Hemocompatibility Evaluation of Thai Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin and Its Improvement with Low Molecular Weight Heparin Immobilization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Silk Fibroin (SF) Solution
2.2. Preparation of Immobilized Heparin with SF (Hep/SF) Films
2.3. Characterization
2.3.1. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
2.3.2. Surface Charge Evaluation
2.3.3. Surface Wettability Evaluation
2.3.4. In Vitro Heparin Release Profile Analysis
2.4. Hemocompatibility Evaluation
2.4.1. In Vitro Coagulation Test
2.4.2. Platelet Adhesion and Activation
2.4.3. Complement and Leukocyte Activation
2.4.4. Hemolysis Test
2.5. Evaluation of EA.hy926 Proliferation
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization
3.1.1. ATR-FTIR Analysis
3.1.2. Surface Charge
3.1.3. Surface Wettability
3.1.4. In Vitro Heparin Release Profiles
3.2. Hemocompatibility Evaluation
3.2.1. In Vitro Coagulation Test
3.2.2. Platelet Adhesion
3.2.3. Complement and Leukocyte Activation
3.2.4. Hemolysis Test
3.3. Evaluation of EA.hy926 Proliferation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) (accessed on 25 May 2022).
- Mallis, P.; Kostakis, A.; Stavropoulos-Giokas, C.; Michalopoulos, E. Future Perspectives in Small-Diameter Vascular Graft Engineering. Bioengineering 2020, 7, 160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Radke, D.; Jia, W.; Sharma, D.; Fena, K.; Wang, G.; Goldman, J.; Zhao, F. Tissue Engineering at the Blood-Contacting Surface: A Review of Challenges and Strategies in Vascular Graft Development. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2018, 7, e1701461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Asakura, T.; Okushita, K.; Williamson, M.P. Analysis of the Structure of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin by NMR. Macromolecules 2015, 48, 2345–2357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koh, L.-D.; Cheng, Y.; Teng, C.-P.; Khin, Y.-W.; Loh, X.-J.; Tee, S.-Y.; Low, M.; Ye, E.; Yu, H.-D.; Zhang, Y.-W. Structures, mechanical properties and applications of silk fibroin materials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2015, 46, 86–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Wang, J.; Xu, Z.; Meng, K.; Zhao, H. Poly(glyceryl sebacate)/silk fibroin small-diameter artificial blood vessels with good elasticity and compliance. Smart. Mater. Med. 2021, 2, 74–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, S.; Li, Q.; Pan, H.; Dai, Q.; Feng, Q.; Yu, C.; Zhang, X.; Liang, Z.; Dong, H.; Cao, X. Tubular Silk Fibroin/Gelatin-Tyramine Hydrogel with Controllable Layer Structure and Its Potential Application for Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 6, 6896–6905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, X.; Wei, D.; Huang, L.; Zhu, M.; Zhang, Y.; Zhu, Y. 3D printing of mesoporous bioactive glass/silk fibroin composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2019, 103, 109731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, L.; Wu, S.; Kuss, M.; Jiang, X.; Sun, R.; Reid, P.; Qin, X.; Duan, B. 3D printing of silk fibroin-based hybrid scaffold treated with platelet rich plasma for bone tissue engineering. Bioact. Mater. 2019, 4, 256–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Font Tellado, S.; Chiera, S.; Bonani, W.; Poh, P.S.P.; Migliaresi, C.; Motta, A.; Balmayor, E.R.; van Griensven, M. Heparin functionalization increases retention of TGF-β2 and GDF5 on biphasic silk fibroin scaffolds for tendon/ligament-to-bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2018, 72, 150–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forouzideh, N.; Nadri, S.; Fattahi, A.; Abdolahinia, E.D.; Habibizadeh, M.; Rostamizadeh, K.; Baradaran-Rafii, A.; Bakhshandeh, H. Epigallocatechin gallate loaded electrospun silk fibroin scaffold with anti-angiogenic properties for corneal tissue engineering. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2020, 56, 101498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keirouz, A.; Zakharova, M.; Kwon, J.; Robert, C.; Koutsos, V.; Callanan, A.; Chen, X.; Fortunato, G.; Radacsi, N. High-throughput production of silk fibroin-based electrospun fibers as biomaterial for skin tissue engineering applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2020, 112, 110939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Porous Tissue Regenerative Silk Scaffold for Human Meniscal Cartilage Repair (REKREATE). Available online: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02732873 (accessed on 25 May 2022).
- Tungtasana, H.; Shuangshoti, S.; Kanokpanont, S.; Kaplan, D.L.; Bunaprasert, T.; Damrongsakkul, S. Tissue response and biodegradation of composite scaffolds prepared from Thai silk fibroin, gelatin and hydroxyapatite. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2010, 21, 3151–3162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chancheewa, B.; Buranapraditkun, S.; Laomeephol, C.; Rerknimitr, P.; Kanokpanont, S.; Damrongsakkul, S.; Klaewsongkram, J. In vitro immune responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to silk fibroin: IL-10 stimulated anti-inflammatory and hypoallergenic properties. Mater. Today Commun. 2020, 24, 101044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vachiraroj, N.; Ratanavaraporn, J.; Damrongsakkul, S.; Pichyangkura, R.; Banaprasert, T.; Kanokpanont, S. A comparison of Thai silk fibroin-based and chitosan-based materials on in vitro biocompatibility for bone substitutes. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2009, 45, 470–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kanokpanont, S.; Damrongsakkul, S.; Ratanavaraporn, J.; Aramwit, P. An innovative bi-layered wound dressing made of silk and gelatin for accelerated wound healing. Int. J. Pharm. 2012, 436, 141–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Somvipart, S.; Kanokpanont, S.; Rangkupan, R.; Ratanavaraporn, J.; Damrongsakkul, S. Development of electrospun beaded fibers from Thai silk fibroin and gelatin for controlled release application. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2013, 55, 176–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ratanavaraporn, J.; Kanokpanont, S.; Damrongsakkul, S. The development of injectable gelatin/silk fibroin microspheres for the dual delivery of curcumin and piperine. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2014, 25, 401–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laomeephol, C.; Guedes, M.; Ferreira, H.; Reis, R.L.; Kanokpanont, S.; Damrongsakkul, S.; Neves, N.M. Phospholipid-induced silk fibroin hydrogels and their potential as cell carriers for tissue regeneration. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2020, 14, 160–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thitiwuthikiat, P.; Ii, M.; Saito, T.; Asahi, M.; Kanokpanont, S.; Tabata, Y. A vascular patch prepared from Thai silk fibroin and gelatin hydrogel incorporating simvastatin-micelles to recruit endothelial progenitor cells. Tissue Eng. Part A. 2015, 21, 1309–1319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kundu, B.; Schlimp, C.J.; Nurnberger, S.; Redl, H.; Kundu, S.C. Thromboelastometric and platelet responses to silk biomaterials. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 4945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sun, D.; Hao, Y.; Yang, G.; Wang, J. Hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility of the hirudin-modified silk fibroin. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2015, 103, 556–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seib, F.P.; Herklotz, M.; Burke, K.A.; Maitz, M.F.; Werner, C.; Kaplan, D.L. Multifunctional silk-heparin biomaterials for vascular tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials 2014, 35, 83–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, H.; Ding, X.; Bi, Y.; Gong, X.; Li, X.; Zhou, G.; Fan, Y. In Vitro Evaluation of Combined Sulfated Silk Fibroin Scaffolds for Vascular Cell Growth. Macromol. Biosci. 2013, 13, 755–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vepari, C.; Matheson, D.; Drummy, L.; Naik, R.; Kaplan, D.L. Surface modification of silk fibroin with poly(ethylene glycol) for antiadhesion and antithrombotic applications. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2010, 93, 595–606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaewprasit, K.; Promboon, A.; Kanokpanont, S.; Damrongsakkul, S. Physico-chemical properties and in vitro response of silk fibroin from various domestic races. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2014, 102, 1639–1647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malay, A.D.; Sato, R.; Yazawa, K.; Watanabe, H.; Ifuku, N.; Masunaga, H.; Hikima, T.; Guan, J.; Mandal, B.B.; Damrongsakkul, S.; et al. Relationships between physical properties and sequence in silkworm silks. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 27573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rodrigues, S.N.; Gonçalves, I.C.; Martins, M.C.L.; Barbosa, M.A.; Ratner, B.D. Fibrinogen adsorption, platelet adhesion and activation on mixed hydroxyl-/methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 5357–5367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wissink, M.J.; Beernink, R.; Pieper, J.S.; Poot, A.A.; Engbers, G.H.; Beugeling, T.; van Aken, W.G.; Feijen, J. Immobilization of heparin to EDC/NHS-crosslinked collagen. Characterization and in vitro evaluation. Biomaterials 2001, 22, 151–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.; Xie, B.; Pan, C.; Yang, P.; Ding, H.; Huang, N. Facile conjugation of heparin onto titanium surfaces via dopamine inspired coatings for improving blood compatibility. J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed. 2014, 29, 832–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Y.Q.; Gao, Y.L.; Pan, Z.C.; Zhang, Y.; Li, J.H.; Wang, K.J.; Li, J.S.; Tan, H.; Fu, Q. Preparation and characterization of controlled heparin release waterborne polyurethane coating systems. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 2016, 34, 679–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Sun, B.; Zhang, M.; Ou, L.; Che, Y.Z.; Zhang, J.; Kong, D. Functionalization of electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone) scaffold with heparin and vascular endothelial growth factors for potential application as vascular grafts. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym. 2013, 28, 154–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seib, F.P.; Maitz, M.F.; Hu, X.; Werner, C.; Kaplan, D.L. Impact of processing parameters on the haemocompatibility of Bombyx mori silk films. Biomaterials 2012, 33, 1017–1023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Beamish, J.A.; Geyer, L.C.; Haq-Siddiqi, N.A.; Kottke-Marchant, K.; Marchant, R.E. The effects of heparin releasing hydrogels on vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 6286–6294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Coulson-Thomas, V.J.; Gesteira, T.F. Dimethylmethylene Blue Assay (DMMB). Bio-Protocol 2014, 4, e1236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fernandes, K.R.; Zhang, Y.; Magri, A.M.P.; Renno, A.C.M.; van den Beucken, J. Biomaterial property effects on platelets and macrophages: An in vitro study. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2017, 3, 3318–3327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Modic, M.; Junkar, I.; Stana-Kleinschek, K.; Kostanjšek, R.; Mozetič, M. Morphology transformations of platelets on plasma activated surfaces. Plasma Process. Polym. 2014, 11, 596–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pacharra, S.; Ortiz, R.; McMahon, S.; Wang, W.; Viebahn, R.; Salber, J.; Quintana, I. Surface patterning of a novel PEG-functionalized poly-l-lactide polymer to improve its biocompatibility: Applications to bioresorbable vascular stents. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2019, 107, 624–634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Shi, X.; Gao, A.; Lin, H.; Chen, Y.; Ye, Y.; He, J.; Liu, F.; Deng, G. Heparin free coating on PLA membranes for enhanced hemocompatibility via iCVD. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 433, 869–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, D.H.; Fan, J.Q.; Wang, S.B.; Long, R.M.; Zhou, X.; Liu, Y.G. Primary biocompatibility tests of poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-(poly-L-orithine/fucoidan) core-shell nanocarriers. Royal Soc. Open Sci. 2018, 5, 180320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Riss, T.L.; Moravec, R.A.; Niles, A.L.; Duellman, S.; Benink, H.A.; Worzella, T.J.; Minor, L. Cell Viability Assays. In Assay Guidance Manual; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Ning, W.; Huang, J.; Ling, X.; Lin, H. Modification of electrospun silk fibroin nanofiber mats: Using an EDC/NHS ethanol solvent. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 423, 012068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hirsh, J.; Raschke, R. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: The seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest 2004, 126, 188S–203S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, H.; Dong, Z. Preparation, characterization and biocompatibility of electrospinning heparin-modified silk fibroin nanofibers. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2011, 48, 345–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cestari, M.; Muller, V.; Rodrigues, J.H.d.S.; Nakamura, C.V.; Rubira, A.F.; Muniz, E.C. Preparing Silk Fibroin Nanofibers through Electrospinning: Further Heparin Immobilization toward Hemocompatibility Improvement. Biomacromolecules 2014, 15, 1762–1767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fungmongkonsatean, T.; Thitiwuthikiat, P. The study of characteristics of Thai silk fibroin immobilized with low molecular weight heparin for biomaterial hemocompatibility improvement. In Proceedings of the Graduate Research Conference (GRC) 2018, Bangkok, Thailand, 5 May 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Shen, G.; Hu, X.; Guan, G.; Wang, L. Surface Modification and Characterisation of Silk Fibroin Fabric Produced by the Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly of Multilayer Alginate/Regenerated Silk Fibroin. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, 0124811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amornsudthiwat, P.; Damrongsakkul, S. Oxygen Plasma Etching of Silk Fibroin Alters Surface Stiffness: A Cell–Substrate Interaction Study. Plasma Process. Polym. 2014, 11, 763–776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, R.P.; Narkowicz, C.; Jacobson, G.A. Investigation of Freezing- and Thawing-Induced Biological, Chemical, and Physical Changes to Enoxaparin Solution. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009, 98, 1118–1128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaudhry, R.; Usama, S.M.; Babiker, H.M. Physiology, Coagulation Pathways; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Bates, S.M.; Weitz, J.I. Coagulation Assays. Circulation 2005, 112, e53–e60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Braune, S.; Latour, R.A.; Reinthaler, M.; Landmesser, U.; Lendlein, A.; Jung, F. In Vitro Thrombogenicity Testing of Biomaterials. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2019, 8, 1900527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gu, J.; Yang, X.; Zhu, H. Surface sulfonation of silk fibroin film by plasma treatment and in vitro antithrombogenicity study. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2002, 20, 199–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, H. Blood biocompatibility enhancement of biomaterials by heparin immobilization: A review. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 2021, 32, 237–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zamani, M.; Khafaji, M.; Naji, M.; Vossoughi, M.; Alemzadeh, I.; Haghighipour, N. A Biomimetic Heparinized Composite Silk-Based Vascular Scaffold with sustained Antithrombogenicity. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 4455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jung, F.; Braune, S.; Lendlein, A. Haemocompatibility testing of biomaterials using human platelets. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 2013, 53, 97–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.H.; Lee, H.B. Platelet adhesion onto wettability gradient surfaces in the absence and presence of plasma proteins. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998, 41, 304–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weber, M.; Steinle, H.; Golombek, S.; Hann, L.; Schlensak, C.; Wendel, H.P.; Avci-Adali, M. Blood-Contacting Biomaterials: In Vitro Evaluation of the Hemocompatibility. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2018, 6, 99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thevenot, P.; Hu, W.; Tang, L. Surface chemistry influences implant biocompatibility. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2008, 8, 270–280. [Google Scholar]
- Kodama, T.; Yukioka, H.; Kato, T.; Kato, N.; Hato, F.; Kitagawa, S. Neutrophil elastase as a predicting factor for development of acute lung injury. Intern. Med. 2007, 46, 699–704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nalezinková, M. In vitro hemocompatibility testing of medical devices. Thromb. Res. 2020, 195, 146–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nilsson, B.; Ekdahl, K.N.; Mollnes, T.E.; Lambris, J.D. The role of complement in biomaterial-induced inflammation. Mol. Immunol. 2007, 44, 82–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Motta, A.; Maniglio, D.; Migliaresi, C.; Kim, H.J.; Wan, X.; Hu, X.; Kaplan, D.L. Silk fibroin processing and thrombogenic responses. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2009, 20, 1875–1897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elahi, M.F.; Guan, G.P.; Wang, L. Hemocompatibility of surface modified silk fibroin materials: A review. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 2014, 38, 148–159. [Google Scholar]
- Elahi, M.F.; Guan, G.; Wang, L.; King, M.W. Improved hemocompatibility of silk fibroin fabric using layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition and heparin immobilization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melchiorri, A.J.; Hibino, N.; Fisher, J.P. Strategies and Techniques to Enhance the In Situ Endothelialization of Small-Diameter Biodegradable Polymeric Vascular Grafts. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 2013, 19, 292–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McGuigan, A.P.; Sefton, M.V. The influence of biomaterials on endothelial cell thrombogenicity. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 2547–2571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Benington, L.; Rajan, G.; Locher, C.; Lim, L.Y. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2-A Review of Stabilisation Approaches for Clinical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bikfalvi, A.; Klein, S.; Pintucci, G.; Rifkin, D.B. Biological roles of fibroblast growth factor-2. Endocr. Rev. 1997, 18, 26–45. [Google Scholar]
- Prudovsky, I. Cellular Mechanisms of FGF-Stimulated Tissue Repair. Cells 2021, 10, 1830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Kim, H.-J.; Vunjak-Novakovic, G.; Kaplan, D.L. Stem cell-based tissue engineering with silk biomaterials. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 6064–6082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qu, J.; Wang, L.; Niu, L.; Lin, J.; Huang, Q.; Jiang, X.; Li, M. Porous Silk Fibroin Microspheres Sustainably Releasing Bioactive Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor. Materials 2018, 11, 1280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kumorek, M.; Janoušková, O.; Höcherl, A.; Houska, M.; Mázl-Chánová, E.; Kasoju, N.; Cuchalová, L.; Matějka, R.; Kubies, D. Effect of crosslinking chemistry of albumin/heparin multilayers on FGF-2 adsorption and endothelial cell behavior. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 411, 240–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Movafaghi, S.; Wang, W.; Bark, D.L., Jr.; Dasi, L.P.; Popat, K.C.; Kota, A.K. Hemocompatibility of Super-Repellent surfaces: Current and Future. Mater. Horiz. 2019, 6, 1596–1610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Samples | Zeta Potential (mV) |
---|---|
SF solution | −4.01 ± 0.09 |
5 Hep/SF solution | −4.21 ± 0.07 |
10 Hep/SF solution | −4.46 ± 0.15 |
15 Hep/SF solution | −4.64 ± 0.28 |
Samples | Water Contact Angles | |
---|---|---|
Degree (°) | Images | |
PTFE sheets | 105.70 ± 1.18 | |
SF films | 60.35 ± 0.38 | |
5 Hep/SF films | 47.80 ± 3.60 | |
10 Hep/SF films | 40.60 ± 2.44 | |
15 Hep/SF films | 37.20 ± 2.59 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Fungmongkonsatean, T.; Jongjitwimol, J.; Paensuwan, P.; Nuamchit, T.; Siriwittayawan, D.; Kanokpanont, S.; Damrongsakkul, S.; Thitiwuthikiat, P. Hemocompatibility Evaluation of Thai Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin and Its Improvement with Low Molecular Weight Heparin Immobilization. Polymers 2022, 14, 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142943
Fungmongkonsatean T, Jongjitwimol J, Paensuwan P, Nuamchit T, Siriwittayawan D, Kanokpanont S, Damrongsakkul S, Thitiwuthikiat P. Hemocompatibility Evaluation of Thai Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin and Its Improvement with Low Molecular Weight Heparin Immobilization. Polymers. 2022; 14(14):2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142943
Chicago/Turabian StyleFungmongkonsatean, Tanrada, Jirapas Jongjitwimol, Pussadee Paensuwan, Teonchit Nuamchit, Duangduan Siriwittayawan, Sorada Kanokpanont, Siriporn Damrongsakkul, and Piyanuch Thitiwuthikiat. 2022. "Hemocompatibility Evaluation of Thai Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin and Its Improvement with Low Molecular Weight Heparin Immobilization" Polymers 14, no. 14: 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142943