Electrorheological Effect of Gold Nanoparticles Coated with Fluorescent Mesogenic Groups Dispersed in Nematic Liquid Crystal

: The electrorheological (ER) properties of composite materials consisting of a nematic liquid crystal (LC) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) coated with bistolane-based mesogenic groups were studied. The GNPs were coated by normal alkyl chains and the ﬂuorescent LC compounds, of which the molecular structure was similar to that of the LC matrix. The dispersity of the GNPs in the nematic LC was investigated by polarizing optical microscopy (POM). In order to improve the ER effect of the composite, a simple strategy was investigated from the viewpoint of a material design in surface-modiﬁed GNPs by lateral substitution of the mesogenic groups. The presence of the GNPs in the nematic LC led to a slightly enhanced ER effect compared to that observed for only the nematic LC. This study demonstrates the potential of a hybrid system consisting of LCs and GNPs to yield a larger ER effect. and then the aggregation of the GNPs can be solved. From this perspective, our samples are designed on the basis of a tolane unit, as shown in Figure 1. In the present study, we investigate the ER effect of the GNPs in the nematic LC (4’-((4-heptylphenyl)ethynyl)benzonitrile, 7CT) as a function of shear rate. It is also demonstrated how the GNPs dispersed in the nematic LC behave under the applied electric ﬁeld by polarizing optical microscope (POM) observations.


Introduction
The inclusion of nanoparticles (NPs) within self-organized assemblies such as liquid crystals (LCs) provides unique characteristics with advanced functional properties. In spite of the promising relevance for hybrid systems, fundamental knowledge of the NPs affecting LC properties is still limited, and therefore its development has received increasing attention in recent years [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Combining the properties of LCs and metallic NPs is applicable to the field of materials science on account of the potential benefits to be derived from exploiting their fused functions.
One of the promising properties of the LC materials is an electrorheological (ER) effect showing controllable viscosity under an electric field. Since the first investigation of the ER effect by Winslow [11], there have been many experimental and theoretical studies of both their fundamental and their practical applications [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. ER fluids are mainly categorized into two types on the basis of the component of the fluids and the mechanism of the effect. One type is the heterogeneous ER fluid, in which the particles with large polarization induced by the external electric field are suspended in insulating oil. The other type is called the homogeneous ER fluid, which is predominantly composed of an organic polar liquid having a spontaneous polarization, such as the LCs. The ER fluids have been found to show great potential in many actuator devices and robotics, such as in brakes, clutches, and dampers in motor vehicles. The magnitude of the electric-field-induced shear stresses that are presently achievable is in the order of kilopascals for fields in the order of kilovolts per millimeter. The controllable viscosity changes with fast response times are very useful even in precision control systems that do not require such large changes. However, there are still highly vital problems to be solved for extensive commercial uses of the ER fluids because of the sedimentation of the particles, abrasion of the surface of the plates with the particles from repeating the application, high voltage, slow rise and decay time, and so on.
Integrating and hybridizing both types of ER fluids would lead to new fused materials with higher performance in addition to the intrinsic potential for each to yield generated shear stresses. We previously reported that the composite consisting of a nematic LC (4 -pentyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile, 5CB) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with alkyl chains and mesogenic groups showed a higher enhancement in shear stress under an application of electric fields [22]. In the system, the enhanced shear stress could be accounted for by the assumption that the LC domains show resistance to the shear flow and the particles simultaneously enhance the viscosity change caused by the bridged structure between the electrodes under the applied electric field. Furthermore, the surface modification of the GNPs with the organic components was found to be very important for tuning the miscibility with the LC matrix.
The GNPs should be functionalized to be highly dispersible in host LCs in order to make the fused type of ER fluids. One of the approaches for this strategy is to coat the mesogenic groups onto the NPs [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. Metallic samples are rarely dispersible and miscible to organic materials in general. Directly linking the mesogenic groups through flexible spacers onto the GNPs by a thiol group (-SH) and gold (Au) is a facile method for making the composite materials. Another method is to use a host LC with a chemical structure that is similar to that of the coated mesogenic groups. Similarity of the chemical structures leads to good dispersity, and then the aggregation of the GNPs can be solved. From this perspective, our samples are designed on the basis of a tolane unit, as shown in Figure 1. In the present study, we investigate the ER effect of the GNPs in the nematic LC (4'-((4-heptylphenyl)ethynyl)benzonitrile, 7CT) as a function of shear rate. It is also demonstrated how the GNPs dispersed in the nematic LC behave under the applied electric field by polarizing optical microscope (POM) observations. such as in brakes, clutches, and dampers in motor vehicles. The magnitude of the electric-field-induced shear stresses that are presently achievable is in the order of kilopascals for fields in the order of kilovolts per millimeter. The controllable viscosity changes with fast response times are very useful even in precision control systems that do not require such large changes. However, there are still highly vital problems to be solved for extensive commercial uses of the ER fluids because of the sedimentation of the particles, abrasion of the surface of the plates with the particles from repeating the application, high voltage, slow rise and decay time, and so on.
Integrating and hybridizing both types of ER fluids would lead to new fused materials with higher performance in addition to the intrinsic potential for each to yield generated shear stresses. We previously reported that the composite consisting of a nematic LC (4'-pentyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile, 5CB) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with alkyl chains and mesogenic groups showed a higher enhancement in shear stress under an application of electric fields [22]. In the system, the enhanced shear stress could be accounted for by the assumption that the LC domains show resistance to the shear flow and the particles simultaneously enhance the viscosity change caused by the bridged structure between the electrodes under the applied electric field. Furthermore, the surface modification of the GNPs with the organic components was found to be very important for tuning the miscibility with the LC matrix.
The GNPs should be functionalized to be highly dispersible in host LCs in order to make the fused type of ER fluids. One of the approaches for this strategy is to coat the mesogenic groups onto the NPs [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. Metallic samples are rarely dispersible and miscible to organic materials in general. Directly linking the mesogenic groups through flexible spacers onto the GNPs by a thiol group (-SH) and gold (Au) is a facile method for making the composite materials. Another method is to use a host LC with a chemical structure that is similar to that of the coated mesogenic groups. Similarity of the chemical structures leads to good dispersity, and then the aggregation of the GNPs can be solved. From this perspective, our samples are designed on the basis of a tolane unit, as shown in Figure 1. In the present study, we investigate the ER effect of the GNPs in the nematic LC (4'-((4-heptylphenyl)ethynyl)benzonitrile, 7CT) as a function of shear rate. It is also demonstrated how the GNPs dispersed in the nematic LC behave under the applied electric field by polarizing optical microscope (POM) observations.

Characterization
1 H NMR spectra were recorded on an ECS 400 NMR spectrometer (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at 400 MHz, using CDCl 3 as the solvent. Chemical shifts (δ) are expressed in ppm relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS, δ = 0.0 ppm) as an internal standard. Thermal properties were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using a Diamond DSC (PerkinElmer, Kanagawa, Japan) with heating and cooling rates of 5 • C min −1 . The textures of the LC phases were observed with an ECLIPSE E600 polarizing optical microscope (POM) (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a FP-82 hot stage and a FP-90 central processor (Mettler-Toledo, Tokyo, Japan). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the particle size analysis was conducted with JEM-2010 (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) operating at 200 kV. The thermogravimetry (TG) analysis was performed by DTG-60AH (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan).

Rheological Measurements
The rheological properties were measured on a rotational rheometer (Rheosol-G2000, UBM, Japan) equipped with an electric-field controller (PSK20P-5, Matsusada Precision, Kyoto, Japan). All the measurements were performed using 15 mm diameter parallel plates and a 0.1 mm gap. The sample was first mounted between the parallel plates, heated to the isotropic state, and held at this temperature for 10 min. It was then allowed to cool to the measuring temperature and allowed to equilibrate for 10 min. An electric field of 3 kV mm −1 was applied between the upper and lower plates under steady shear flow and constant shear rate. The generated shear stress was defined as the difference between the shear stress measured in the presence and absence of the electric field.

Phase Behavior
The synthetic route of the thiol compound (Thiol LC) used for coating the GNPs is shown in Figure S1. In the synthetic process of Thiol LC, we checked whether a disulfide with an -S-S-bonding, which is obtained by the coupling of the two thiol groups, was formed as a by-product. In the 1 H NMR spectrum of Thiol LC ( Figure S2), the quartet signal assigned to the protons of the α-carbon was observed at 2.51 ppm (-CH 2 -CH 2 -SH). This result evidently supports that the desired thiol compound was obtained without the by-product. In addition, we confirmed that the quartet signal changed to a triplet signal by mixing with D 2 O (-CH 2 -CH 2 -SD). This behavior indicates that the thiol group at the terminal part of the side-on spacer was exchanged with an -SD group.
The phase transition behavior of Thiol LC was studied by DSC and POM observations. The thiol compound exhibited a Schlieren texture in a wide temperature range from −33 to 74 • C on heating (scanning rate: 5 • C min −1 ), as shown in Figure 2. In the DSC diagram in Figure 2a, an endothermic peak was detected at 74 • C. This temperature is in good agreement with that at which the texture disappeared in the POM observation on heating. This result was related to the appearance of the nematic phase, and the endothermic peak corresponds to the clearing point (Tcl).

Characterization of the GNPs
The GNPs covered by normal alkyl chains (1-hexanethiol) and the LC thiol compounds were characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The broadening of the peaks is one of the forms of evidence for the coverage of the GNPs by the alkyl chains and the LC thiol compounds. In addition, the respective signals assigned to the protons of the α-carbons were shifted downfield after the coating on the GNPs ( Figure S6). Figure S7 shows the 1 H NMR spectrum of GNP-C6-LC enlarged in a range from 5.0 ppm to −0.5 ppm. By comparing the peak area of the signals at 4.0-3.8 ppm and 0.9-0.7 ppm, we estimated the coverage ratio between 1-hexanethiol and Thiol LC. As a result of the calculation, the coverage ratio was found to be about 1:2 = 1-hexanethiol: Thiol LC. Details of the synthetic process are referred to in our previous paper [22].
A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) image of GNP-C6-LC and the particle size distribution is shown in Figure 3. The results showed a mono-dispersed distribution in particles size ranging from 5 to 35 nm, and the average diameter was determined to be 16.1 nm with standard deviation σ = 4.75 nm.

Characterization of the GNPs
The GNPs covered by normal alkyl chains (1-hexanethiol) and the LC thiol compounds were characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The broadening of the peaks is one of the forms of evidence for the coverage of the GNPs by the alkyl chains and the LC thiol compounds. In addition, the respective signals assigned to the protons of the α-carbons were shifted downfield after the coating on the GNPs ( Figure S6). Figure S7 shows the 1 H NMR spectrum of GNP-C6-LC enlarged in a range from 5.0 ppm to −0.5 ppm. By comparing the peak area of the signals at 4.0-3.8 ppm and 0.9-0.7 ppm, we estimated the coverage ratio between 1-hexanethiol and Thiol LC. As a result of the calculation, the coverage ratio was found to be about 1:2 = 1-hexanethiol: Thiol LC. Details of the synthetic process are referred to in our previous paper [22].
A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) image of GNP-C6-LC and the particle size distribution is shown in Figure 3. The results showed a monodispersed distribution in particles size ranging from 5 to 35 nm, and the average diameter was determined to be 16.1 nm with standard deviation σ = 4.75 nm.

Characterization of the GNPs
The GNPs covered by normal alkyl chains (1-hexanethiol) and the LC thiol compounds were characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The broadening of the peaks is one of the forms of evidence for the coverage of the GNPs by the alkyl chains and the LC thiol compounds. In addition, the respective signals assigned to the protons of the α-carbons were shifted downfield after the coating on the GNPs ( Figure S6). Figure S7 shows the 1 H NMR spectrum of GNP-C6-LC enlarged in a range from 5.0 ppm to −0.5 ppm. By comparing the peak area of the signals at 4.0-3.8 ppm and 0.9-0.7 ppm, we estimated the coverage ratio between 1-hexanethiol and Thiol LC. As a result of the calculation, the coverage ratio was found to be about 1:2 = 1-hexanethiol: Thiol LC. Details of the synthetic process are referred to in our previous paper [22].
A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) image of GNP-C6-LC and the particle size distribution is shown in Figure 3. The results showed a mono-dispersed distribution in particles size ranging from 5 to 35 nm, and the average diameter was determined to be 16.1 nm with standard deviation σ = 4.75 nm.  The total amount of the pendant alkyl chains and LC moieties acting as a capping agent for GNPs were investigated by TG analysis in the atmosphere air. The TG curves of GNP-C6 and GNP-C6-LC are shown in Figure 4. As illustrated in the figure, the weights of both samples started to decrease at around 140 • C, which corresponds to the decomposition of the organic compounds coated on the surface of the GNPs. A weight loss of 36% for GNP-C6 coated with only alkyl chains and 54% for GNP-C6-LC was observed in the temperature region ranging from 50 • C to 600 • C. The initial weight loss from 150 • C to 200 • C was due to the decomposition of the alkyl chains attached to the GNPs. In the temperature region between 350 • C and 500 • C, the next dominant weight loss for GNP-C6-LC was recorded, which is obviously different for GNP-C6. This trend is due to the gradual decomposition of the LC pendants and the alkyl spacer connecting between the mesogenic core and the GNPs. The different behavior in the TG analysis confirms that the thiol LC was surely coated on the GNPs in addition to the normal alkyl chains. The total amount of the pendant alkyl chains and LC moieties acting as a capping agent for GNPs were investigated by TG analysis in the atmosphere air. The TG curves of GNP-C6 and GNP-C6-LC are shown in Figure 4. As illustrated in the figure, the weights of both samples started to decrease at around 140 °C, which corresponds to the decomposition of the organic compounds coated on the surface of the GNPs. A weight loss of 36% for GNP-C6 coated with only alkyl chains and 54% for GNP-C6-LC was observed in the temperature region ranging from 50 °C to 600 °C. The initial weight loss from 150 °C to 200 °C was due to the decomposition of the alkyl chains attached to the GNPs. In the temperature region between 350 °C and 500 °C, the next dominant weight loss for GNP-C6-LC was recorded, which is obviously different for GNP-C6. This trend is due to the gradual decomposition of the LC pendants and the alkyl spacer connecting between the mesogenic core and the GNPs. The different behavior in the TG analysis confirms that the thiol LC was surely coated on the GNPs in addition to the normal alkyl chains. In order to further characterize GNP-C6-LC, the photo-physical properties of GNP-C6-LC were examined in comparison to those of the thiol LC. Bistolane-based LCs have been known to be promising light-emitting (LE) materials. Yamada et al. intensely investigated the families of bistolane-based LCs, which are categorized as light-emitting liquid crystals (LELCs) [37][38][39][40]. Herein, the absorption and photoluminescence (PL) behavior of Thiol LC and GNP-C6-LC in dilute CH2Cl2 solutions (approximately 1.0 × 10 −6 M) was studied. It should be strongly noted that GNP-C6-LC is well dispersed in the organic solvent without aggregating. The improved dispersibility for GNP-C6-LC is attributed by the surface coating with the organic compounds. The absorption and PL spectra obtained for Thiol LC and GNP-C6-LC are shown in Figure 5  In order to further characterize GNP-C6-LC, the photo-physical properties of GNP-C6-LC were examined in comparison to those of the thiol LC. Bistolane-based LCs have been known to be promising light-emitting (LE) materials. Yamada et al. intensely investigated the families of bistolane-based LCs, which are categorized as light-emitting liquid crystals (LELCs) [37][38][39][40]. Herein, the absorption and photoluminescence (PL) behavior of Thiol LC and GNP-C6-LC in dilute CH 2 Cl 2 solutions (approximately 1.0 × 10 −6 M) was studied. It should be strongly noted that GNP-C6-LC is well dispersed in the organic solvent without aggregating. The improved dispersibility for GNP-C6-LC is attributed by the surface coating with the organic compounds. The absorption and PL spectra obtained for Thiol LC and GNP-C6-LC are shown in Figure 5a. The thiol LC showed an absorption band with a maximum absorption wavelength (λ abs ) at 354 nm, with the shoulders at 330 nm and 250 nm. Under excitation light (λ ex = 356 nm), it exhibited a single PL band with a maximum PL wavelength of 409 nm. For GNP-C6-LC, a similar absorption and PL spectra were observed, resulting from the surface coating by the thiol LCs. Figure 5b shows the CH 2 Cl 2 solution of GNP-C6-LC emitting blue PL under UV light.

Phase Behavior of the Composites
We prepared the composites consisting of 7CT and GNP-C6-LC (5, 10 wt%), and their phase transition behavior was investigated by DSC and POM observations. Figure  6 shows the DSC curves and the POM images of pure 7CT and the composites. In the heating process, the melting points (Tm) and the clearing points (Tcl) decreased slightly as the concentration of GNP-C6-LC increased, and the temperature range of the LC phase (ΔTLC) also narrowed slightly (0%: ΔTLC = 8.0 K, 5%: ΔTLC = 7.5 K, 10%: ΔTLC = 6.7 K,). In addition, the temperatures at which the nematic phase appeared on cooling also decreased with the increasing concentration of GNP-C6-LC (0%: 64.3 °C, 5%: 62.0 °C, 10%: 59.9 °C). These results suggest that the inclusion of particles hindered the orientation of the 7CT molecules and consequently destabilized the LC phase. On the basis of the results obtained here, we decided to measure rheological properties at 58 °C in the nematic phase. For the composite with a higher concentration of GNPs (more than 10%), the macroscopic aggregation of GNP-C6-LC was obtained, and therefore no further investigation was performed because of the danger of a leak current under a high electric field.

Phase Behavior of the Composites
We prepared the composites consisting of 7CT and GNP-C6-LC (5, 10 wt%), and their phase transition behavior was investigated by DSC and POM observations. Figure 6 shows the DSC curves and the POM images of pure 7CT and the composites. In the heating process, the melting points (Tm) and the clearing points (Tcl) decreased slightly as the concentration of GNP-C6-LC increased, and the temperature range of the LC phase (∆TLC) also narrowed slightly (0%: ∆TLC = 8.0 K, 5%: ∆TLC = 7.5 K, 10%: ∆TLC = 6.7 K). In addition, the temperatures at which the nematic phase appeared on cooling also decreased with the increasing concentration of GNP-C6-LC (0%: 64.3 • C, 5%: 62.0 • C, 10%: 59.9 • C). These results suggest that the inclusion of particles hindered the orientation of the 7CT molecules and consequently destabilized the LC phase. On the basis of the results obtained here, we decided to measure rheological properties at 58 • C in the nematic phase. For the composite with a higher concentration of GNPs (more than 10%), the macroscopic aggregation of GNP-C6-LC was obtained, and therefore no further investigation was performed because of the danger of a leak current under a high electric field.

Phase Behavior of the Composites
We prepared the composites consisting of 7CT and GNP-C6-LC (5, 10 wt%), and their phase transition behavior was investigated by DSC and POM observations. Figure  6 shows the DSC curves and the POM images of pure 7CT and the composites. In the heating process, the melting points (Tm) and the clearing points (Tcl) decreased slightly as the concentration of GNP-C6-LC increased, and the temperature range of the LC phase (ΔTLC) also narrowed slightly (0%: ΔTLC = 8.0 K, 5%: ΔTLC = 7.5 K, 10%: ΔTLC = 6.7 K,). In addition, the temperatures at which the nematic phase appeared on cooling also decreased with the increasing concentration of GNP-C6-LC (0%: 64.3 °C, 5%: 62.0 °C, 10%: 59.9 °C). These results suggest that the inclusion of particles hindered the orientation of the 7CT molecules and consequently destabilized the LC phase. On the basis of the results obtained here, we decided to measure rheological properties at 58 °C in the nematic phase. For the composite with a higher concentration of GNPs (more than 10%), the macroscopic aggregation of GNP-C6-LC was obtained, and therefore no further investigation was performed because of the danger of a leak current under a high electric field.

Electrorheological Property
The rheological response of the composite was investigated by steady shear experiments at a constant shear rate of 100 s −1 under the electric field. An electric field of 3 kV mm −1 was repeatedly applied to the composite at intervals of 100 s. The rheological results for 7CT and the composite (GNP-C6-LC (5, 10 wt%) in 7CT) are shown in Figure 7. The steady states were obtained without the electric field for all the samples, where the shear stress of the composites was slightly higher than that of 7CT by the addition of GNP-C6-LC. The shear stress of the samples immediately increased just after the application of the electric field at 100 s. Subsequently, a quick decrease in the shear stress was observed after the removal of the electric field, indicating that the organized structures relaxed to their initial state. The reversible ER response was demonstrated by the rapid change of the shear stress upon the application and removal of the electric field. In addition, the stable repeatability of the ER effect was confirmed in the multiple cycles of the ER response. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that the generated shear stress in the composites was slightly enhanced by the addition of GNP-C6-LC.
by the complex sedimentary source material. The calcareous bedrock mainly consisted of calcium carbonate and a few amounts of clay minerals surrounded by the weathered layer rich in clays due to decarbonization. It is a widely held view that limestoneʹs solubility in weak acid and limestone, resulting in karst forming processes. It has been previously studied that the karst system stores a large amount of CO2 underground, which later was emitted during windy days and filled quickly during low wind speed through cracks and fissures [59]. Even though some sinkholes in our site are visible, this hypothesis needs further investigation to understand the rate and magnitude of calcite dissolution. Also, monitoring data suggest that the subsoilʹs permeability is most likely reduced during wet periods diminishing molecular diffusion and advection. The lower the SWC value, the more enormous the ventilationʹs potential to remove CO2 from the soil, as indicated by previous works in a karstic environment [59,60].
It is widely known that the increase of temperature by 10°C leads to a higher respiration rate factor, known as temperature sensitivity of soil respiration, that is often expressed as the Q10 [61,62]. However, this factor related to biological activity cannot fully explain the variation. Instead, the CO2 fluctuation is likely due to pressure pumping effects (PPE) promoted by u* fluctuation where the soil acts as a semi-permeable membrane storing and releasing CO2 [33,63,64]. The continuous wavelet-based analysis (Figure 8) was employed of the dataset from 17 June to 23 July 2020, which was chosen due to the datasetʹs continuity. The wavelet analysis was done using R software and Waveletcomp Package [44,65] to test our hypothesis regarding pressure pumping effects generated in a deep soil layer.
Friction velocity (u*) and temperature (35 m) recorded from the 17 June to 23 July 2020 ranged from 0 m/s-1m/s and 10°-28°C, respectively. Wavelet power analysis of temperature and u* (Figure 8.a.1.2) demonstrates substantial diurnal scale as expected shown The dependence of the shear rate on the shear stress of the composite (10 wt%) at 58 • C is shown in Figure 8. With regard to the measuring method, it should be noted that the shear stress was measured by increasing the shear rate stepwise from 0 to 100 s −1 . As shown in Figure 8, the shear stresses increased roughly in proportion to the shear rate under 0 and 3 kV mm −1 , which is known as Newtonian behavior. This mainly resulted from the reorientation of 7CT with a positive dielectric anisotropy, which is a characteristic of homogeneous ER fluids. On the other hand, Bingham behavior is generally observed in heterogeneous ER fluids, in which a viscosity change occurs owing to the crosslinked structure of the particles between the two parallel plates under the electric field. This observed behavior might be caused by the fact that the particle size of GNP-C6-LC contained in the composite is extremely small, and the crosslinked structure is easily destroyed by the Brownian motion of the 7CT molecules.

POM Observation under an Applied Electric Field
The compositional homogeneity of the produced composite represents an important step towards the application of LC-based ER fluid devices. The miscibility of GNP-C6-LC to 7CT was accurately evaluated by the POM observation. Optical investigations of the composite under an applied electric field were carried out in a transparent sandwich-type cell consisting of two glass plates coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) and treated for a homogeneous alignment. The composite was induced into the cell at the isotropic state and then cooled to the temperature at which the ER measurement was performed in the nematic phase (58 °C). The POM images of the composite (GNP-C6-LC (10 wt%) in 7CT) are shown in Figure 9(a)-(d). First, the 7CT molecules were found to be certainly aligned in the rubbing direction, confirmed by the fact that a uniformly colored (dark brown) image was observed, as shown in Figure 9(a). A small aggregation of GNP-C6-LC across the whole of 7CT was also clearly observed. Next, the alignment behavior of the composite was observed when an electric field was applied. As shown in Figure 9(b), the POM image turned mostly dark upon the application of the electric field perpendicular to the ITO surface. This implies that the 7CT molecules were homeotropically aligned along the direction of the electric field. Thus, the reorientation of 7CT by the electric field was unaffected by the small aggregation of GNP-C6-LC.
Subsequently, in order to confirm the behavior of GNP-C6-LC under an electric field, the POM observation was conducted under open Nicol. The open Nicol images of the composite under 0 and 3 kVmm −1 can be observed in Figure 9(c) and 9(d), respectively. As can be seen from the figures, the composite had a small aggregation in the absence of an electric field, but the change in the image occurred after the application of the electric field. This behavior might be indicative of the crosslinked structure or the reformed aggregation of the GNPs. However, as mentioned above, the composite (GNP-C6-LC (10wt%) in 7CT) demonstrated Newtonian behavior, as confirmed in Figure 8. From the results of the POM observation and the ER measurements, it could be concluded that the crosslinked structure of the GNPs was weak enough to result in the higher viscosity and rarely played an effective role in the enhanced ER effect.

POM Observation under an Applied Electric Field
The compositional homogeneity of the produced composite represents an important step towards the application of LC-based ER fluid devices. The miscibility of GNP-C6-LC to 7CT was accurately evaluated by the POM observation. Optical investigations of the composite under an applied electric field were carried out in a transparent sandwich-type cell consisting of two glass plates coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) and treated for a homogeneous alignment. The composite was induced into the cell at the isotropic state and then cooled to the temperature at which the ER measurement was performed in the nematic phase (58 • C). The POM images of the composite (GNP-C6-LC (10 wt%) in 7CT) are shown in Figure 9a-d. First, the 7CT molecules were found to be certainly aligned in the rubbing direction, confirmed by the fact that a uniformly colored (dark brown) image was observed, as shown in Figure 9a. A small aggregation of GNP-C6-LC across the whole of 7CT was also clearly observed. Next, the alignment behavior of the composite was observed when an electric field was applied. As shown in Figure 9b, the POM image turned mostly dark upon the application of the electric field perpendicular to the ITO surface. This implies that the 7CT molecules were homeotropically aligned along the direction of the electric field. Thus, the reorientation of 7CT by the electric field was unaffected by the small aggregation of GNP-C6-LC.
Subsequently, in order to confirm the behavior of GNP-C6-LC under an electric field, the POM observation was conducted under open Nicol. The open Nicol images of the composite under 0 and 3 kV mm −1 can be observed in Figure 9c,d, respectively. As can be seen from the figures, the composite had a small aggregation in the absence of an electric field, but the change in the image occurred after the application of the electric field. This behavior might be indicative of the crosslinked structure or the reformed aggregation of the GNPs. However, as mentioned above, the composite (GNP-C6-LC (10 wt%) in 7CT) demonstrated Newtonian behavior, as confirmed in Figure 8. From the results of the POM observation and the ER measurements, it could be concluded that the crosslinked structure of the GNPs was weak enough to result in the higher viscosity and rarely played an effective role in the enhanced ER effect.

Conclusions
In summary, we presented the fabrication of surface-functionalized GNPs and the ER effect of the composite consisting of the GNPs and the nematic LC. By adding the surface-functionalized GNPs into 7CT, a slightly enhanced change in the shear stress for the LC composites was observed compared with that observed for only 7CT. Our approach in which the mesogenic groups were coated onto the GNPs successfully provided dispersible metallic particles in the LC matrix and resulted in a fusional ER system via the organic/inorganic materials. In addition, we succeeded in producing fluorescent GNPs capable of dispersing in the organic solvent. Further investigation of the ER properties of such hybrid ER fluids is necessary for yielding larger viscosity changes and expanding upon the new insights obtained in this study.

Supplementary Materials:
The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/xxx/s1: Figure S1: Synthetic route of the thiol LC used for coating the GNPs. Figure S2: 1 H NMR spectrum of Thiol LC. Figure S3: Synthetic route of the host nematic LC (7CT). Figure S4: 1 H NMR spectrum of 7CT. Figure S5: (a) DSC curves and (b) POM image of 7CT. The image was taken at 63 °C on cooling. Figure S6: 1 H NMR spectra of (a) 1-hexanethiol and GNP-C6, and (b) Thiol LC and GNP-C6-LC. Figure

Conclusions
In summary, we presented the fabrication of surface-functionalized GNPs and the ER effect of the composite consisting of the GNPs and the nematic LC. By adding the surface-functionalized GNPs into 7CT, a slightly enhanced change in the shear stress for the LC composites was observed compared with that observed for only 7CT. Our approach in which the mesogenic groups were coated onto the GNPs successfully provided dispersible metallic particles in the LC matrix and resulted in a fusional ER system via the organic/inorganic materials. In addition, we succeeded in producing fluorescent GNPs capable of dispersing in the organic solvent. Further investigation of the ER properties of such hybrid ER fluids is necessary for yielding larger viscosity changes and expanding upon the new insights obtained in this study.