Influence of Strong Shear Field on Structure and Performance of HDPE/PA6 In Situ Microfibril Composites

As one of the most widely applied general-purpose plastics, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) exhibits good comprehensive performance. However, mechanical strength limits its wider application. In this work, we introduced the engineering plastic PA6 as a dispersed phase to modify the HDPE matrix and applied multiple shears generated by vibration to the polymer melt during the packing stage of injection molding. SEM, 2D-WXRD and 2D-SAXS were used to characterize the morphology and structure of the samples. The results show that under the effect of a strong shear field, the dispersed phase in the composites can form in situ microfibers and numerous high-strength shish-kebab and hybrid shish-kebab structures are formed. Additionally, the distribution of fibers and high-strength oriented structures in the composites expands to the core region with the increase in vibration times. As a result, the tensile strength, tensile modulus and surface hardness of VIM-6 can reach a high level of 66.5 MPa, 981.4 MPa and 72, respectively. Therefore, a high-performance HDPE product is successfully prepared in this study, which is of great importance for expanding the application range of HDPE products.


Introduction
High-density polyethylene (HDPE), as a high-crystallinity, non-polar thermoplastic resin, has good comprehensive properties such as low toxicity, excellent cold resistance, good mechanical performance, great chemical resistance and ease of processing [1][2][3][4][5][6].Therefore, it has become one of the most widely applied general-purpose plastics.However, with the advancement of science and technology, the mechanical strength of existing HDPE can no longer meet the demand for high-strength plastic products [7].Therefore, it is of great significance to further improve the mechanical properties of HDPE to expand its application range.
High-performance polymer composites have been widely researched and applied owing to their excellent mechanical properties [8,9].Adding fibers to the polymer matrix to prepare polymer composites is one of the common methods of polymer reinforcement [10,11].At present, the commonly used reinforcing fibers are mainly high-strength inorganic fibers, such as glass fibers (GFs) [12,13], carbon fibers (CFs) [14,15], etc.But during the process of manufacturing these composites, the fibers may break as a result of shearing and agitation by the processing equipment, which reduces the length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio of the fibers and even leads to a decrease in the mechanical properties of the material [16].Fortunately, the in situ microfibril composite (MFC) has stood out from the traditional polymer composites and attracted the attention of many researchers due to its great potential in mechanical enhancement and huge advantage in manufacturing over the past few decades [17,18].Compared with common inorganic fiber polymer composites, the fibers of MFCs are formed during processing, which prevents fibers breaking Polymers 2024, 16, 1032 3 of 13 purchased from Guangdong Xinhui Meida Nylon Co., Ltd., Jiangmen, China with an MFR of 26.4 g/10 min (190 • C/2.16 kg).

Sample Preparation
PA6 was dried at 80 • C for 12 h under vacuum to prevent degradation during processing.Then, HDPE/PA6 pellets with a mass blending ratio of 90:10 were fully melted and mixed through a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D = 40 (CPE 20 plus, Coperion, Nanjing, China).The temperatures from the hopper to the die head were between 225 and 240 • C, and the screw rotation was maintained at 140 rpm.The extruded strand was then pelletized, and the obtained blend granules were dried at 80 • C for 12 h again.In this experiment, the dried blended granules were processed into injection-molded parts by the self-developed MFVIM equipment, whose mechanism was described in detail in our previous studies [37,42].The mold temperature was 40 • C, and the melt temperatures from the hopper to the nozzle were 180 • C, 190 • C, 210 • C, 220 • C and 220 • C, respectively.During the packing stage, vibration times were set to 2, 4 and 6, respectively.And the specific parameter settings are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1.For the purpose of comparison, conventional injection molding (CIM) samples of HDPE/PA6 blends were also prepared in this experiment.The prepared samples are denoted as CIM and VIM-x, where CIM and VIM represent the samples molded by CIM and MFVIM, while x means the vibration times.The sampling methods for various characterizations are shown in Figure 2.
Polymers 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of

Sample Preparation
PA6 was dried at 80 °C for 12 h under vacuum to prevent degradation during pr cessing.Then, HDPE/PA6 pellets with a mass blending ratio of 90:10 were fully melte and mixed through a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D = 40 (CPE 20 plus, C perion, Nanjing, China).The temperatures from the hopper to the die head were betwee 225 and 240 °C, and the screw rotation was maintained at 140 rpm.The extruded stran was then pelletized, and the obtained blend granules were dried at 80 °C for 12 h agai In this experiment, the dried blended granules were processed into injection-molded par by the self-developed MFVIM equipment, whose mechanism was described in detail our previous studies [37,42].The mold temperature was 40 °C, and the melt temperatur from the hopper to the nozzle were 180 °C, 190 °C, 210 °C, 220 °C and 220 °C, respectivel During the packing stage, vibration times were set to 2, 4 and 6, respectively.And th specific parameter se ings are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1.For the purpose of compa ison, conventional injection molding (CIM) samples of HDPE/PA6 blends were also pr pared in this experiment.The prepared samples are denoted as CIM and VIM-x, whe CIM and VIM represent the samples molded by CIM and MFVIM, while x means the v bration times.The sampling methods for various characterizations are shown in Figure

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
The thermal behavior and crystallinity of different samples were analyzed using a differential scanning calorimetric instrument (TA Q250, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE USA).All measurements were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere.About 3-5 mg of  The thermal behavior and crystallinity of different samples were analyzed using a differential scanning calorimetric instrument (TA Q250, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA).All measurements were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere.About 3-5 mg of the samples was heated from 40 • C to 240 • C at a heating rate of 10 • C/min.The crystallinity (X c ) of each sample can be calculated according to the following equation: where ∆H m indicates the measured value of the enthalpy of melting obtained from the DSC experiment.∆H 0 m means the enthalpy of the melting of completely crystallized PLA, which is 293 J/g [43].w f represents the mass fraction of HDPE in the mixture, which is 0.9 in this work.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
In order to examine the distribution and morphology of the dispersed phase in different samples, we etched the specimens by using formic acid to remove the PA6 dispersed phase.To further observe the crystal morphology, the samples were placed in a mixed acid solution for etching to remove the amorphous phase.The etched surfaces were cleaned with distilled water in an ultrasonic bath and dried afterwards.After gold sputtering treatment, the etched surfaces were examined by a field-emission scanning electron microscope (Nova Nano SEM450, FEI company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) along the MD-ND plane with an accelerating voltage of 10 kV.

2D-WAXD and 2D-SAXS Measurements
Two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction (2D-WAXD) and two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering (2D-SAXS) measurements were carried out on the BL16B1 beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai, China.The size of the rectangular beam was 0.5 × 0.8 mm 2 , and the wavelength of the light was 0.124 nm.The detector-to-sample distances for WAXD and SAXS were 88.5 mm and 1000 mm, respectively.The rectangular beam, perpendicular to the MD-ND plane in Figure 2, was moved from the upper surface to the center region of the samples and irradiated at five positions with an interval distance of 300 µm.The distances between the upper surface and each position are about 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 µm, respectively.
The crystal orientation is calculated by using Herman's orientation function, which is defined as where cos 2 φ hkl is the orientation factor, which is defined as where φ is the angle between the molecular chain direction and the melt flow direction, and I(φ) is the scattering intensity at angle φ.When f is equal to 0, the molecular chains Polymers 2024, 16, 1032 5 of 13 are randomly arranged.When f is −0.5 or 1.0, the c axes of all the crystals are exactly perpendicular or parallel to the flow direction, respectively.

Mechanical Test
The mechanical strength of injection-molded products is tested using an electronic universal testing machine (68TM-10, Instron, Boston, MA, USA).According to ASTM D-638-V, the samples for the tensile test were cut into dumbbell bars with the dimensions of 65 mm × 4 mm × 3 mm (length × width of narrow part × thickness).All tests were carried out at room temperature with a cross-head speed of 50 mm/min.Five specimens of each group were tested, and the results were averaged.
A LX-D Shore Hardness Tester (HANDPI, Yueqing, China) was used to measure the surface hardness of the injection-molded parts.According to ASTM D2240, the hardness test was performed at room temperature with a specimen thickness of 6 mm.The hardness of the samples was tested at five different locations on the surface of each specimen, and the results were averaged.

Phase Morphology
In order to investigate the morphology of the dispersed phase at different locations in the samples, the etched surfaces were observed by SEM, and the results are shown in Figure 3.For CIM, although the dispersed phase can be stretched along the flow direction due to the shear effect introduced by the filling process, it is limited around 300 µm that oriented fibers can be observed.Meanwhile, at 600 µm, the PA6 dispersed phase gradually transforms from fibers to rod-like particles with a low length-diameter (L/D) ratio.Moreover, there is a typical sea-island structure in the core region, in which the dispersed phase is mainly ellipsoidal or spherical.However, after the introduction of a strong shear field, the situation changes dramatically.For VIM-2, in situ microfibers with a large L/D ratio can be observed at both 300 µm and 600 µm.In addition, the dispersed phase can still form oriented short rods at 900 µm and 1200 µm.Meanwhile, for VIM-4 and VIM-6, highly oriented fibers can be found from 300 µm to 1200 µm.Furthermore, there are still a small number of fibers remaining at 1500 µm.From the above results, it can be concluded that in situ microfibers can be formed under the effect of a strong shear field provided by the MFVIM technology, and with the increase in vibration times, the distribution of fibers gradually expands to the core region.

Thermal Behavior
Figure 4a shows the DSC curves of the composites prepared under different processing conditions, and the crystallinity calculated according to the curves is displayed in Figure 4b.In order to illustrate the role of the PA6 dispersed phase in the crystallization process of the HDPE matrix, we also performed DSC analysis on CIM samples of pure HDPE (donated as CIM-H).As can be seen from the figure, the crystallinity of CIM-H is 62.1%, while the crystallinity of the HDPE/PA6 composites are all around 65.5%.The crystallinity of the HDPE matrix increases by about 3.4% after the addition of the PA6 phase.Therefore, in this experiment, the improvement in the crystallinity of the HDPE matrix is mainly due to the heterogeneous nucleation of the PA6 dispersed phase, and the difference in the morphology of the dispersed phase has little effect on the crystallinity of the matrix.

Thermal Behavior
Figure 4a shows the DSC curves of the composites prepared under different processing conditions, and the crystallinity calculated according to the curves is displayed in Figure 4b.In order to illustrate the role of the PA6 dispersed phase in the crystallization process of the HDPE matrix, we also performed DSC analysis on CIM samples of pure HDPE (donated as CIM-H).As can be seen from the figure, the crystallinity of CIM-H is 62.1%, while the crystallinity of the HDPE/PA6 composites are all around 65.5%.The crystallinity of the HDPE matrix increases by about 3.4% after the addition of the PA6 phase.Therefore, in this experiment, the improvement in the crystallinity of the HDPE matrix is mainly due to the heterogeneous nucleation of the PA6 dispersed phase, and the difference in the morphology of the dispersed phase has little effect on the crystallinity of the matrix.

Thermal Behavior
Figure 4a shows the DSC curves of the composites prepared under different pro cessing conditions, and the crystallinity calculated according to the curves is displayed in Figure 4b.In order to illustrate the role of the PA6 dispersed phase in the crystallization process of the HDPE matrix, we also performed DSC analysis on CIM samples of pure HDPE (donated as CIM-H).As can be seen from the figure, the crystallinity of CIM-H i 62.1%, while the crystallinity of the HDPE/PA6 composites are all around 65.5%.The crys tallinity of the HDPE matrix increases by about 3.4% after the addition of the PA6 phase Therefore, in this experiment, the improvement in the crystallinity of the HDPE matrix i mainly due to the heterogeneous nucleation of the PA6 dispersed phase, and the difference in the morphology of the dispersed phase has little effect on the crystallinity of the matrix.

Crystalline Structure
In order to obtain detailed information about the crystal structure of the samples, the amorphous phase was etched away using a mixed acid solution, and the etched surfaces were characterized by SEM.The SEM images taken at different locations of different samples are shown in Figure 5.For CIM, some lamellae oriented along the flow direction can be observed at 400 µm, while at other locations, the lamellae are randomly aligned.After the introduction of a strong shear field, although the obtained samples are all dominated by oriented structures at 400 µm and 900 µm, there is still a difference in the crystal structures.For VIM-2, some shish-kebabs can be seen at 400 µm, while the crystal is mainly the oriented lamellae at 900 µm.For VIM-4 and VIM-6, it can be found that plenty of shish-kebab and hybrid shish-kebab structures oriented along the flow direction can be observed at 400 µm and 900 µm, and the lamellae still remains oriented at the core region (1500 µm).Moreover, there are more shish-kebab and hybrid shish-kebab structures formed in VIM-6 compared to VIM-4.It indicates that the content of shish-kebabs and hybrid shish-kebabs in the samples grows with the increase in vibration times.
ples are shown in Figure 5.For CIM, some lamellae oriented along the flow direction can be observed at 400 µm, while at other locations, the lamellae are randomly aligned.After the introduction of a strong shear field, although the obtained samples are all dominated by oriented structures at 400 µm and 900 µm, there is still a difference in the crystal structures.For VIM-2, some shish-kebabs can be seen at 400 µm, while the crystal is mainly the oriented lamellae at 900 µm.For VIM-4 and VIM-6, it can be found that plenty of shishkebab and hybrid shish-kebab structures oriented along the flow direction can be observed at 400 µm and 900 µm, and the lamellae still remains oriented at the core region (1500 µm).Moreover, there are more shish-kebab and hybrid shish-kebab structures formed in VIM-6 compared to VIM-4.It indicates that the content of shish-kebabs and hybrid shish-kebabs in the samples grows with the increase in vibration times.The enlarged micrographs of shish-kebab and hybrid shish-kebab structures in VIM-6 at 900 µm are shown in Figure 6.From Figure 6a, it can be found that the molten molecular chains are highly oriented along the flow direction under the effect of a strong shear field.Moreover, during the cooling process, the HDPE lamellar grows in a achment to the oriented molecular chains to form shish-kebab structures.Meanwhile, for hybrid The enlarged micrographs of shish-kebab and hybrid shish-kebab structures in VIM-6 at 900 µm are shown in Figure 6.From Figure 6a, it can be found that the molten molecular chains are highly oriented along the flow direction under the effect of a strong shear field.Moreover, during the cooling process, the HDPE lamellar grows in attachment to the oriented molecular chains to form shish-kebab structures.Meanwhile, for hybrid shishkebab structures, it can be seen from Figure 6b that the PA6 in situ microfibers replace the oriented HDPE molecular chains as the "shish" and the oriented HDPE lamellar grows periodically on the surface of the fibers.
The 2D-WAXD patterns of different samples at different locations are given in Figure 7.The diffraction pattern consists of two diffraction rings, where the inner one and outer one represent the (110) and (200) lattice planes of HDPE, respectively.The diffraction patterns of CIM are arc-like at 300 µm and 600 µm, indicating that there are oriented structures formed at these locations.Meanwhile, at other locations, the diffraction patterns exhibit typical isotropic diffraction rings.This suggests that during the process of CIM, the formation of oriented structures is limited in thickness due to the weak shear effect.However, for VIM-2, it displays arc-like diffraction patterns at the positions of 300 µm to 900 µm.Meanwhile, at 1200 µm and 1500 µm, the diffraction patterns are isotropic diffraction rings.In addition, the diffraction patterns all show arc-like patterns from 300 µm to 1500 µm for VIM-4 and VIM-6, indicating that the oriented structures are generated from the surface layer to the core layer in these two samples.In general, the distribution of oriented structures in the samples is consistent with the results of SEM.shish-kebab structures, it can be seen from Figure 6b that the PA6 in situ microfibers replace the oriented HDPE molecular chains as the "shish" and the oriented HDPE lamellar grows periodically on the surface of the fibers.The 2D-WAXD pa erns of different samples at different locations are given in Figure 7.The diffraction pa ern consists of two diffraction rings, where the inner one and outer one represent the ( 110) and ( 200) la ice planes of HDPE, respectively.The diffraction patterns of CIM are arc-like at 300 µm and 600 µm, indicating that there are oriented structures formed at these locations.Meanwhile, at other locations, the diffraction pa erns exhibit typical isotropic diffraction rings.This suggests that during the process of CIM, the formation of oriented structures is limited in thickness due to the weak shear effect.However, for VIM-2, it displays arc-like diffraction pa erns at the positions of 300 µm to 900 µm.Meanwhile, at 1200 µm and 1500 µm, the diffraction pa erns are isotropic diffraction rings.In addition, the diffraction pa erns all show arc-like pa erns from 300 µm to 1500 µm for VIM-4 and VIM-6, indicating that the oriented structures are generated from the surface layer to the core layer in these two samples.In general, the distribution of oriented structures in the samples is consistent with the results of SEM.
In order to quantitatively investigate the orientation degree of different layers in different samples, the calculated results of the orientation degree are summarized in Figure 8.The orientation degree of CIM is kept at 0.2-0.4(except 300 µm) and always lower than that of the MFVIM samples.For MFVIM samples, as the distance from the surface increases, the orientation degree of all the composites rises sharply and then falls.Moreover the orientation degree of VIM-2 is obviously lower than the other two samples, while the orientation degree of VIM-4 and VIM-6 shows li le difference.This suggests that the orientation degree improves dramatically with the increase in vibration times.However when the number of vibrations is greater than four, continuing to increase the vibration times has li le effect on the improvement in the orientation degree.To further study the difference in the crystal structure of HDPE/PA6 composites prepared by different processing conditions, the 2D-SAXS pa erns of CIM, VIM-2, VIM-4 and VIM-6 samples at different positions are shown in Figure 9.For CIM, orientation signals appear in the equatorial direction of the pa erns at 300 µm and 600 µm, indicating that there are oriented fibers or crystals formed in the sample at these locations.On the con- In order to quantitatively investigate the orientation degree of different layers in different samples, the calculated results of the orientation degree are summarized in Figure 8.The orientation degree of CIM is kept at 0.2-0.4(except 300 µm) and always lower than that of the MFVIM samples.For MFVIM samples, as the distance from the surface increases, the orientation degree of all the composites rises sharply and then falls.Moreover, the orientation degree of VIM-2 is obviously lower than the other two samples, while the orientation degree of VIM-4 and VIM-6 shows little difference.This suggests that the orientation degree improves dramatically with the increase in vibration times.However, when the number of vibrations is greater than four, continuing to increase the vibration times has little effect on the improvement in the orientation degree.
To further study the difference in the crystal structure of HDPE/PA6 composites prepared by different processing conditions, the 2D-SAXS patterns of CIM, VIM-2, VIM-4 and VIM-6 samples at different positions are shown in Figure 9.For CIM, orientation signals appear in the equatorial direction of the patterns at 300 µm and 600 µm, indicating that there are oriented fibers or crystals formed in the sample at these locations.On the Polymers 2024, 16, 1032 9 of 13 contrary, other positions of CIM show typical isotropic scattering patterns, meaning that both the dispersed phase and crystal at these positions are randomly distributed.As for the MFVIM samples, typical shish-kebab signals are observed at 300 µm and 600 µm in all three samples, including a "shish" signal along the equatorial direction and a "kebab" signal along the meridian direction.This suggests that under the effect of a strong shear field, the surface layer of the samples all form highly oriented shish-kebab structures.In addition, shish-kebab signals also appear at 900 µm and 1200 µm of VIM-4 and VIM-6, whereas only conventional orientation signals appear at the same positions of VIM-2.Surprisingly, weak shish-kebab signals can be observed at 1500 µm in VIM-4 and VIM-6, suggesting that small amounts of shish-kebab structures form in the core region of the two samples.Furthermore, it is evident that the shish-kebab signals at 300-900 µm are stronger with the increase in vibration times.To further study the difference in the crystal structure of HDPE/PA6 composites prepared by different processing conditions, the 2D-SAXS pa erns of CIM, VIM-2, VIM-4 and VIM-6 samples at different positions are shown in Figure 9.For CIM, orientation signals appear in the equatorial direction of the pa erns at 300 µm and 600 µm, indicating that there are oriented fibers or crystals formed in the sample at these locations.On the contrary, other positions of CIM show typical isotropic sca ering pa erns, meaning that both the dispersed phase and crystal at these positions are randomly distributed.As for the MFVIM samples, typical shish-kebab signals are observed at 300 µm and 600 µm in all three samples, including a "shish" signal along the equatorial direction and a "kebab" signal along the meridian direction.This suggests that under the effect of a strong shear field, the surface layer of the samples all form highly oriented shish-kebab structures.In addition, shish-kebab signals also appear at 900 µm and 1200 µm of VIM-4 and VIM-6, whereas only conventional orientation signals appear at the same positions of VIM-2.Surprisingly, weak shish-kebab signals can be observed at 1500 µm in VIM-4 and VIM-6, suggesting that small amounts of shish-kebab structures form in the core region of the two samples.Furthermore, it is evident that the shish-kebab signals at 300-900 µm are stronger with the increase in vibration times.

Mechanical Properties
The tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break of different samples are given in Figure 10a-c

Mechanical Properties
The tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break of different samples are given in Figure 10a-c, respectively.To explain the role of the PA6 dispersed phase in composites for the enhancement of mechanical properties, we also performed tensile tests on CIM-H.The tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break of CIM-H (not shown in the figure) are 34.8MPa, 744.3 MPa and 162.2%, respectively.From Figure 10a,b, it can be seen that after the addition of the PA6 dispersed phase, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of CIM increase to 36.4 MPa and 774.5, respectively.The improvement is very limited, which is due to the incompatibility of the HDPE matrix with the PA6 dispersed phase, although PA6 is much stronger than HDPE [44].However, after the introduction of a strong shear field, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of the samples improve significantly and increase with increasing vibration times.VIM-6 exhibits the maximum tensile strength and tensile modulus, which are 66.5 MPa and 981.4 MPa, respectively.Compared with CIM-H, the tensile strength and tensile modulus increase by 91% and 32%, respectively.Meanwhile, compared to CIM, they improve by 83% and 27%, respectively.The reason for the enhancement of the mechanical strength is the massive generation of in situ microfibrils, shish-kebab and hybrid shish-kebab structures under the effect of the strong shear field [8,31].
spectively.Compared with CIM-H, the tensile strength and tensile modulus increase by 91% and 32%, respectively.Meanwhile, compared to CIM, they improve by 83% and 27%, respectively.The reason for the enhancement of the mechanical strength is the massive generation of in situ microfibrils, shish-kebab and hybrid shish-kebab structures under the effect of the strong shear field [8,31].
Meanwhile, for tensile toughness, it can be noticed from Figure 10c that the sample CIM possesses the maximum elongation at break.However, compared to the CIM-H sample, there is a considerable decrease in the tensile toughness of CIM after the addition of the PA6 dispersed phase, from 162.2% to 82.5%, which decreases by nearly 50%.After the introduction of the strong shear field, the elongation at break continues to decrease.But the elongation at break of all MFVIM samples remains above 50%, and the difference among them is small.It indicates that the formation of microfibers and oriented structures decreases the elongation at break of the material [35,39], while increasing vibration times has li le effect on the tensile toughness.In addition, the MFVIM samples can maintain an acceptable level of toughness (>50%) while the mechanical strength is significantly improved.This suggests that products with balanced strength and toughness can be prepared through this method.
In order to investigate the ability to resist the localized plastic deformation of the material, the surface hardness of the material was tested [45].The results are shown in Figure 10d.As can be seen from the figure, CIM has the lowest surface hardness of 62.After introducing the strong shear field, the surface hardness of the samples increases.The surface hardness of VIM-2 reaches 68, improving by 9.6% compared to CIM.Moreover, the surface hardness of the material further increases with increasing vibration times.VIM-6 possesses the maximum surface hardness of 72, which is 16% higher compared to CIM.This suggests that the formation of in situ microfibers as well as shish-kebab structures within the material facilitates the surface hardness of the HDPE material.Meanwhile, for tensile toughness, it can be noticed from Figure 10c that the sample CIM possesses the maximum elongation at break.However, compared to the CIM-H sample, there is a considerable decrease in the tensile toughness of CIM after the addition of the PA6 dispersed phase, from 162.2% to 82.5%, which decreases by nearly 50%.After the introduction of the strong shear field, the elongation at break continues to decrease.But the elongation at break of all MFVIM samples remains above 50%, and the difference among them is small.It indicates that the formation of microfibers and oriented structures decreases the elongation at break of the material [35,39], while increasing vibration times has little effect on the tensile toughness.In addition, the MFVIM samples can maintain an acceptable level of toughness (>50%) while the mechanical strength is significantly improved.This suggests that products with balanced strength and toughness can be prepared through this method.
In order to investigate the ability to resist the localized plastic deformation of the material, the surface hardness of the material was tested [45].The results are shown in Figure 10d.As can be seen from the figure, CIM has the lowest surface hardness of 62.After introducing the strong shear field, the surface hardness of the samples increases.The surface hardness of VIM-2 reaches 68, improving by 9.6% compared to CIM.Moreover, the surface hardness of the material further increases with increasing vibration times.VIM-6 possesses the maximum surface hardness of 72, which is 16% higher compared to CIM.This suggests that the formation of in situ microfibers as well as shish-kebab structures within the material facilitates the surface hardness of the HDPE material.

Conclusions
In this work, high-performance HDPE/PA6 microfibril composites were successfully fabricated by MFVIM technology.Under the effect of the strong shear field, the PA6 dispersed phase forms in situ microfibers and a large number of shish-kebab and hybrid shish-kebab structures are formed in the composites.Moreover, the distribution of microfibers gradually expands to the core region with the increase in vibration times.As a result, the mechanical performance of the products improves dramatically.The tensile strength, tensile modulus and surface hardness of VIM-6 reach up to 66.5 MPa, 981.4 MPa and 72, respectively.Compared with CIM-H, the tensile strength and tensile modulus increase by 91% and 32%, respectively.This study proposes an effective method for the fabrication of high-performance HDPE-based composites, which is of great significance for the preparation and application of HDPE products.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The relationship between the vibration pressure and time of VIM and CIM samples durin the packing stage.

Table 1 . 5 Figure 1 . 14 Figure 2 .
Figure 1.The relationship between the vibration pressure and time of VIM and CIM samples during the packing stage.Polymers 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 14

14 Figure 3 .
Figure 3. SEM micrographs of CIM, VIM-2, VIM-4 and VIM-6 at different positions with a certain distance away from the surface.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. SEM micrographs of CIM, VIM-2, VIM-4 and VIM-6 at different positions with a certain distance away from the surface.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. SEM micrographs of CIM, VIM-2, VIM-4 and VIM-6 at different positions with a certain distance away from the surface.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The crystalline structure of CIM, VIM-2, VIM-4 and VIM-6 at different positions with a certain distance away from the surface.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The crystalline structure of CIM, VIM-2, VIM-4 and VIM-6 at different positions with a certain distance away from the surface.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.An enlarged micrograph (the magnification is 50,000×) of shish-kebab (a) and hybrid shishkebab (b) structures in VIM-6.The distance from the surface of the samples is 900 µm.

Figure 6 . 14 Figure 7 .
Figure 6.An enlarged micrograph (the magnification is 50,000×) of shish-kebab (a) and hybrid shish-kebab (b) structures in VIM-6.The distance from the surface of the samples is 900 µm.Polymers 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 14

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Orientation degree of different samples.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. 2D-WAXD patterns of CIM, VIM-2, VIM-4 and VIM-6 at different positions with a certain distance away from the surface.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Orientation degree of different samples.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Orientation degree of different samples.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. 2D-SAXS pa erns of CIM, VIM-2, VIM-4 and VIM-6 at different positions with a certain distance away from the surface.
, respectively.To explain the role of the PA6 dispersed phase in composites for the enhancement of mechanical properties, we also performed tensile tests on CIM-H.The tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break of CIM-H (not shown in the figure) are 34.8MPa, 744.3 MPa and 162.2%, respectively.From Figure 10a,b,

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. 2D-SAXS patterns of CIM, VIM-2, VIM-4 and VIM-6 at different positions with a certain distance away from the surface.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Mechanical performance of different samples prepared by different conditions: (a) tensile strength, (b) tensile modulus, (c) elongation at break and (d) hardness.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Mechanical performance of different samples prepared by different conditions: (a) tensile strength, (b) tensile modulus, (c) elongation at break and (d) hardness.