Effect of Graphene/Spherical Graphite Ratio on the Properties of PLA/TPU Composites

Wave-absorbing materials are developing in the direction of “light weight, wide frequency band, thin layer and high strength”, and it is difficult to achieve the synergy between wave-absorbing performance and mechanical properties when graphene absorbent is compounded with a single resin matrix. In this paper, based on the preparation of a new composite absorbing wire with a graphene (GR)/spherical graphite (SG) double absorbent and polylactic acid (PLA)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) double matrix, we proposed a new method to prepare samples for testing the electromagnetic parameters and tensile strength by fused deposition modeling (FDM). Furthermore, the effect of SG/GR ratio on the microwave absorbing properties and mechanical properties of PLA/TPU composites was specifically studied. It was found that when the ratio of SG/GR was small (0:5, 1:4), the dielectric loss (interfacial polarization loss, dipole polarization loss, conductivity loss) and attenuation ability of the composites were stronger, and the impedance matching was better. When the SG/GR ratio was large (5:0, 4:1), the composites had high strength and toughness. When the ratio of SG/GR was moderate (2:3, 3:2), it could retain the absorbing and mechanical properties of the absorbing materials. On the one hand, the SG and PLA/TPU matrix formed an “island structure”, which improves the dispersion of GR; on the other hand, the GR and PLA/TPU matrix formed a “core-shell structure”, which promotes polarization and multiple scattering.


Introduction
With the advent of the 5G era, electronic communication and radar detection technology are widely used in military and civil fields, which bring convenience to human life. At the same time, the resulting electromagnetic radiation problem is becoming more and more serious, and the development of wave-absorbing materials is imminent [1][2][3]. At present, carbon materials have extraordinary application potential for sensors, biology, energy, environment and other fields [4][5][6]. Because of their light weight, strong conductivity, good stability and other advantages, they can effectively replace traditional wave absorbing materials [7]. However, carbon-based materials (such as spherical graphite (SG), carbon black (CB), carbon fiber (CF), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GR), etc.) mostly exist in the form of powder and fiber, which are difficult to form, and the impedance matching level is low when used alone. Therefore, researchers often combine them with various matrices (such as epoxy resin (EP), polypropylene (PP), polyoxyethylene (POE), polylactide (PLA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), etc.) to improve the molding process, and adjust the impedance matching by reducing the electrical conductivity, which makes it possible to design and manufacture complex and efficient wave absorbers based on carbon materials.
Graphene (GR), as a carbon allotrope, is generally prepared by mechanical stripping, oxidation-reduction and chemical deposition [5]. It has excellent conductivity, usually used as an electrode material because of its two-dimensional porous structure and large specific surface area, and is expected to become the most ideal high-efficiency absorbent [8,9]. Xue [10] mixed a graphene oxide aqueous dispersion with liquid epoxy resin by wet transferthree-roll grinding and prepared a graphene oxide/epoxy resin composite by the mold casting process, which obtained good dispersion and wave absorption effect. However, the temperature was difficult to control and a special mold needed to be developed which led to high costs. Liu [11] developed GR/PLA composite wires with different contents, and then realized the rapid preparation of porous absorbers by FDM technology. The effective absorption bandwidth reached 6.7 GHz and the maximum reflection loss was −33 dB. However, when the GR content was high, its strength and toughness were insufficient.
In recent years, researchers have mostly focused on the broadband and strong absorption of absorbing materials, but paid little attention to the mechanical properties of practical engineering applications. On the choice of matrix, He [12] and others prepared PLA/TPU nanofiber composites with in situ ordered orientation by the melt blending method. The elongation at break was about 12 times that of pure PLA and reached 113% [13], which greatly improved the brittleness of the single PLA matrix. On the choice of filler, Yu [14] filled graphene nanosheets/nano-SiO 2 hybrid particles into an epoxy resin matrix. He found that, compared with a single filler, binary hybrid particles had the best reinforcing and toughening effect on composites.
In this paper, GR and SG were selected as binary carbon-based absorbents. After preparing SG/GR/PLA/TPU composite wires with six SG/GR ratios (5:0, 4:1, 3:2, 2:3, 1:4, 0:5) by the two-step method [3], coaxial rings and tensile samples were quickly prepared by FDM technology. Firstly, the microstructure, lattice structure, chemical bonds and functional groups of SG and GR were characterized by SEM, TEM and FTIR. The phase structure and graphitization degree of the composites were further analyzed by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Secondly, the mechanism of dielectric loss was revealed by electromagnetic parameter test. The reflectivity, attenuation constant and value were calculated by the formula, and the influence of SG/GR ratio on the microwave absorbing properties of the composites was studied. Finally, based on the tensile test and the micro-morphology of the composite powder, the influence of SG/GR ratio on the mechanical properties of the composite was studied by analyzing the dispersion state of SG and GR in PLA/TPU, which provided a reference for high strength and high toughness absorbing materials.

Materials and Instruments
The raw materials and instruments required for the experiment are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.

Preparation of SG/GR/PLA/TPU Composites
PLA and TPU powders were dried in an electrothermal constant-temperature blast drying oven at 60 • C for 6 h before being used, then mixed with SG and GR powders and zirconia beads in a horizontal planetary ball mill at a mass ratio of 1:1 for 3.5 h to obtain composite powders with different contents. Then, a single-screw extruder (130 • C in the first zone of the barrel, 150 • C in the second zone of the barrel, 170 • C in the die mouth, 16 r/min in the screw speed and 8 r/min in the traction speed) was used to prepare the corresponding 3D printing composite wire ( Figure 1a, the wire diameter is Φ1.75 ± 0.05 mm), and its formula composition is shown in Table 3.

Performance Characterization
The methods for testing and characterizing the properties of SG, GR and SG/GR/PLA/TPU composites are shown in Table 4 below   The composite wire rods were printed with double nozzle printer (nozzle temperature was 210 • C, platform temperature 50 • C, printing speed 30 mm/s, filling rate 100%) to prepare electromagnetic parameter samples and tensile samples. The electromagnetic parameter sample was a coaxial ring with an outer diameter of 7 mm, an inner diameter of 3.04 mm and a thickness of 2.5 mm, as shown in Figure 1b. Tensile specimen was the 1BA specimen of GB/T 1040.1-2006 standard, as shown in Figure 1c.

Performance Characterization
The methods for testing and characterizing the properties of SG, GR and SG/GR/PLA/TPU composites are shown in Table 4 below The micro-morphology of SG and GR powders were as shown in Figure 2a,b, showing three-dimensional elliptical spheres (smooth surface) and a two-dimensional curled sheet (rich surface folds), respectively. GR was stacked by 10 graphene layers with a sheet diameter of about 5 µm (lattice structure is shown in Figure 2c). The measured specific surface area was 625 m 2 /g and the average pore diameter was 2.11 nm (adsorptiondesorption isotherm is shown in Figure 2d). The particle size distribution of SG measured by laser particle size analyzer is shown in Figure 3, and its average particle size was 7.88 µm. The micro-morphology of SG and GR powders were as shown in Figure 2a,b, showing three-dimensional elliptical spheres (smooth surface) and a two-dimensional curled sheet (rich surface folds), respectively. GR was stacked by 10 graphene layers with a sheet diameter of about 5 μm (lattice structure is shown in Figure 2c). The measured specific surface area was 625 m 2 /g and the average pore diameter was 2.11 nm (adsorption-desorption isotherm is shown in Figure 2d). The particle size distribution of SG measured by laser particle size analyzer is shown in Figure 3, and its average particle size was 7.88 μm.   Figure 4 shows the infrared spectra of SG and GR powders in the wave numbe range of 4000~450 cm −1 . There were certain absorption peaks at 3442 cm −1 and 3436 cm − 1645 cm −1 and 1628 cm −1 , 1021 cm −1 and 1121 cm −1 , which corresponded to the stretchin vibration peaks of -OH, C=C, -C-O-C, respectively [15]. Among them, the peak intensit of GR was very strong and SG was very weak, which indicated that there were still a lo of oxygen-containing functional groups such as -OH, -C-O-C in the GR after redox.   Figure 4 shows the infrared spectra of SG and GR powders in the wave number range of 4000~450 cm −1 . There were certain absorption peaks at 3442 cm −1 and 3436 cm −1 , 1645 cm −1 and 1628 cm −1 , 1021 cm −1 and 1121 cm −1 , which corresponded to the stretching vibration peaks of -OH, C=C, -C-O-C, respectively [15]. Among them, the peak intensity of GR was very strong and SG was very weak, which indicated that there were still a lot of oxygen-containing functional groups such as -OH, -C-O-C in the GR after redox. Figure 4 shows the infrared spectra of SG and GR powders in the wave number range of 4000~450 cm −1 . There were certain absorption peaks at 3442 cm −1 and 3436 cm −1 , 1645 cm −1 and 1628 cm −1 , 1021 cm −1 and 1121 cm −1 , which corresponded to the stretching vibration peaks of -OH, C=C, -C-O-C, respectively [15]. Among them, the peak intensity of GR was very strong and SG was very weak, which indicated that there were still a lot of oxygen-containing functional groups such as -OH, -C-O-C in the GR after redox.  210) and (310) crystal planes, respectively. The C-phase (SG/GR) diffraction peak corresponding to (002) crystal plane (JCPDSNo. 41-1487) was observed at 2θ = 26.46°. The difference is that the SG/GR peak of (1% SG + 4% GR)/PLA/TPU composite is the smallest, which promotes the crystallization of PLA/TPU. The SG/GR peak of (4% SG + 1% GR)/PLA/TPU composite is closer to the peak intensity of the (210) crystal plane, which is beneficial to the uniform composite of a PLA/TPU matrix. Figure 5b shows the Raman spectra of six SG/GR/PLA/TPU composites with different contents. There were peaks in different degrees around 1346 cm −1 (D-band), 1580 cm −1 (G-band), 2700 cm −1 (G′-band) and 2930 cm −1 . Among them, the D-band indicated the defect and disorder of lattice, G-band indicated the tensile vibration of carbon atoms sp 2 hybridization, and G′-band indicated the number of layers of graphite sheets (The peak shape moves to the right when there are multiple layers). Generally speaking, the smaller the ID/IG value (the strength ratio of D-band to G-band), the greater the graphitization  210) and (310) crystal planes, respectively. The C-phase (SG/GR) diffraction peak corresponding to (002) crystal plane (JCPDSNo. 41-1487) was observed at 2θ = 26.46 • . The difference is that the SG/GR peak of (1% SG + 4% GR)/PLA/TPU composite is the smallest, which promotes the crystallization of PLA/TPU. The SG/GR peak of (4% SG + 1% GR)/PLA/TPU composite is closer to the peak intensity of the (210) crystal plane, which is beneficial to the uniform composite of a PLA/TPU matrix. degree [16]. Therefore, the defect of 5% GR/PLA/TPU composites was the most serious, and the graphitization degree of (4% SG + 1% GR)/PLA/TPU composites was the highest. The stretching vibration peak of C-H at 930 cm −1 increased with the increase of ID/IG value.

Dielectric Loss of Composites
It is nonmagnetic with SG and GR, and the electromagnetic parameters of the composite material were mainly complex dielectric constants. The curves of its real part ε′, imaginary part ε″ and tangent tanδ (tanδ = ε″/ε′) with frequency in 2~18 GHz are shown in Figure 6. Except for the (1% SG + 4% GR)/PLA/TPU composites, with the decrease of SG content and the increase of GR content, the values of ε′ and ε″ gradually increased and fluctuated obviously. It shows that the ability to store and lose charge is enhanced. When the ratio of SG/GR was 1:4, the composite of binary absorbent in PLA/TPU matrix reached the percolation threshold [17,18]. Overall, its complex dielectric constant was similar to that of (2% SG + 3% GR)/PLA/TPU composites. However, the imaginary part and tangent value suddenly rose in the range of 16~18 GHz, resulting in a large frequency response, which could explain this point.  Figure 5b shows the Raman spectra of six SG/GR/PLA/TPU composites with different contents. There were peaks in different degrees around 1346 cm −1 (D-band), 1580 cm −1 (G-band), 2700 cm −1 (G -band) and 2930 cm −1 . Among them, the D-band indicated the defect and disorder of lattice, G-band indicated the tensile vibration of carbon atoms sp 2 hybridization, and G -band indicated the number of layers of graphite sheets (The peak shape moves to the right when there are multiple layers). Generally speaking, the smaller the I D /I G value (the strength ratio of D-band to G-band), the greater the graphitization degree [16]. Therefore, the defect of 5% GR/PLA/TPU composites was the most serious, and the graphitization degree of (4% SG + 1% GR)/PLA/TPU composites was the highest. The stretching vibration peak of C-H at 930 cm −1 increased with the increase of I D /I G value.

Dielectric Loss of Composites
It is nonmagnetic with SG and GR, and the electromagnetic parameters of the composite material were mainly complex dielectric constants. The curves of its real part ε , imaginary part ε and tangent tanδ (tanδ = ε /ε ) with frequency in 2~18 GHz are shown in Figure 6. Except for the (1% SG + 4% GR)/PLA/TPU composites, with the decrease of SG content and the increase of GR content, the values of ε and ε" gradually increased and fluctuated obviously. It shows that the ability to store and lose charge is enhanced. When the ratio of SG/GR was 1:4, the composite of binary absorbent in PLA/TPU matrix reached the percolation threshold [17,18]. Overall, its complex dielectric constant was similar to that of (2% SG + 3% GR)/PLA/TPU composites. However, the imaginary part and tangent value suddenly rose in the range of 16~18 GHz, resulting in a large frequency response, which could explain this point. Dielectric materials are mainly characterized by interfacial polarization, dipole polarization loss and conductance loss in the microwave absorption frequency band [19,20], which are generally characterized by the Debye equation [21]: where ε′ is the real part of the complex dielectric constant, ε″ is the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant, is the static dielectric constant, and ∞ is the high-frequency limit dielectric constant. The Cole-Cole semicircle can be obtained in the complex plane with ε′ as the abscissa and ε″ as the ordinate, as shown in Figure 7. With the decrease of SG content and the increase of GR content in A1~A6 composites, the Cole-Cole curve changed from disorder to linear order, and the formation of a semicircle was gradually observed, which meant the enhancement of dielectric loss. This shows that the Dielectric materials are mainly characterized by interfacial polarization, dipole polarization loss and conductance loss in the microwave absorption frequency band [19,20], which are generally characterized by the Debye equation [21]: where ε′ is the real part of the complex dielectric constant, ε″ is the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant, is the static dielectric constant, and ∞ is the high-frequency limit dielectric constant. The Cole-Cole semicircle can be obtained in the complex plane with ε′ as the abscissa and ε″ as the ordinate, as shown in Figure 7. With the decrease of SG content and the increase of GR content in A1~A6 composites, the Cole-Cole curve changed from disorder to linear order, and the formation of a semicircle was gradually observed, which meant the enhancement of dielectric loss. This shows that the Dielectric materials are mainly characterized by interfacial polarization, dipole polarization loss and conductance loss in the microwave absorption frequency band [19,20], which are generally characterized by the Debye equation [21]: where ε is the real part of the complex dielectric constant, ε is the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant, ε s is the static dielectric constant, and ε ∞ is the high-frequency limit dielectric constant. The Cole-Cole semicircle can be obtained in the complex plane with ε as the abscissa and ε as the ordinate, as shown in Figure 7. With the decrease of SG content and the increase of GR content in A 1~A6 composites, the Cole-Cole curve changed from disorder to linear order, and the formation of a semicircle was gradually observed, which meant the enhancement of dielectric loss. This shows that the GR two-dimensional sheet is more beneficial to electromagnetic wave attenuation consumption than the SG three-dimensional spherical sheet. At the same time, based on the nanosize effect [22] that GR has a smaller particle size and larger specific surface area than SG, which increases the activity of materials. The wrinkles on its surface aggravate the interfacial polarization and multiple scattering [23]. In addition, the GR retained a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups because of the redox process in the preparation, which formed defects and acted as a polarization center to induce dipole polarization [24].

Microwave Absorption of Composites
In order to further analyze the influence of SG/GR ratio on the absorbing effect of composite materials, the reflection loss RL of a single-layer homogeneous absorber with different thicknesses was calculated according to Formulas (2) and (3) by using transmission line theory [25,26] (the results are shown in Figure 8):

Microwave Absorption of Composites
In order to further analyze the influence of SG/GR ratio on the absorbing effect of composite materials, the reflection loss RL of a single-layer homogeneous absorber with different thicknesses was calculated according to Formulas (2) and (3) by using transmission line theory [25,26] (the results are shown in Figure 8):

Microwave Absorption of Composites
In order to further analyze the influence of SG/GR ratio on the absorbing effect of composite materials, the reflection loss R L of a single-layer homogeneous absorber with different thicknesses was calculated according to Formulas (2) and (3) by using transmission line theory [25,26] (the results are shown in Figure 8): where Z O is the wave impedance of free space, Z in is the input impedance, c is the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves in free space, f is the electromagnetic wave frequency, d is the thickness of the sample, j is the imaginary unit, ε r and µ r represent complex permittivity and complex permeability, respectively. where ZO is the wave impedance of free space, Zin is the input impedance, c is the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves in free space, f is the electromagnetic wave frequency, d is the thickness of the sample, j is the imaginary unit, εr and μr represent complex permittivity and complex permeability, respectively.   The reflectivity peaks of A1~A6 composites all moved to low frequency with the increase of absorbing thickness, which can be explained by quarter-wave theory and Formula (4) [27][28][29]. The reflectivity peaks of A 1~A6 composites all moved to low frequency with the increase of absorbing thickness, which can be explained by quarter-wave theory and Formula (4) [27][28][29].
where n is a positive integer, c is the speed of light, f m is the peak frequency, d is the absorbing thickness, ε and µ represent complex permittivity and complex permeability, respectively. A 6 composite has the maximum absorption peak, reaching −7.66 dB (at 10.64 GHz). A 5 composite has the maximum reflection loss of −12.84 dB (at 18 GHz), but there is no maximum peak in 2~18 GHz. Figure 9a is the curve of reflectivity of SG/GR/PLA/TPU composites with different contents with frequency at the thickness of 3 mm. With the decrease of SG/GR ratio (from A 1 to A 6 ), the absorption peak gradually increases and tends to move to low frequency (except A 5 composite). It can be seen from Formula (4) that when d is constant, the larger √ εµ is, the smaller f m is. According to the electromagnetic parameters of the above composites, the correctness of this phenomenon can be proved. Figure 9b is the curve of attenuation constant of SG/GR/PLA/TPU composites with different contents with frequency, which can reflect its attenuation loss ability to electromagnetic waves. It can be calculated by Formula (5) [30]: with the increase of frequency, the attenuation ability of A 1~A6 composites increases.
With the decrease of SG/GR ratio (from A 1 to A 6 ), the attenuation ability is improved and, especially, the (1% SG + 4% GR)/PLA/TPU composite increased significantly in 16~18 GHz. where n is a positive integer, c is the speed of light, fm is the peak frequency, d is the absorbing thickness, ε and μ represent complex permittivity and complex permeability, respectively. A6 composite has the maximum absorption peak, reaching −7.66 dB (at 10.64 GHz). A5 composite has the maximum reflection loss of −12.84 dB (at 18 GHz), but there is no maximum peak in 2~18 GHz. Figure 9a is the curve of reflectivity of SG/GR/PLA/TPU composites with different contents with frequency at the thickness of 3 mm. With the decrease of SG/GR ratio (from A1 to A6), the absorption peak gradually increases and tends to move to low frequency (except A5 composite). It can be seen from Formula (4) that when d is constant, the larger √ is, the smaller fm is. According to the electromagnetic parameters of the above composites, the correctness of this phenomenon can be proved. Figure 9b is the curve of attenuation constant of SG/GR/PLA/TPU composites with different contents with frequency, which can reflect its attenuation loss ability to electromagnetic waves. It can be calculated by Formula (5) [30]: with the increase of frequency, the attenuation ability of A1~A6 composites increases.
With the decrease of SG/GR ratio (from A1 to A6), the attenuation ability is improved and, especially, the (1% SG + 4% GR)/PLA/TPU composite increased significantly in 16~18 GHz. A good wave-absorbing effect requires not only excellent attenuation ability, but also impedance matching, so as to prevent electromagnetic waves from being directly reflected into the air without incident into the material for consumption [31]. The delta function method [32] is generally used to characterize impedance matching (the smaller the value, the better the impedance matching [33]). Its calculation formulas are as follows (6), (7) and (8), and the results are shown in Figure 10.
Overall, the 5% SG/PLA/TPU composite had the worst impedance matching (more red areas), and the 5% GR/PLA/TPU composite had the best impedance matching (more green and blue areas). For the SG/GR double-carbon absorbent, the addition of GR can A good wave-absorbing effect requires not only excellent attenuation ability, but also impedance matching, so as to prevent electromagnetic waves from being directly reflected into the air without incident into the material for consumption [31]. The delta function method [32] is generally used to characterize impedance matching (the smaller the value, the better the impedance matching [33]). Its calculation formulas are as follows (6), (7) and (8), and the results are shown in Figure 10.
M = 4µ ε cos δ e · cos δ m (µ cos δ e − ε cos δ m ) 2 + [tan(δ m /2 − δ e /2)] 2 (µ cos δ e + ε cos δ m ) 2 (7) improve the impedance matching. When the ratio of SG/GR was 2:3, the impedance matching in the whole frequency band with the thickness of 1~4 mm could be maintained well (more green areas). However, when the ratio of SG/GR was 1:4, their recombination reached the percolation threshold, so that good impedance matching only concentrated in the high frequency (16~18 GHz) with the thickness of 2~4 mm (blue area).  Overall, the 5% SG/PLA/TPU composite had the worst impedance matching (more red areas), and the 5% GR/PLA/TPU composite had the best impedance matching (more green and blue areas). For the SG/GR double-carbon absorbent, the addition of GR can improve the impedance matching. When the ratio of SG/GR was 2:3, the impedance matching in the whole frequency band with the thickness of 1~4 mm could be maintained well (more green areas). However, when the ratio of SG/GR was 1:4, their recombination reached the percolation threshold, so that good impedance matching only concentrated in the high frequency (16~18 GHz) with the thickness of 2~4 mm (blue area).  Generally speaking, the filler particles whose shape, particle size and amount change their interfacial bonding and dispersion in the matrix, will seriously affect the mechanical properties of composites [34,35]. Figure 13 is the SEM picture of SG/GR/PLA/TPU composite powders with different content ratios. Comparing (a) with (f), three-dimensional SG particles are mainly embedded between PLA and TPU to form  Generally speaking, the filler particles whose shape, particle size and amount change their interfacial bonding and dispersion in the matrix, will seriously affect the mechanical properties of composites [34,35]. Figure 13 is the SEM picture of SG/GR/PLA/TPU composite powders with different content ratios. Comparing (a) with (f), three-dimensional SG particles are mainly embedded between PLA and TPU to form Generally speaking, the filler particles whose shape, particle size and amount change their interfacial bonding and dispersion in the matrix, will seriously affect the mechanical properties of composites [34,35]. Figure 13 is the SEM picture of SG/GR/PLA/TPU composite powders with different content ratios. Comparing (a) with (f), three-dimensional SG particles are mainly embedded between PLA and TPU to form an "island structure", which makes it well dispersed because of this random distribution. However, two-dimensional GR nanosheets are mainly wrapped and adhered to PLA and TPU to form a "core-shell structure", which is beneficial to improving the interfacial adhesion, but easy to cause agglomeration. Therefore, this is the direct reason that its composites have high tensile strength but low elongation at break. Compared with (b), (c), (d) and (e), the "island" phase is transformed into a "core-shell" phase with the decrease of SG content and the increase of GR content, which makes the dispersion effect reduce greatly to cause a decline in toughness. However, when a small amount (1%) of GR is added, it not only retains the good dispersibility of SG, but also forms a hydrogen bond with the TPU hard segment through the hydrophobic effect of PLA. This improves the interfacial bonding strength by inducing the molecular chains to diffuse each other [14,36]. decrease of SG content and the increase of GR content, which makes the dispersion effect reduce greatly to cause a decline in toughness. However, when a small amount (1%) of GR is added, it not only retains the good dispersibility of SG, but also forms a hydrogen bond with the TPU hard segment through the hydrophobic effect of PLA. This improves the interfacial bonding strength by inducing the molecular chains to diffuse each other [14,36].  Table 5 shows the comparison of the properties between carbon-based absorbent particles and resin matrix composites in recent years. Combined with the research work in this paper, the conclusions and prospects are as follows:

Conclusions
1. When the content of GR in SG/GR ratio is high, GR forms a number of "core-shell structures" in the PLA/TPU matrix. On the one hand, GR whose surface wrinkles, functional groups and defects enhance the electromagnetic wave attenuation ability (polarization loss and conductivity loss) by promoting polarization (interface polarization and dipole polarization) and multiple scattering. On the other hand, it is beneficial to improve impedance matching to improve the wave absorbing effect. Among them, when the ratio of SG/GR is 1:4, the recombination reaches the percolation threshold. At this time, there is the maximum reflection loss that is −12.84 dB (at 18 GHz), which is slightly higher than that of reference [37] but lower than that of reference [38]. 2. When the content of SG in SG/GR ratio is high, SG forms a large number of "island structures" in the PLA/TPU matrix, showing good dispersibility to improve the mechanical properties. Among them, when the ratio of SG/GR is 4:1, the graphitization degree of the composites is high. At this time, the maximum tensile strength and elongation at break are 32.07 MPa and 14.93%, respectively, which are higher than those in reference [39] but lower than the toughness of reference [40].  Table 5 shows the comparison of the properties between carbon-based absorbent particles and resin matrix composites in recent years. Combined with the research work in this paper, the conclusions and prospects are as follows:
When the content of GR in SG/GR ratio is high, GR forms a number of "core-shell structures" in the PLA/TPU matrix. On the one hand, GR whose surface wrinkles, functional groups and defects enhance the electromagnetic wave attenuation ability (polarization loss and conductivity loss) by promoting polarization (interface polarization and dipole polarization) and multiple scattering. On the other hand, it is beneficial to improve impedance matching to improve the wave absorbing effect. Among them, when the ratio of SG/GR is 1:4, the recombination reaches the percolation threshold. At this time, there is the maximum reflection loss that is −12.84 dB (at 18 GHz), which is slightly higher than that of reference [37] but lower than that of reference [38].

2.
When the content of SG in SG/GR ratio is high, SG forms a large number of "island structures" in the PLA/TPU matrix, showing good dispersibility to improve the me-chanical properties. Among them, when the ratio of SG/GR is 4:1, the graphitization degree of the composites is high. At this time, the maximum tensile strength and elongation at break are 32.07 MPa and 14.93%, respectively, which are higher than those in reference [39] but lower than the toughness of reference [40].

3.
When the ratio of SG/GR is moderate (2:3 or 3:2), SG/GR/PLA/TPU composites have a certain electromagnetic wave-absorption capacity on the basis of high strength and toughness.

4.
Compared with the single performance (wave-absorbing property or mechanical property) of carbon-based composites in Table 5, the combination of a multi-component absorbent (multiloss mechanism: electrical loss and magnetic loss) and multi-component matrix (high-strength and high-toughness matrix or particle-reinforced matrix) is the development trend for new carbon-based wave-absorbing materials to achieve the synergy of wave absorbency and mechanical properties. In addition, FDM 3D printing has obvious advantages in energy saving, environmental protection and complex structure manufacturing.