.For complex permeability, µ' was 1.00 ˘0.10, and µ" and tan δ µ were both 0.19 ˘0.02, indicating weak magnetic induction.Compared to native starch, the complex permittivity of gelatinized starch in Figure 2c did not change significantly, indicating that the solid powder of each was not obviously polarized.From the testing data, we conclude that starch experiences dielectric loss.

The Dielectric Properties of the Rice Starch Dispersion
We prepared a range of concentrations of the starch dispersion, 1%, 5%, 7%, 8% and 9% [16,17], to study ε' and ε" at room temperature and at 2.45 GHz.The results are shown in Figure 3.With the increase in concentration, the ε' of the starch dispersion decreased in a linear manner, whereas ε" showed little change, indicating that the ability of the starch to absorb and store the microwaves in the microwave field declined, but its ability to transform the microwave energy into heat did not, which is consistent with previous reports [7].
field declined, but its ability to transform the microwave energy into heat did not, which is consistent with previous reports [7].Polymers 2015, 7 5 field declined, but its ability to transform the microwave energy into heat did not, which is consistent with previous reports [7].Polymers 2015, 7 1900

RL of Water
To determine whether the improved arch method can be applied to the liquid material, we examined the RL of the water system at different thicknesses and at a frequency of 2.45 GHz.We calculated 1/4 of the electromagnetic wavelength, λ m , of the water system to be 3.23 mm, according to the following formula: where ε and µ of the water system, as well as the wavelength in a vacuum spread, λ 0 , are 79.05 ˘0.01, 1.06 ˘0.01 and about 0.12245 m, respectively at 2.45 GHz and 24 ˘1 ˝C.As shown in Figure 4, the maximum value of RL, or the largest microwave absorption of the water system, occurred at a 3 mm water thickness, which corresponded to the classical quarter-wavelength (λ/4) resonator model [13].The formula of the resonator model can be expressed as follows: where d, ε and µ denote the thickness, relative complex permittivity and permeability of the testing materials, respectively; c is the velocity of light, and the peak frequency of the test material is defined as matching the frequency f m .According to the resonator model, when the thickness of the material is equal to the value of 1/4 of the electromagnetic wavelength, interference effects between the wave and the material occur, leading to an energy decline in the reflected electromagnetic wave.We conclude that the improved arch method is suitable for the determination of the microwave-absorbing properties of a liquid system.

RL of Water
To determine whether the improved arch method can be applied to the liquid material, we examined the RL of the water system at different thicknesses and at a frequency of 2.45 GHz.We calculated 1/4 of the electromagnetic wavelength, λm, of the water system to be 3.23 mm, according to the following formula: where ε and μ of the water system, as well as the wavelength in a vacuum spread, λ0, are 79.05 ± 0.01, 1.06 ± 0.01 and about 0.12245 m, respectively at 2.45 GHz and 24 ± 1 °C.As shown in Figure 4, the maximum value of RL, or the largest microwave absorption of the water system, occurred at a 3 mm water thickness, which corresponded to the classical quarter-wavelength (λ/4) resonator model [13].
The formula of the resonator model can be expressed as follows: where d, ε and μ denote the thickness, relative complex permittivity and permeability of the testing materials, respectively; c is the velocity of light, and the peak frequency of the test material is defined as matching the frequency fm.According to the resonator model, when the thickness of the material is equal to the value of 1/4 of the electromagnetic wavelength, interference effects between the wave and the material occur, leading to an energy decline in the reflected electromagnetic wave.We conclude that the improved arch method is suitable for the determination of the microwave-absorbing properties of a liquid system.The RL curve of a water system of varying thickness at 2.45 GHz, at room temperature.

Microwave-Absorbing Properties of the Rice Starch Dispersion
We investigated the RL curves of 3 mm-thick starch-water mixtures at different concentrations.As shown in Figure 5a, the starch dispersion exhibited regular changes, and significantly, the location of the absorption peak was at the same location at frequencies of 1.7 to 2.6 GHz.In addition, there was little change in the interval of the RL peak compared to Figure 5b.These results suggest that water

Microwave-Absorbing Properties of the Rice Starch Dispersion
We investigated the RL curves of 3 mm-thick starch-water mixtures at different concentrations.As shown in Figure 5a, the starch dispersion exhibited regular changes, and significantly, the location of the absorption peak was at the same location at frequencies of 1.7 to 2.6 GHz.In addition, there was little change in the interval of the RL peak compared to Figure 5b.These results suggest that water molecules dominated the electromagnetic properties of the rice starch dispersion, whereas the starch had little effect on the value of the RL peak.Microwave heating is greatly affected by the presence of water in foods [18,19].The 3-mm thickness of the rice starch dispersion was appropriate to reflect the change in the absorption of the whole system.
Polymers 2015, 7 7 molecules dominated the electromagnetic properties of the rice starch dispersion, whereas the starch had little effect on the value of the RL peak.Microwave heating is greatly affected by the presence of water in foods [18,19].The 3-mm thickness of the rice starch dispersion was appropriate to reflect the change in the absorption of the whole system.From Figure 5b, it can be seen that when the concentration of the native starch increased from 1% to 30%, the RL decreased from −5.1 dB to −1.2 dB at a frequency of 2.45 GHz.Therefore, the absorption rate of the electromagnetic wave, γab, decreased from 69.1% to 24.1%, calculated using the following formula: Considering the homogeneity of the samples during processing, we discuss the absorption of 6% native and pregelatinization rice starch.As shown in Figure 6, although accounting for only a small proportion, the native starch significantly interfered with the microwave absorption properties of the water, whereas the properties of the whole mixture were less affected by the pregelatinization rice starch.At a frequency of 1.7 to 2.6 GHz, the type and height of the absorption peak for the pregelatinization rice starch system was consistent with the water system, indicating that water played the leading role in the microwave absorption.The detailed data are shown in Table 1.From Figure 5b, it can be seen that when the concentration of the native starch increased from 1% to 30%, the RL decreased from ´5.1 dB to ´1.2 dB at a frequency of 2.45 GHz.Therefore, the absorption rate of the electromagnetic wave, γ ab , decreased from 69.1% to 24.1%, calculated using the following formula: Considering the homogeneity of the samples during processing, we discuss the absorption of 6% native and pregelatinization rice starch.As shown in Figure 6, although accounting for only a small proportion, the native starch significantly interfered with the microwave absorption properties of the water, whereas the properties of the whole mixture were less affected by the pregelatinization rice starch.At a frequency of 1.7 to 2.6 GHz, the type and height of the absorption peak for the pregelatinization rice starch system was consistent with the water system, indicating that water played the leading role in the microwave absorption.The detailed data are shown in Table 1.

Conclusions
The microwave-absorbing properties of rice starch were investigated indirectly from the point of view of both the electromagnetic characteristics and the size effect.It can be concluded that rice starch is a weakly-absorbing material of weak electromagnetic induction.It showed the greatest microwave absorption for 3 mm-thick water, indicating that the interference effects between microwave and water were consistent with the classical quarter-wavelength (λ/4) resonator model.
The microwave-absorbing properties of rice starch were investigated directly for the first time to use the improved arch method to measure the RL of the starch dispersion.When the concentration of the starch dispersion was increased from 1% to 30%, the microwave-absorbing rate decreased from 69.1% to 24.1%.At a frequency of 1.7 to 2.6 GHz, the interference effect of pregelatinization rice starch in an aqueous system on the microwave absorption properties became smaller compared to the native starch.Further studies will be required to determine the different effects of microwave and traditional heating methods on the microwave absorption of rice starch and to take advantage of the relevant models to explain the material interference of the microwave space field.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(a) The improved specialized container for liquid samples and (b) the schematic diagram of the arch method testing system.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(a) The improved specialized container for liquid samples and (b) the schematic diagram of the arch method testing system.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The complex dielectric permittivity values (a,c) and complex permeability values (b,d) of rice starch and gelatinized starch, respectively, in the range of 2 to 7 GHz, at room temperature.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The permittivity (■) and dielectric loss (▲) values for starch dispersions of different concentrations at 2.45 GHz, at room temperature.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The complex dielectric permittivity values (a,c) and complex permeability values (b,d) of rice starch and gelatinized starch, respectively, in the range of 2 to 7 GHz, at room temperature.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The complex dielectric permittivity values (a,c) and complex permeability values (b,d) of rice starch and gelatinized starch, respectively, in the range of 2 to 7 GHz, at room temperature.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The permittivity (■) and dielectric loss (▲) values for starch dispersions of different concentrations at 2.45 GHz, at room temperature.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The permittivity ( ) and dielectric loss ( ) values for starch dispersions of different concentrations at 2.45 GHz, at room temperature.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The RL curve of a water system of varying thickness at 2.45 GHz, at room temperature.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The RL curve of a water system of varying thickness at 2.45 GHz, at room temperature.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) The RL patterns in the frequency range 1.7 to 2.6 GHz and (b) the RL curve at 2.45 GHz for starch dispersions of different concentrations at room temperature.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) The RL patterns in the frequency range 1.7 to 2.6 GHz and (b) the RL curve at 2.45 GHz for starch dispersions of different concentrations at room temperature.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The RL curves of native and pregelatinization starch-water mixtures of a 6% concentration.

Table 1 .
Detailed data on the absorption performance of starch emulsions.

Table 1 .
Detailed data on the absorption performance of starch emulsions.