Analytic Solutions to Two-Dimensional Decagonal Quasicrystals with Defects Using Complex Potential Theory

An analytical treatment for two-dimensional point group 10 mm decagonal quasicrystals with defects was suggested based on the complex potential method. On the basis of the assumption of linear elasticity, two new conformal maps were applied to two examples: the first was an arc with an elliptic notch inner surface in a decagonal quasicrystal, where the complex potentials could be exactly obtained; and the second was concerned with a decagonal point group 10 mm quasicrystalline strip weakened by a Griffith crack, which was subjected to a pair of uniform static pressures. Using the basic idea underlying crack theory, the extent of the stress intensity factors was analytically estimated. If the height was allowed to approach infinity, these results can be turned into the known results of an “ordinary” crystal with only phonon elastic parameters when the phason and phonon-phason elastic constants are eliminated.


Introduction
Quasicrystal is a new structure as well as a novel material that has presented an important application prospect in engineering [1].Quasicrystals are brittle at low and intermediate temperature, and the structural integrity requires materials to have a sufficient strength and toughness for engineering applications.Hence, the study of the crack and fracture problems of the material is significant.It is well-known that the deformation of quasicrystals is governed by two different displacement fields: one is the phonon field, which is similar to the conventional displacement field u(u x , u y , u z ) under the long-wave length approximation; and the other is the phason field w(w x , w y , w z ), which is an unusual physical quantity compared to the traditional condensed matter physics and materials science [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].The elasticity of quasicrystals is more difficult to determine than the elasticity of crystals or classical elasticity [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].To investigate the notch/crack and fracture problems of the material, Fan introduced a mathematical theory of the elasticity of quasicrystals, where one of the mathematical theories can be found in his recently published monograph [10].In the over 200 individual quasicrystals observed to date, there are about 70 individual quasicrystals belonging to two-dimensional decagonal quasicrystals.Therefore, these kinds of quasicrystals are very important from a fundamental point and from their applications.In this study, we focused on the discussion of this class of quasicrystal.In order to measure some of the fracture parameters of the material, some scientists have acquired the fracture parameters by using the experimental specimens [4][5][6][7][8].Recently, Mariano and his co-workers, on the basis of first invariance principles and within the framework of the (both finite and small strain) continuum mechanics of quasicrystals, have discussed the steady crack propagation and dislocation of the quasicrystals [11][12][13].In addition, Wang et al. studied quasicrystals by experimental observation and pointed out that the long-period structure in magnesium alloys as well as the precipitation of the quasicrystalline phase were very important areas of this research [14].Li et al. [15,16], Gao [17], Li et al. [18], and Li [19,20] studied many cracked quasicrystals by adopting a variety of methods.Of course, many studies on quasicrystals can be found in [21][22][23][24][25][26][27], amongst others.
Notch/crack problems for conventional structural materials were studied by Muskhelishvili [28] in terms of complex analysis.In the present case, we studied the problem for quasicrystals governed by the quadruple harmonic equation.Therefore, the mathematical solution is much more complicated than for conventional structural and foam materials.Later, we introduce the complex analysis developed in monograph [10].Here, we further developed the complex analysis for so-called Saint-Venant problems of quasicrystalline materials, which may extend the methodology to more worthwhile engineering applications.

Governing Equations of Elasticity of Decagonal Quasicrystals
Consider a plane in two-dimensional quasicrystals, and assume that it is perpendicular to the periodic symmetrical axis (e.g., axis z).In this case, the phonon and phason fields are respectively: The strain field associated with the phonon displacement field and phason field is respectively defined by [7]: Here, we considered only the plane problem.It was assumed that all variables were independent of z, i.e., the deformation is limited in a plane perpendicular to the z-axis, and this leads to ε zz = ε xz = ε yz = 0. Furthermore, we can obtain the strains w zz = w zx = w xz = w zy = w yz = 0.
If we denote σ ij as the stress tensor associated to the strain tensor ε ij and H ij as the stress tensor associated with the strain tensor w ij , then the generalized Hooke's law for decagonal quasicrystals with 10mm point groups can be expressed by [7]: where L = C 12 , M = (C 11 − C 12 )/2 = C 66 ; C ij represents the phonon elastic constants; K i represents the phason elastic constants; and R is the phonon-phason coupling elastic constant.In addition, the equilibrium equations are as follows: Equations ( 2)-(4) are the basic equations describing the elasticity of decagonal quasicrystals under plane deformation, and this is an equation made of 18 field equations.
Based on the deformation compatibility equations, If we introduce the three functions φ(x, y), ψ 1 (x, y), and ψ 2 (x, y), as follows: Equation ( 5) can be transformed into the following simple forms: where ∂y 2 is the two-dimensional Laplacian operator, and When we let the three functions φ(x, y), ψ 1 (x, y), and ψ 2 (x, y), so that: then the Equation ( 7) set can be reduced to a unique equation of a higher order, i.e., the potential function G(x, y) satisfies the quadruple harmonic equation as follows [10]: where the constant is defined by By introducing a complex variable, the solution of Equation ( 9) can be expressed as [10]: where g j (z) ( j = 1, 2, 3, 4) are four analytic functions of a single complex variable z ≡ x + iy = re iθ .The bar denotes the complex conjugate hereinafter, i.e., z = x − iy = re −iθ .These analytic functions will be determined by the boundary conditions of practical problems.It is easy to prove that g 1 (z) has no contribution to the stress and displacement fields, so g 1 (z) = 0. From the fundamental solution of Equation ( 10), we can find the complex representation of the stresses as given below [10]: and where the prime, two prime, three prime, and superscript (IV) denote the first to fourth order differentiation of g j (z) to the variable z, in addition to dz , and it is evident that Θ(z) and Ω(z) are not analytic functions.
By some derivation from Equation (11), we have the complex representation of the displacements, as follows: and the constants can be expressed by and c 1 has been listed in the above expression.
If we introduce the new functions for convenience, such that: All the stress and displacement components can be rewritten by h i (z)(i = 2, 3, 4), based on these new functions.In order not to change the stresses and displacements, the analytic functions h 3 (z) can be replaced by h 3 (z) + γ , and h 4 (z) can be replaced by h 4 (z) + [10].Therefore, we can obtain the complex function written in the following form: where B, B , C , B , and C are real constants, and d 1 , d 2 , h 4 0 (z), h 3 0 (z), and h 2 0 (z) can be expressed as: where σ 1 , σ 2 are principal stresses at infinity, and α is the angle of σ 1 and the x-direction.Let z → ∞ , we have , where σ 1 , σ 2 are the generalized principal stresses at infinity, and α is the angle of σ 1 and the x-direction.
As is widely-known, Muskhelishvili [28] provided two kinds rational conformal mapping for solving plane problems of elastic materials for some complicated configurations, and the first kind In light of a similar analysis, it is very easy to obtain the following formula for each of the items h 0 4 (z), h 0 3 (z), and h 0 2 (z) of two dimensional decagonal quasicrystals, for example, the series expansion , and so on.Substituting these results into Equation ( 15), we have: where This can transform the interior of the unit circle in the mapping plane into the exterior of the material with defects in the physical plane.Through a similar analysis with the first kind of mapping, we have: where Considering the stress boundary conditions for the plane elasticity of decagonal quasicrystals in the following, we can express them as: where the point (x, y) ∈ L represents an arbitrary boundary point of a multi-connected quasicrystalline material; meanwhile, we need to consider l = cos(n, x) = dy/ds and m = cos(n, y) = −dx/ds.
Here, T = (T x , T y ) and h = (h x , h y ) represent the surface tractions and generalized surface tractions, respectively, and n denotes the outer unit normal vector of an arbitrary boundary point.
According to Equations ( 11) and ( 15) and the boundary conditions in Equation ( 18), we can write the boundary conditions based on our analytic functions:

An Arc of Elliptic Notch Inner Surface in a Decagonal Quasicrystal
We assumed a two dimensional decagonal quasicrystal weakened by an elliptic notch ( x 2 a 2 + 1), in which the arc z 1 M z 2 of the elliptic notch was subjected to a uniform pressure p.For this configuration and based on the above mappings, we can obtain the simplified form of the conformal mapping:  In the boundary of the unit circle, we introduce and can obtain: where Take the conjugate on both sides of Equation ( 21), and it will yield: If we multiply both sides of Equation ( 21 When we give the same treatment to Equation ( 12), we can obtain: Meanwhile, according to the mapping equation In the boundary of the unit circle, we introduce σ = e iθ and can obtain: where Take the conjugate on both sides of Equation ( 21), and it will yield: If we multiply both sides of Equation ( 21) by 1 2πi dσ σ−ζ , and integrate around the unit circle, then we obtain: When we give the same treatment to Equation ( 12), we can obtain: Meanwhile, according to the mapping equation we can obtain these formulas based on the above mapping, i.e., ω(σ where , where the constants are omitted.If we assume that the material is not subjected to force at infinity, it will lead to B = 0 and B − iC = 0. So, we have: where As , and we can obtain: where σ 1 = e iϕ 1 .Therefore, we have Calculating the sum of the above results, and noting Equation ( 17), we have: Similarly, by solving Equation (24), one gets: where ).

Solutions to a Decagonal Quasicrystalline Strip Containing a Centric Crack
It is difficult to determine the solutions to a decagonal quasicrystalline strip containing a crack because of its essential complexity.To avoid this difficulty, we performed a step to determine the conformal mapping from the interior of the unit circle to the exterior of the given crack.Here, we present a new approach for finding the wanted conformal transformation.We constructed a conformal mapping from the physical z plane to the complex ζ plane, where a conformal map z = Φ(ζ) maps the exterior of the crack in the physical z plane to the interior of the unit circle in the ζ plane.
Figure 2 shows a schematic of a decagonal quasicrystalline strip containing a centric crack.There was a Griffith crack with a length of 2a along the z axis embedded at the mid plane of a decagonal quasicrystalline strip with a height of h.The surfaces of the crack can be denoted by two coincident lines, namely y = 0 + and y = 0 − , respectively.The portion y = 0 ± , −a < x < a of the crack surfaces were assumed to be subject to the action of uniform loadings σ yy = −σ 0 , H yy = 0.Meanwhile, we adopted a to simulate the crack length of the strip.The boundary conditions for this problem can be described as follows: The essential building block in the present application as well as in all of the applications of the method of conformal mappings, is the fundamental mapping ( ) φ ζ that maps the interior circle onto a Griffith crack with the length of Second, we introduced some transformations, so that: The conformal map was constructed as described in the foregoing section.For the discussion below, we will denote simply The point position ζ in the mathematical domain was mapped by  σ ≡ in the unit circle γ , the boundary conditions can result in: Considering that the phason field can be discussed similarly in the above analysis process, we omit the procedure of the phason field here.In the calculation below, we affirmed that the coefficients The boundary conditions for this problem can be described as follows: for y = ±0, −a < x < +a; σ yy = −σ 0 , σ xy = 0, H yy = H yx = 0, for y = ±0, −a < x < +a. (29) The essential building block in the present application as well as in all of the applications of the method of conformal mappings, is the fundamental mapping φ(ζ) that maps the interior circle onto a Griffith crack with the length of e πa h − e − πa h in the z 1 plane: Second, we introduced some transformations, so that: The conformal map was constructed as described in the foregoing section.For the discussion below, we will denote simply Φ(ζ) as follows: The point position ζ in the mathematical domain was mapped by Φ −1 (z) onto the point position z in the physical domain.Of course, we could not obtain the solution immediately by means of this transformation.We maintained that Equation ( 19) holds on and began by writing the unknown functions h 4 (z) and h 3 (z) by means of the conformal mapping: We can clearly rewrite the boundary condition for the unit circle in the ζ plane.If we denote σ ≡ e iθ in the unit circle γ, the boundary conditions can result in: Considering that the phason field can be discussed similarly in the above analysis process, we omit the procedure of the phason field here.In the calculation below, we affirmed that the coefficients B = 0 and B + iC = 0 according to the free stresses at infinity, and meanwhile the circumference of the resultant force was zero: where T x and T y denote the generalized surface tractions in the x-direction and y-direction, respectively.Multiplying both sides of Equation (34) and its conjugate equation by 1 2πi γ 1 σ−ζ dσ and then calculating the Cauchy integration results in: Φ (σ) h 4 (σ) in the mathematical domain to compute these integrations.This is the most expensive step in our solution.Using the last two equations together with the conformal map in Equation (32), we obtain: It is very easy to prove that Equation (36) can determine the functions h 4 (ζ) and h 3 (ζ) together when these series and function sets of linear equations are posed distinctly.This has been proved with some generality, and the fact can be seen in [10], where the result h 4 (ζ), related to the stress intensity factor, is directly given: where σ 0 denotes the action of uniform loading, and c 1 , α, β can be seen in the preceding sections respectively.When inverse conformal mapping is rarely at hand, it is difficult to calculate the expression of the stress field in terms of the inverse conformal mapping.However, for this problem, if we substitute these expressions into Equation (11), it is very easy to calculate the full stress field for a crack.On the other hand, the stress intensity factor can be seen as the most important quantities, which can be characterized by the universal near-tip fields.Now, we calculate the stress intensity factors from our solution.In fact, the calculation can be completed directly from the solution based on the conformal map as described above.Previous authors derived the following expression for the complex combination (of the real) stress intensity factor [10]: This result can be extended to mode II of decagonal quasicrystals.Due to its similarity, the process was omitted.In particular, this special result (Equation (41)) can be converted into the results obtained in [10].If we let a h → 0 or h → ∞ , the expression (Equation (41)) can be converted into: which is the stress intensity factor of the decagonal point group 10 mm quasicrystals of the infinite plate weakened by a Griffith crack [10].

Conclusions and Discussion
Defects occupy a very important role in the study of the mechanical behavior of materials.Of course, it is very difficult to solve defects, including notch and crack, due to the complicated configuration.By introducing conformal mapping, we analyzed the strict theory of the complex potential method for the plane problems of two-dimensional quasicrystals.These results not only developed the methodology of the complex analysis of quasicrystal elasticity, but are also significant for the fracture analysis of the material.Meanwhile, the results given in this paper are exact analytical expressions, which provide a useful theoretical basis for the plane problems of decagonal quasicrystals.The application of the complex potential method displayed success in solving these problems.These results can be exactly reduced into the well-known classical solution in conventional structural materials.
This mapping can transform the exterior of the unit circle in the ζ-plane into the exterior of the material with defects in the physical plane.As a result of the transformation, we can obtain the series expansion of the logarithmic item ln z = ln Rζ(1 + n k=0 d k ζ −(k+1) ) = ln R + ln ζ + ln(1 + n k=0 d k ζ −(k+1) ).As |ζ| > 1 outside the unit circle was noted, we can obtain n k=0 d k ζ k+1 < 1 and also have ln(1

)
This can transform the exterior of the unit circle in the ζ-plane into the exterior of the ellipse in the z-plane, where ζ = ξ + iη = ρe iϕ and the constants can be expressed by R = (a + b)/2, m = (a − b)/(a + b).This can transform the exterior of the unit circle in the ζ -plane into the exterior of the ellipse in the z-plane, where

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.A schematic figure for an elliptic notch.
around the unit circle, then we obtain:

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.A schematic figure for an elliptic notch.
position z in the physical domain.Of course, we could not obtain the solution immediately by means of this transformation.We maintained that Equation (19) holds on and began by writing the unknown functions 4 ( ) h z and 3 ( ) h z by means of the conformal mapping: rewrite the boundary condition for the unit circle in the ζ plane.If we denote i e θ