Oxidative Steam Reforming of Raw Bio-Oil over Supported and Bulk Ni Catalysts for Hydrogen Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Catalyst Properties
2.1.1. Physical Properties (N2 Adsorption-Desorption)
2.1.2. Catalyst Reducibility (Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR))
2.1.3. Crystalline Structure (X-ray Diffraction (XRD))
2.2. Performance of the Catalysts
2.2.1. Supported Catalysts
2.2.2. Bulk Catalysts
2.3. Analysis of Coke Deposition (Temperature Programmed Oxidation (TPO))
2.4. Regenerability of the Catalyst
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Bio-Oil Production and Properties
4.2. Synthesis and Characterization of the Catalysts
4.3. Reaction Equipment, Experimental Conditions, and Reaction Indices
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst Supports | SBET, m2 g−1 | Vpore, cm3 g−1 | dpore, nm |
---|---|---|---|
αAl2O3 (Al) | 50.0 | 0.205 | 8.2 |
La2O3-αAl2O3 (LaAl) | 41.4 | 0.154 | 14.5 |
CeO2 (Ce) | 191.8 | 0.417 | 8.8 |
CeO2-ZrO2 (CeZr) | 47.6 | 0.121 | 7.9 |
Synthetized Catalysts | |||
Ni/LaAl | 37.6 | 0.145 | 14.6 |
Ni/Ce | 159.2 | 0.312 | 8.2 |
5Ni/CeZr | 31.6 | 0.133 | 10.2 |
15Ni/CeZr | 23.2 | 0.116 | 10.4 |
Commercial Catalyst | |||
G90 | 19.0 | 0.041 | 12.2 |
Catalyst | SBET, m2 g−1 | Vpore, cm3 g−1 | dpore, nm |
---|---|---|---|
LaNiO3 | 9.2 | 0.068 | 29.5 |
La2NiO4 | 7.3 | 0.012 | 6.8 |
NiAl2O4 | 96.8 | 0.120 | 5.0 |
Catalyst | dNi0, nm (44.5°) Plane (1 1 1) | dNi0, nm (51.8°) Plane (2 0 0) |
---|---|---|
Supported catalysts | ||
Ni/LaAl | 8.7 | 7.6 |
Ni/Ce | 23.4 | 20.5 |
5Ni/CeZr | 21.4 | - |
15Ni/CeZr | 34.2 | 30.7 |
G90* [59] | 24.0 | - |
Bulk Catalysts | ||
LaNiO3 | 14.2 | - |
La2NiO4 | 11.6 | - |
NiAl2O4 | 17.5 | 13.0 |
Catalyst | Name | Nominal Ni Content, wt % | TC, °C | TR, °C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supported | Ni/La2O3-αAl2O3 | Ni/LaAl | 10% Ni | 550 | 700 |
Ni/CeO2 | Ni/Ce | 15% Ni | 550 | 700 | |
Ni/CeO2-ZrO2 | 5Ni/CeZr 15Ni/CeZr | 5% Ni 15% Ni | 550 | 700 | |
Bulk | NiAl2O4 spinel | NiAl2O4 | 33% Ni | 850 | 850 |
LaNiO3 perovskite | LaNiO3 | 23.9% Ni | 700 | 700 | |
La2NiO4 perovskite | La2NiO4 | 14.6% Ni |
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Arandia, A.; Remiro, A.; García, V.; Castaño, P.; Bilbao, J.; Gayubo, A.G. Oxidative Steam Reforming of Raw Bio-Oil over Supported and Bulk Ni Catalysts for Hydrogen Production. Catalysts 2018, 8, 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8080322
Arandia A, Remiro A, García V, Castaño P, Bilbao J, Gayubo AG. Oxidative Steam Reforming of Raw Bio-Oil over Supported and Bulk Ni Catalysts for Hydrogen Production. Catalysts. 2018; 8(8):322. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8080322
Chicago/Turabian StyleArandia, Aitor, Aingeru Remiro, Verónica García, Pedro Castaño, Javier Bilbao, and Ana G. Gayubo. 2018. "Oxidative Steam Reforming of Raw Bio-Oil over Supported and Bulk Ni Catalysts for Hydrogen Production" Catalysts 8, no. 8: 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8080322