Solvent-Free Synthesis of All Silica Beta Zeolite in the Presence of Tetraethylammonium Bromide

We report a solvent-free synthesis of all silica Beta zeolite using a cheap organic template of tetraethylammonium bromide (TEABr). The method includes mixing, grinding and heating solid raw material in the absence of water solvent but the presence of zeolite seeds. The absence of water solvent significantly improves the efficiency of synthesis, while the addition of seeds remarkably enhances the crystallization rate. In addition, the use of a cheap organic template of TEABr greatly decreases the synthesis cost. The effects of the reaction compositions, including the molar ratios of NH4F/SiO2, TEABr/SiO2, and mass ratios of seeds to the silica, on the synthesis of the pure product were investigated using different temperature. Physicochemical characterizations, including XRD, SEM, TG and N2 sorption, show that the zeolitic product has good crystallinity, uniform crystals, and high surface area.


Introduction
Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates and silicates constructed by the AlO 4 or SiO 4 tetrahedra with various framework structures [1].Nowadays, zeolites, such as A, X, Y, ZSM-5, ZSM-22, ZSM-23 and Beta, have been successfully commercialized and widely applied in gas adsorption and separation, ion-exchange, and shape selective catalysis [1].Beta zeolites are among the first synthetic high silica zeolites with three-dimensional large pores with size of 6.6 × 6.7 Å, which is an important material in diverse acid-catalyzed reactions including FCC processes and a basic catalyst for reactions such as alkylation and transesterification [2,3].Due to the high cost of synthesis, great efforts have been made to improve the synthesis.Li et al. synthesized the Beta zeolite (Si/Al = 8-100) using the TEABr as a cheap organic template [4]; Xiao et al. developed the seed-directed synthesis of Al-rich Beta zeolite (Si/Al = 4) in the absence of organic templates [5]; Wu et al. showed that the combination of solventless synthesis and organotemplate-free routes was used for synthesizing the Al-rich Beta zeolite (Si/Al = 6).These methodologies greatly decreased the cost of synthesis of aluminosilicates Beta zeolite [6].
On the other hand, all silica Beta zeolite has recently been widely used as catalytic support and adsorbency because of their high surface area, large pore volume, uniform micropores, high hydrophobicity and excellent thermal and hydrothermal stabilities [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Up to now, all silica Beta zeolite is still hydrothermally synthesized in the presence of water solvent and costly organic templates [14 -16].For example, Wang et al. reported an all silica Beta zeolite synthesis in the presence of a large number of water as solvent and costly TEAOH (aqueous solution) as organic templates in hydrothermal condition [16].
Notably, the hydrothermal route has obvious disadvantages such as reduction of synthesis efficiency owing to autoclave space occupied by the water solvent, and formation of polluted wastes [17][18][19][20].The use of expensive organic templates increases the zeolite cost in the production [19,20].Therefore, developing novel route to synthesize all silica Beta zeolite in the presence of cheap organic templates is strongly desirable.
Recently, we have reported a solvent-free methodology for synthesis of pure silica zeolites (mainly silicalite-1) from anhydrous starting materials in the presence of NH 4 F [17].Synthesis parameters and crystallization mechanism on silicalite-1 have been fully investigated.In this work, we report a solvent-free synthesis of all silica Beta zeolite in detail in the presence of cheap organic template (tetraethylammonium bromide, TEABr).The synthetic processes were carefully investigated, and the product would be characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N 2 sorption, magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG).

Synthesis
In a typical run of the synthesis of pure silica zeolite with a *BEA structure, 1.25 g of NH 4 F, 1.6 g of SiO 2 , 1.75 g TEABr, and 0.16 g of pure silica Beta seeds were added into a mortar one by one and mixed together.After grinding for 10 min, the powder was transferred to 15 mL of an autoclave and sealed.After heating at 140 • C for 60 h, the sample was fully crystalline.After stirring with 200 mL water at room temperature for 5 min, then filtrating and drying, the as-synthesized product was finally obtained, giving the weight of 1.45 g.This sample was designated as S-Beta.The H-form of the sample was prepared by calcination at 550 • C for 6 h.The final product was designated as H-S-Beta.

Characterization
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were measured with a Rigaku Ultimate VI X-ray diffractometer (40 kV, 40 mA) using CuKα (λ = 1.5406Å) radiation.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments were performed on Hitachi SU-1510 electron microscopes.The N 2 sorption isotherms at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) were measured using a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 M and the Tristar system.The 29 Si, 13 C, and 19 F solid magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE III 500 WB spectrometer.Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) was carried out with a NETZSCH STA 449C in air at a heating rate of 10 • C/min from room temperature to 800 • C.

Synthesis of S-Beta Zeolite
Figure 1 shows the XRD pattern of as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite sample in the presence of the TEABr under static conditions for 60 h at 140 • C, yielding a series of characteristic peaks associated with the *BEA structure (60% of polymorphs B and 40% of polymorphs A) [8].The low magnification SEM image (Figure 2a) of as-synthesized S-Beta sample shows very uniform crystal morphology, suggesting the high crystallinity of the product obtained.The high magnification SEM image (Figure 2b) of as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite sample exhibits the morphology of truncated octahedral.TG of the as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite sample displays major exothermic peaks at 200-800 • C accompanied by a weight loss at about 20.04%, which is related to the decomposition of organic template molecules in Crystals 2018, 8, 73 3 of 10 the framework (Figure 3).After calcination at 550 • C for 6 h, the calcined S-Beta zeolite shows a typical Langmuir adsorption curve (Figure 4), which is due to the filling of nitrogen in the micropores of the S-Beta zeolite sample.Accordingly, the micropore surface area and micropore volume are estimated to be 510 m 2 /g and 0.23 cm 3 /g, respectively, which are the same as those of the corresponding Beta zeolite synthesized in the presence of the TEAOH under hydrothermal conditions [8].
Crystals 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 10 the as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite sample displays major exothermic peaks at 200-800 °C accompanied by a weight loss at about 20.04%, which is related to the decomposition of organic template molecules in the framework (Figure 3).After calcination at 550 °C for 6 h, the calcined S-Beta zeolite shows a typical Langmuir adsorption curve (Figure 4), which is due to the filling of nitrogen in the micropores of the S-Beta zeolite sample.Accordingly, the micropore surface area and micropore volume are estimated to be 510 m 2 /g and 0.23 cm 3 /g, respectively, which are the same as those of the corresponding Beta zeolite synthesized in the presence of the TEAOH under hydrothermal conditions [8].   the as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite sample displays major exothermic peaks at 200-800 °C accompanied by a weight loss at about 20.04%, which is related to the decomposition of organic template molecules in the framework (Figure 3).After calcination at 550 °C for 6 h, the calcined S-Beta zeolite shows a typical Langmuir adsorption curve (Figure 4), which is due to the filling of nitrogen in the micropores of the S-Beta zeolite sample.Accordingly, the micropore surface area and micropore volume are estimated to be 510 m 2 /g and 0.23 cm 3 /g, respectively, which are the same as those of the corresponding Beta zeolite synthesized in the presence of the TEAOH under hydrothermal conditions [8].     Figure 5 shows 13 C, 19 F, and 29 Si MAS NMR spectra of as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite sample.Figure 5a gives the peaks at about 7 and 53 ppm, which are assigned to methyl and methylene in TEA + cation [21].The 29 Si MAS NMR spectrum (Figure 5b) exhibits five bands at about −116.2, −113.3,−110.5, −108.4,and −104.6 ppm.These bands are assigned to Si(4Si) species [18].The 19 F MAS NMR spectrum (Figure 5c) shows the three peaks at −37.7, −57.5, and −69.6 ppm.The first signal at −37.7 ppm is due to the fluoride ion occluded in the D4R cage, whereas the latter two signals are attributed to the fluoride ions occluded in the [4 3 5 4 ] cage of S-Beta zeolite sample.Due to be short of D4R cage in S-Beta zeolite sample, the detected D4R in the sample is most likely associated with the existence of the two adjacent layers at least stacked with the manner in polymorph C, which is in good agreement with the literature [15].Figure 5 shows 13 C, 19 F, and 29 Si MAS NMR spectra of as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite sample.Figure 5a gives the peaks at about 7 and 53 ppm, which are assigned to methyl and methylene in TEA + cation [21].The 29 Si MAS NMR spectrum (Figure 5b) exhibits five bands at about −116.2, −113.3,−110.5, −108.4,and −104.6 ppm.These bands are assigned to Si(4Si) species [18].The 19 F MAS NMR spectrum (Figure 5c) shows the three peaks at −37.7, −57.5, and −69.6 ppm.The first signal at −37.7 ppm is due to the fluoride ion occluded in the D4R cage, whereas the latter two signals are attributed to the fluoride ions occluded in the [4 3 5 4 ] cage of S-Beta zeolite sample.Due to be short of D4R cage in S-Beta zeolite sample, the detected D4R in the sample is most likely associated with the existence of the two adjacent layers at least stacked with the manner in polymorph C, which is in good agreement with the literature [15].Figure 5 shows 13 C, 19 F, and 29 Si MAS NMR spectra of as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite sample.Figure 5a gives the peaks at about 7 and 53 ppm, which are assigned to methyl and methylene in TEA + cation [21].The 29 Si MAS NMR spectrum (Figure 5b) exhibits five bands at about −116.2, −113.3,−110.5, −108.4,and −104.6 ppm.These bands are assigned to Si(4Si) species [18].The 19 F MAS NMR spectrum (Figure 5c) shows the three peaks at −37.7, −57.5, and −69.6 ppm.The first signal at −37.7 ppm is due to the fluoride ion occluded in the D4R cage, whereas the latter two signals are attributed to the fluoride ions occluded in the [4 3 5 4 ] cage of S-Beta zeolite sample.Due to be short of D4R cage in S-Beta zeolite sample, the detected D4R in the sample is most likely associated with the existence of the two adjacent layers at least stacked with the manner in polymorph C, which is in good agreement with the literature [15].  2Si and (c) 19 F MAS NMR spectra of as-synthesized S-Beta sample after water treatment.

Critical Factors for Solvent-Free Synthesis of S-Beta Zeolite
Various factors for solvent-free synthesis of S-Beta zeolite have been carefully investigated, and it was found that the ratios of NH4F/SiO2, TEABr/SiO2, synthesis temperature, and addition of seeds in the starting solid mixture were important to S-Beta zeolite synthesis, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 6.   Si and (c) 19 F MAS NMR spectra of as-synthesized S-Beta sample after water treatment.

Critical Factors for Solvent-Free Synthesis of S-Beta Zeolite
Various factors for solvent-free synthesis of S-Beta zeolite have been carefully investigated, and it was found that the ratios of NH 4 F/SiO 2 , TEABr/SiO 2 , synthesis temperature, and addition of seeds in the starting solid mixture were important to S-Beta zeolite synthesis, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 6.Notably, Beta seeds play an important role in the synthesis.If Beta seeds are absent in the solid starting mixtures, a majority of products are amorphous (Run 1 in Table 1 and Figure 6a).After addition of Beta seeds to the starting mixtures, S-Beta zeolites with good crystallinity are obtained (Run 2 in Table 1 and Figure 1).In addition, the addition of seeds remarkably enhances the crystallization rate, with 60 h at 140 °C, compared with traditional hydrothermal synthesis (168 h at 140 °C) [13].
The amount of NH4F is a key factor for S-Beta synthesis.Too little NH4F results in amorphous phase in the final product (Run 3 and 4 in Table 1 and Figure 6b,c).When the NH4F/SiO2 ratio reaches 1.25, pure S-Beta zeolite product with good crystallinity is obtained (Run 2 in Table 1 and Figure 1).
The ratio of TEABr/SiO2 strongly influences the final products in this synthesis.If this ratio was very low (Run 5 and 6 in Table 1 and Figure 6d,e), amorphous phase always existed in the final samples.When this ratio is 0.3, pure S-Beta zeolite product with tetragonal P4122 [21] could be obtained (Run 2 in Table 1 and Figure 1).
Moreover, the crystallization temperature is very important for synthesis of S-Beta zeolite.When the crystallization temperature is 160 °C, MFI zeolite with orthorhombic Pnma [21] is dominant (Run 7 in Table 1 and Figure 6f), and a little amount of all silica Beta zeolite is still formed, which lead to the strong broadness in particular around 2 theta of 7.5 degree; when the crystallization temperature decreases to 140 °C, S-Beta zeolite is obtained (Run 2 in Table 1 and Figure 1); when the crystallization temperature further decreases to 120 °C, the product obtained contains amorphous phase (Run 8 in Table 1 and Figure 6g).
Based on these results (Table 1 and Figure 6), it could be concluded that the crystallization of S-Beta zeolite is strongly influenced by many factors and the pure phase of S-Beta zeolite could only be obtained in a narrow phase diagram of NH4F-TEABr-SiO2-Seed at appropriate temperature by a comprehensive consideration of these factors.Notably, Beta seeds play an important role in the synthesis.If Beta seeds are absent in the solid starting mixtures, a majority of products are amorphous (Run 1 in Table 1 and Figure 6a).After addition of Beta seeds to the starting mixtures, S-Beta zeolites with good crystallinity are obtained (Run 2 in Table 1 and Figure 1).In addition, the addition of seeds remarkably enhances the crystallization rate, with 60 h at 140 • C, compared with traditional hydrothermal synthesis (168 h at 140 • C) [13].
The amount of NH 4 F is a key factor for S-Beta synthesis.Too little NH 4 F results in amorphous phase in the final product (Run 3 and 4 in Table 1 and Figure 6b,c).When the NH 4 F/SiO 2 ratio reaches 1.25, pure S-Beta zeolite product with good crystallinity is obtained (Run 2 in Table 1 and Figure 1).
The ratio of TEABr/SiO 2 strongly influences the final products in this synthesis.If this ratio was very low (Run 5 and 6 in Table 1 and Figure 6d,e), amorphous phase always existed in the final samples.When this ratio is 0.3, pure S-Beta zeolite product with tetragonal P4 1 22 [21] could be obtained (Run 2 in Table 1 and Figure 1).
Moreover, the crystallization temperature is very important for synthesis of S-Beta zeolite.When the crystallization temperature is 160 • C, MFI zeolite with orthorhombic Pnma [21] is dominant (Run 7 in Table 1 and Figure 6f), and a little amount of all silica Beta zeolite is still formed, which lead to the strong broadness in particular around 2 theta of 7.5 degree; when the crystallization temperature decreases to 140 • C, S-Beta zeolite is obtained (Run 2 in Table 1 and Figure 1); when the crystallization temperature further decreases to 120 • C, the product obtained contains amorphous phase (Run 8 in Table 1 and Figure 6g).
Based on these results (Table 1 and Figure 6), it could be concluded that the crystallization of S-Beta zeolite is strongly influenced by many factors and the pure phase of S-Beta zeolite could only

Crystallization Process of S-Beta Zeolite
To understand the solvent-free synthesis of S-Beta zeolite in the presence of the cheap TEABr, the crystallization process at 140 • C was characterized by XRD and SEM techniques (Figures 7 and 8).The dependence of sample crystallinity on crystallization time for S-Beta zeolite sample is shown in Figure 9. Before crystallization, the sample shows very weak peaks associated with the *BEA structure (Figure 7a), which are related to the Beta seeds existing in the starting mixtures.After crystallization for 6 h, the sample displays stronger peaks associated with Beta zeolite (Figure 7c) though the amorphous phase is still dominant.After increasing the time from 12-48 h, the peak intensity related to Beta zeolite significantly increases (Figure 7d-h).At the same time, SEM images of the samples shows that more truncated octahedral analogous crystals can be observed (Figure 8c-e).When the crystallization time reach 60 h, the Beta zeolite with high crystallinity and uniform crystals are obtained ( Figures 7i and 8f).Further increasing the crystallization time to 72 h, the intensity of XRD peaks does not change, which indicates the crystallization is completely finished (Figure 7j).These results confirm the rapid synthesis of S-Beta zeolite in the presence of Beta seed under solvent-free condition.

Crystallization Process of S-Beta Zeolite
To understand the solvent-free synthesis of S-Beta zeolite in the presence of the cheap TEABr, the crystallization process at 140 °C was characterized by XRD and SEM techniques (Figures 7 and  8).The dependence of sample crystallinity on crystallization time for S-Beta zeolite sample is shown in Figure 9. Before crystallization, the sample shows very weak peaks associated with the *BEA structure (Figure 7a), which are related to the Beta seeds existing in the starting mixtures.After crystallization for 6 h, the sample displays stronger peaks associated with Beta zeolite (Figure 7c) though the amorphous phase is still dominant.After increasing the time from 12-48 h, the peak intensity related to Beta zeolite significantly increases (Figure 7d-h).At the same time, SEM images of the samples shows that more truncated octahedral analogous crystals can be observed (Figure 8c-e).When the crystallization time reach 60 h, the Beta zeolite with high crystallinity and uniform crystals are obtained (Figures 7i and 8f).Further increasing the crystallization time to 72 h, the intensity of XRD peaks does not change, which indicates the crystallization is completely finished (Figure 7j).These results confirm the rapid synthesis of S-Beta zeolite in the presence of Beta seed under solvent-free condition.

Conclusions
In summary, we use TEABr as a cheap and effective organic template for successfully synthesizing all silica S-Beta zeolite in the absence of water, but in the presence of zeolite seeds.It is the first time for systematically synthesizing S-Beta zeolite using the TEABr.Compared with traditional hydrothermal synthesis, this synthesis route has obvious advantages from the sustainability point of view with respect to high product yield, cheap organic template, simple procedures, and comparatively short time.These features should be potentially important for industrial application of all silica Beta zeolite as the catalytic support and adsorbent candidate in the near future.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. (a) Low magnification and (b) high magnification SEM images of as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite at 140 °C for 60 h.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. (a) Low magnification and (b) high magnification SEM images of as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite at 140 °C for 60 h.Figure 2. (a) Low magnification and (b) high magnification SEM images of as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite at 140 • C for 60 h.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. (a) Low magnification and (b) high magnification SEM images of as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite at 140 °C for 60 h.Figure 2. (a) Low magnification and (b) high magnification SEM images of as-synthesized S-Beta zeolite at 140 • C for 60 h.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) 13 C; (b)29 Si and (c)19 F MAS NMR spectra of as-synthesized S-Beta sample after water treatment.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) 13 C; (b)29 Si and (c)19 F MAS NMR spectra of as-synthesized S-Beta sample after water treatment.
a narrow phase diagram of NH 4 F-TEABr-SiO 2 -Seed at appropriate temperature by a comprehensive consideration of these factors.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.The dependence of S-Beta crystallinity over crystallization time.Figure 9.The dependence of S-Beta crystallinity over crystallization time.

Table 1 .
Synthesis of S-Beta sample under various conditions.

Table 1 .
Synthesis of S-Beta sample under various conditions.