Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aged and Hot Rolled AZ80 Magnesium Alloy Sheets

: This study focused on the e ﬀ ects of ageing for various time at 175 ◦ C before hot rolling on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ80 magnesium alloys. The amount of γ -Mg 17 Al 12 increased in line with ageing time and during the rolling process could facilitate the ﬁne grains and sub-grains, which resulted in an inhomogeneous or bimodal microstructure, and weakening basal-type texture intensity or occurrence of double-peak texture. However, a larger quantity of γ -Mg 17 Al 12 distributed on the matrix in the alloy aged for 240 min, or the precipitates decorating the grain boundaries in the alloy aged for 75 min, were detrimental to the mechanical properties, and lower ultimate tensile strength with elongation were obtained in the two alloys as a result. When the alloy was aged for 200 min, it showed an optimum mechanical property with its yield strength of 281 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 363 MPa and a medium elongation of 13.3%, which was mainly attributed to the interaction of the hard second phase particles with dislocation movement and the lowest basal-type texture intensity that favored the basal slip.


Introduction
Thanks to low density, good castability, high specific strength, stiffness and recyclability, magnesium alloys have widely aroused great interests in transportation, aerospace and military fields, and are deemed to be promising structural metallic materials that one day could substitute their counterparts like aluminum, titanium, and steel [1][2][3][4]. Unfortunately, the intrinsic hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure makes Mg alloys hard to deform at ambient temperature and high chemical activity makes Mg alloys easily corrode, resulting in the limitation of wide application in industry; therefore, considerable efforts have been devoted to improve the properties of Mg alloys [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].
Among the commercial Mg alloys, AZ80 alloys are often focused on because of their simple smelting process, good corrosion resistance and cheap price comparable to WE43 alloys. They have higher Al content which helps harden the alloys via solution or precipitation strengthening. Continuous precipitates and discontinuous precipitates, which have the same chemical composition but distinguished morphology and precipitation behavior, are the two major strengthening phases in Mg-Al series alloys [17][18][19][20][21]. It has been reported that discontinuous precipitates could take effect in enhancing strength, while continuous precipitates, which would be coarsened faster at higher ageing temperature, could not in effect strengthen alloys [20,22]. Furthermore, the strength and ductility in Mg alloys are in a trade-off relationship and the discontinuous precipitates in AZ80 magnesium alloys are prone to resulting in dislocation accumulation and thus initiating micro-cracks [23]. Fortunately, Xu et al. [24] reported that the age-compressed AZ91 alloy achieved higher ultimate tensile strength and The morphology of the extruded AZ80 alloy aged at 175 °C for 160 min is depicted in Figure 2. The precipitates herein are lamellar structures and are embedded into the adjacent grain, which is the typical characteristic of discontinuous precipitation. The precipitation behavior of AZ80 magnesium alloy is intimately related to the ageing temperature, which results in discontinuous precipitation and continuous precipitation respectively when ageing temperature is below 250 °C and above 310 °C [32]. Convincingly, the discontinuous precipitation herein played the leading role and the precipitates preferentially nucleated at grain boundaries that had higher energy and defects than within the grains. Additionally, the hardness increased alongside the increment of aging time at lower ageing temperature [22,28,33,34], and the AZ80 alloy here therefore was under-aged, wherein the quantities of precipitates gradually increased in accordance with ageing time.

The Microstructure, Texture Analysis of the Pre-Aged AZ80 Magnesium Alloy Sheets after Rolling
Both Figure 3 and Figure 4 present the microstructure of the aged AZ80 alloy subjected to rolling, which was different from the primitive microstructure. After the final pass rolling the AZ80 rolled sheets were quenched into water; due to the fast cooling, the DRx did not completely occur and the rolling microstructures were preserved. The grains of the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys were comprised of coarse grains and fine grains, and inhomogeneous or bimodal microstructure came out. On one hand, the force imposed during the rolling process could have broken the discontinuous precipitates γ-Mg17Al12 into small particles that were evenly distributed among the matrix; these particles could not in effect impede the growth of grains at rolling temperature of ~350 °C but could contribute to the nucleation of fine dynamically recrystallized grains, especially sited near grain boundaries. On the other hand, the twinning and dislocations could be working in conjunction during rolling and led to high dislocation density zone near grain boundaries, facilitating the occurrence of fine grains and sub-grains.
Interestingly, it is worth noting that the twinning was barely seen in the rolled AZ80 pre-aged for 240 min, but the twinning prevailed in the rolled AZ80 alloy pre-aged for 75 min. It was obviously seen that the misorientation angle of 86.3°, which the {101 __ 2} twinning had the c-axis of grain rotate The morphology of the extruded AZ80 alloy aged at 175 • C for 160 min is depicted in Figure 2. The precipitates herein are lamellar structures and are embedded into the adjacent grain, which is the typical characteristic of discontinuous precipitation. The precipitation behavior of AZ80 magnesium alloy is intimately related to the ageing temperature, which results in discontinuous precipitation and continuous precipitation respectively when ageing temperature is below 250 • C and above 310 • C [32]. Convincingly, the discontinuous precipitation herein played the leading role and the precipitates preferentially nucleated at grain boundaries that had higher energy and defects than within the grains. Additionally, the hardness increased alongside the increment of aging time at lower ageing temperature [22,28,33,34], and the AZ80 alloy here therefore was under-aged, wherein the quantities of precipitates gradually increased in accordance with ageing time. The morphology of the extruded AZ80 alloy aged at 175 °C for 160 min is depicted in Figure 2. The precipitates herein are lamellar structures and are embedded into the adjacent grain, which is the typical characteristic of discontinuous precipitation. The precipitation behavior of AZ80 magnesium alloy is intimately related to the ageing temperature, which results in discontinuous precipitation and continuous precipitation respectively when ageing temperature is below 250 °C and above 310 °C [32]. Convincingly, the discontinuous precipitation herein played the leading role and the precipitates preferentially nucleated at grain boundaries that had higher energy and defects than within the grains. Additionally, the hardness increased alongside the increment of aging time at lower ageing temperature [22,28,33,34], and the AZ80 alloy here therefore was under-aged, wherein the quantities of precipitates gradually increased in accordance with ageing time.

The Microstructure, Texture Analysis of the Pre-Aged AZ80 Magnesium Alloy Sheets after Rolling
Both Figure 3 and Figure 4 present the microstructure of the aged AZ80 alloy subjected to rolling, which was different from the primitive microstructure. After the final pass rolling the AZ80 rolled sheets were quenched into water; due to the fast cooling, the DRx did not completely occur and the rolling microstructures were preserved. The grains of the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys were comprised of coarse grains and fine grains, and inhomogeneous or bimodal microstructure came out. On one hand, the force imposed during the rolling process could have broken the discontinuous precipitates γ-Mg17Al12 into small particles that were evenly distributed among the matrix; these particles could not in effect impede the growth of grains at rolling temperature of ~350 °C but could contribute to the nucleation of fine dynamically recrystallized grains, especially sited near grain boundaries. On the other hand, the twinning and dislocations could be working in conjunction during rolling and led to high dislocation density zone near grain boundaries, facilitating the occurrence of fine grains and sub-grains.
Interestingly, it is worth noting that the twinning was barely seen in the rolled AZ80 pre-aged for 240 min, but the twinning prevailed in the rolled AZ80 alloy pre-aged for 75 min. It was obviously seen that the misorientation angle of 86.3°, which the {101 __ 2} twinning had the c-axis of grain rotate

The Microstructure, Texture Analysis of the Pre-Aged AZ80 Magnesium Alloy Sheets after Rolling
Both Figures 3 and 4 present the microstructure of the aged AZ80 alloy subjected to rolling, which was different from the primitive microstructure. After the final pass rolling the AZ80 rolled sheets were quenched into water; due to the fast cooling, the DRx did not completely occur and the rolling microstructures were preserved. The grains of the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys were comprised of coarse grains and fine grains, and inhomogeneous or bimodal microstructure came out. On one hand, the force imposed during the rolling process could have broken the discontinuous precipitates γ-Mg 17 Al 12 into small particles that were evenly distributed among the matrix; these particles could not in effect impede the growth of grains at rolling temperature of~350 • C but could contribute to the nucleation of fine dynamically recrystallized grains, especially sited near grain boundaries. On the other hand, the twinning and dislocations could be working in conjunction during rolling and led to high dislocation density zone near grain boundaries, facilitating the occurrence of fine grains and sub-grains. around <101 __ 0>, progressively decreased ( Figure 5). It can be therefore concluded that the quantities of precipitates had an effect in twinning and the increasing amounts can effectively suppress the {10 1 __ 2} tensile twinning, which is in good agreement with the findings that Lv et al. [27] and Clark et al. [35,36] have reported. Nevertheless, the suppression of tensile twinning via precipitates is not clear and a lot of efforts are necessary to figure out why.  Previously, some literatures have reported that the second phase particles with a large diameter above 1 μm are able to promote the DRx and the newly created grain has a random texture facilitating randomizing the strong basal texture, thus favoring secondary forming [37][38][39][40][41]. It is not surprising that the basal-type texture intensities were in a progressive decreasing trend in the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 75 min, 160 min, 200 min, but to our surprise, the basal-type texture intensity of the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 240 min sharply increased compared to the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 200 min ( Figure 6). However, it is obvious to see that there existed a double-peak texture towards RD only in the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 240 min, and the occurrence of this texture was related with special slip activation modes. Based on the Taylor model of polycrystal deformation and experimental results, the pyramidal slip < c + a __ 0>, progressively decreased ( Figure 5). It can be therefore concluded that the quantities of precipitates had an effect in twinning and the increasing amounts can effectively suppress the {10 1 __ 2} tensile twinning, which is in good agreement with the findings that Lv et al. [27] and Clark et al. [35,36] have reported. Nevertheless, the suppression of tensile twinning via precipitates is not clear and a lot of efforts are necessary to figure out why.  Previously, some literatures have reported that the second phase particles with a large diameter above 1 μm are able to promote the DRx and the newly created grain has a random texture facilitating randomizing the strong basal texture, thus favoring secondary forming [37][38][39][40][41]. It is not surprising that the basal-type texture intensities were in a progressive decreasing trend in the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 75 min, 160 min, 200 min, but to our surprise, the basal-type texture intensity of the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 240 min sharply increased compared to the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 200 min ( Figure 6). However, it is obvious to see that there existed a double-peak texture towards RD only in the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 240 min, and the occurrence of this texture was related with special slip activation modes. Based on the Taylor model of polycrystal deformation and experimental results, the pyramidal slip < c + a Interestingly, it is worth noting that the twinning was barely seen in the rolled AZ80 pre-aged for 240 min, but the twinning prevailed in the rolled AZ80 alloy pre-aged for 75 min. It was obviously seen that the misorientation angle of 86.3 • , which the {1012} twinning had the c-axis of grain rotate around <1010>, progressively decreased ( Figure 5). It can be therefore concluded that the quantities of precipitates had an effect in twinning and the increasing amounts can effectively suppress the {1012} tensile twinning, which is in good agreement with the findings that Lv et al. [27] and Clark et al. [35,36] have reported. Nevertheless, the suppression of tensile twinning via precipitates is not clear and a lot of efforts are necessary to figure out why.
Previously, some literatures have reported that the second phase particles with a large diameter above 1 µm are able to promote the DRx and the newly created grain has a random texture facilitating randomizing the strong basal texture, thus favoring secondary forming [37][38][39][40][41]. It is not surprising that the basal-type texture intensities were in a progressive decreasing trend in the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 75 min, 160 min, 200 min, but to our surprise, the basal-type texture intensity of the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 240 min sharply increased compared to the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 200 min ( Figure 6). However, it is obvious to see that there existed a double-peak texture towards RD only in the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 240 min, and the occurrence of this texture was related with special slip activation modes. Based on the Taylor model of polycrystal deformation and experimental results, the pyramidal slip <c + a> was responsible for double-peak texture in Ref. [42]. According to Figure 7, the average Schmid Factor of the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloy pre-aged for 75 min, 160 min, 200 min and 240 min were respectively calculated to be 0.18, 0.18, 0.228 and 0.252, which were in an increasing trend. It is universally acknowledged that the weakening basal textured or double-peak textured magnesium alloys commonly possess good ductility or formability, for under these conditions the basal plane slips are favored to operate. Hence, it is understandable that the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 200 min and 240 min had larger Schmid Factor compared to other alloys. Crystals 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 10 > was responsible for double-peak texture in Ref. [42]. According to Figure 7, the average Schmid Factor of the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloy pre-aged for 75 min, 160 min, 200 min and 240 min were respectively calculated to be 0.18, 0.18, 0.228 and 0.252, which were in an increasing trend. It is universally acknowledged that the weakening basal textured or double-peak textured magnesium alloys commonly possess good ductility or formability, for under these conditions the basal plane slips are favored to operate. Hence, it is understandable that the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys preaged for 200 min and 240 min had larger Schmid Factor compared to other alloys.   > was responsible for double-peak texture in Ref. [42]. According to Figure 7, the average Schmid Factor of the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloy pre-aged for 75 min, 160 min, 200 min and 240 min were respectively calculated to be 0.18, 0.18, 0.228 and 0.252, which were in an increasing trend. It is universally acknowledged that the weakening basal textured or double-peak textured magnesium alloys commonly possess good ductility or formability, for under these conditions the basal plane slips are favored to operate. Hence, it is understandable that the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys preaged for 200 min and 240 min had larger Schmid Factor compared to other alloys.

Mechanical Properties of the Pre-Aged AZ80 Magnesium Alloy Sheets after Rolling
The mechanical properties of the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 75 min, 160 min, 200 min and 240 min are presented in Figure 8 and Table 1. It was observed that the yield strength (YS) was similar but the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation were various, meaning the various content of precipitates for various pre-ageing time had little effect on yield strength but had an effect on the ultimate tensile strength and elongation. In particular, when pre-aged for 200 min, the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloy obtained the higher strength with elongation amongst the pre-aged AZ80 alloys. Furthermore, the UTS and elongation increased from the pre-ageing time of 75 min to 200 min but dropped when the pre-ageing time was 240 min. The interaction of the second phase particles and the dislocation movement in the rolled AZ80 alloy is presented here in Figure 9. Obviously, the dislocation could move forward bypassing the hard second phase particles, the dispersoid took effect in retarding the dislocation movement, and the Orowan loop was left, which thus improved the strength. The content of γ-Mg17Al12 was progressively precipitated during the ageing treatment so that it was reasonable to deduce that the strength would be increasingly increasing. On the contrary, the 240 min pre-aged alloy obtained lower strength and ductility than the 200 min pre-aged alloy did. Lugo et al. and Geng and Nie [43,44] point out that the large second phase particles are prone to initiating micro-cracks that are detrimental to the mechanical properties

Mechanical Properties of the Pre-Aged AZ80 Magnesium Alloy Sheets after Rolling
The mechanical properties of the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloys pre-aged for 75 min, 160 min, 200 min and 240 min are presented in Figure 8 and Table 1. It was observed that the yield strength (YS) was similar but the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation were various, meaning the various content of precipitates for various pre-ageing time had little effect on yield strength but had an effect on the ultimate tensile strength and elongation. In particular, when pre-aged for 200 min, the rolled AZ80 magnesium alloy obtained the higher strength with elongation amongst the pre-aged AZ80 alloys. Furthermore, the UTS and elongation increased from the pre-ageing time of 75 min to 200 min but dropped when the pre-ageing time was 240 min. The interaction of the second phase particles and the dislocation movement in the rolled AZ80 alloy is presented here in Figure 9. Obviously, the dislocation could move forward bypassing the hard second phase particles, the dispersoid took effect in retarding the dislocation movement, and the Orowan loop was left, which thus improved the strength. The content of γ-Mg 17 Al 12 was progressively precipitated during the ageing treatment so that it was reasonable to deduce that the strength would be increasingly increasing. On the contrary, the 240 min pre-aged alloy obtained lower strength and ductility than the 200 min pre-aged alloy did. Lugo et al. and Geng and Nie [43,44] point out that the large second phase particles are prone to initiating micro-cracks that are detrimental to the mechanical properties of alloys, and so do the particles that decorate the grain boundaries [45]. Hence, the larger amount of second phase particles dominated the fracture mechanism and led to rapture in the early stage of uniaxial tension, resulting in the lower strength and ductility for the 240 min pre-aged AZ80 alloy. It can also be seen that the particles predominantly decorated the grain boundaries in the 75 min pre-aged AZ80 alloy (Figure 4a), in which case the micro-cracks were inclined to initiate, and similarly, lower strength and ductility were achieved. In the 200 min pre-aged AZ80 alloy, the highest UTS would be ascribed to the interaction of the hard second phase particles with dislocation and a medium elongation to the weakening basal texture and the operative basal slip.
Crystals 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 10 of alloys, and so do the particles that decorate the grain boundaries [45]. Hence, the larger amount of second phase particles dominated the fracture mechanism and led to rapture in the early stage of uniaxial tension, resulting in the lower strength and ductility for the 240 min pre-aged AZ80 alloy. It can also be seen that the particles predominantly decorated the grain boundaries in the 75 min preaged AZ80 alloy (Figure 4a), in which case the micro-cracks were inclined to initiate, and similarly, lower strength and ductility were achieved. In the 200 min pre-aged AZ80 alloy, the highest UTS would be ascribed to the interaction of the hard second phase particles with dislocation and a medium elongation to the weakening basal texture and the operative basal slip.

Conclusions
The pre-ageing treatment before hot rolling was carried out in the extruded AZ80 magnesium alloys and the microstructure and mechanical properties were characterized. The conclusions are here as follows: (1) The precipitates γ-Mg17Al12 progressively increased in accordance with pre-ageing time, and  of alloys, and so do the particles that decorate the grain boundaries [45]. Hence, the larger amount of second phase particles dominated the fracture mechanism and led to rapture in the early stage of uniaxial tension, resulting in the lower strength and ductility for the 240 min pre-aged AZ80 alloy. It can also be seen that the particles predominantly decorated the grain boundaries in the 75 min preaged AZ80 alloy (Figure 4a), in which case the micro-cracks were inclined to initiate, and similarly, lower strength and ductility were achieved. In the 200 min pre-aged AZ80 alloy, the highest UTS would be ascribed to the interaction of the hard second phase particles with dislocation and a medium elongation to the weakening basal texture and the operative basal slip.

Conclusions
The pre-ageing treatment before hot rolling was carried out in the extruded AZ80 magnesium alloys and the microstructure and mechanical properties were characterized. The conclusions are here as follows: (1) The precipitates γ-Mg17Al12 progressively increased in accordance with pre-ageing time, and