Organocatalyzed Michael Addition to Nitroalkenes via Masked Acetaldehyde

: A novel and safe reaction protocol for the enantioselective enamine-catalysed addition of acetaldehyde to nitroalkenes is presented; this protocol makes use of a safe acetaldehyde precursor to access important intermediates to Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), and allows the use of fewer equivalents of acetaldehyde and lower catalyst loadings. The reaction developed proved to be suitable to be performed on gram-scale and to produce key intermediates for the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds such as pregabalin. Application of the developed protocol on > 1 g scale to afford synthetically useful intermediate 3h .


Introduction
Nowadays, organocatalysis is a key technology platform and is routinely assessed in industry when taking a process to manufacture [1][2][3][4]. In fact, organocatalysis can bring many benefits to an industrial process; the catalysts are in general non-toxic, the reactions are robust, metals are avoided, and strictly controlled conditions are non-necessary. Organocatalysis can be employed to access very valuable γ-amino acids, such as pregabalin, and a great number of organocatalytic synthetic routes to this simple API has been disclosed [5].
Among these, the enamine-catalysed [6][7][8][9] addition of acetaldehyde to a nitroalkene holds high potential for a cost-efficient process; the raw materials are widely available at low prices and the catalyst needed can be accessed at a reasonable cost. Whereas different types of ketones and aldehydes have been activated as nucleophiles, few attempts of using acetaldehyde as nucleophile have been reported with aminocatalysis [10,11]. Controlling acetaldehyde's reactivity is extremely challenging; in fact, it can easily undergo self-condensation reactions. Furthermore, the product of the enamine-mediated reaction of acetaldehyde is an aldehyde carrying a methylene group, which is still considerably reactive and could potentially react with either a nucleophile or an electrophile to give collateral products. Hayashi [12,13] and List [14] showed independently that, by carefully choosing the reaction conditions, an efficient aminocatalytic enantioselective addition of acetaldehyde to nitroalkenes can be accomplished (Scheme 1a,b). deprotected products (Table 1, entries 1-4), encouraging results were obtained with inorganic acids and acidic resins (Table 1, entries 5-6 and 7-8 and 10) and trifluoroacetic acid (Table 1, entry 9). The most promising acids proved to be TFA and Amberlyst-15, providing the deprotected acetaldehyde 2 in 16% and 18% conversion, respectively (Table 1, entry 9-10). Nafion NRE 212, albeit showing a similar conversion, was discarded for further screening given its higher cost and the challenges that a polymeric sheet brings in a process. Table 1. Results of the acid-catalysed deprotection of acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 1 .
Catalysts 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 7 similar conversion, was discarded for further screening given its higher cost and the challenges that a polymeric sheet brings in a process. Encouraged by these results, we further optimized the reaction conditions between nitrostyrene 1a and acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 5 in the presence of a catalytic amount of Hayashi/Jørgensen catalyst 6, by employing Amberlyst-15 as a catalyst to effect the deprotection ( Table 2, see also Supplementary Materials); the use of TFA was discarded as no 7 is formed in the presence of TFA, 1a, 6 and 5 in CHCl3. Adventitious water is not enough to afford a high conversion and the addition of water is needed (Table 2, entries 1-2). A solvent screening was carried out with 5 eq. of 5, 10 eq. of water (i.e., 2 eq. with respect to 5) over 72 h ( Table 2, entries 2-9). Chloroform afforded the desired product 3a in 94% conversion and 93% ee ( Table 2, entry 2). Solvents such as ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and acetone showed lower conversion and enantioselectivity ( Table 2, entries 3-5), while toluene, diethyl ether, and dichloromethane provided lower conversion with enantioselectivity comparable to CHCl3 (Table 2, entries 6-8). The use of dioxane provided similar conversion and ee to CHCl3 over 72 h (Table 2, entry 9). However, when the reaction time was shortened to 24 h, CHCl3 proved to be a better solvent than dioxane both with 10 eq. ( Table 2, entries 10-11) and 15 eq. of H2O (Table 2, entries 12-13). Encouraged by these results, we further optimized the reaction conditions between nitrostyrene 1a and acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 5 in the presence of a catalytic amount of Hayashi/Jørgensen catalyst 6, by employing Amberlyst-15 as a catalyst to effect the deprotection ( Table 2, see also Supplementary Materials); the use of TFA was discarded as no 7 is formed in the presence of TFA, 1a, 6 and 5 in CHCl 3 . Adventitious water is not enough to afford a high conversion and the addition of water is needed ( Table 2, entries 1-2). A solvent screening was carried out with 5 eq. of 5, 10 eq. of water (i.e., 2 eq. with respect to 5) over 72 h ( Table 2, entries 2-9). Chloroform afforded the desired product 3a in 94% conversion and 93% ee (Table 2, entry 2). Solvents such as ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and acetone showed lower conversion and enantioselectivity (Table 2, entries 3-5), while toluene, diethyl ether, and dichloromethane provided lower conversion with enantioselectivity comparable to CHCl 3 ( Table 2, entries 6-8). The use of dioxane provided similar conversion and ee to CHCl 3 over 72 h ( Table 2, entry 9). However, when the reaction time was shortened to 24 h, CHCl 3 proved to be a better solvent than dioxane both with 10 eq. (  Catalysts 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 7 similar conversion, was discarded for further screening given its higher cost and the challenges that a polymeric sheet brings in a process. Encouraged by these results, we further optimized the reaction conditions between nitrostyrene 1a and acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 5 in the presence of a catalytic amount of Hayashi/Jørgensen catalyst 6, by employing Amberlyst-15 as a catalyst to effect the deprotection ( Table 2, see also Supplementary Materials); the use of TFA was discarded as no 7 is formed in the presence of TFA, 1a, 6 and 5 in CHCl3. Adventitious water is not enough to afford a high conversion and the addition of water is needed ( Table 2, entries 1-2). A solvent screening was carried out with 5 eq. of 5, 10 eq. of water (i.e., 2 eq. with respect to 5) over 72 h ( Table 2, entries 2-9). Chloroform afforded the desired product 3a in 94% conversion and 93% ee ( Table 2, entry 2). Solvents such as ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and acetone showed lower conversion and enantioselectivity (Table 2, entries 3-5), while toluene, diethyl ether, and dichloromethane provided lower conversion with enantioselectivity comparable to CHCl3 (Table 2, entries 6-8). The use of dioxane provided similar conversion and ee to CHCl3 over 72 h (Table 2, entry 9). However, when the reaction time was shortened to 24 h, CHCl3 proved to be a better solvent than dioxane both with 10 eq. ( Table 2, entries 10-11) and 15 eq. of H2O (Table 2, entries 12-13).  1 Reactions performed with catalyst 6 (7.5 mg, 0.02 mmol, 0.05 eq), trans-β-nitrostyrene 1a (60 mg, 0.4 mmol, 1 eq.), acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 5, water, Amberlyst-15 (10 mol%) and solvent (1 mL, 0.4 M) at room temperature. 2 Measured by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. 3 Determined by chiral HPLC analysis after conversion of the aldehyde into the corresponding alcohol by reduction with NaBH 4 . See the Supporting Information for details. 4 0.5 mL of solvents were used, M = 0.8 mol/L. 5 0.25 mL of solvents were used, M = 1.6 mol/L. 6 7 mg of Amberlyst-15 were used. 7 28 mg of Amberlyst-15 were used. 8 L-proline was used as a catalyst. 9 (S)-α,α-Bis [3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2pyrrolidinemethanol trimethylsilyl ether (Jørgensen catalyst) was used as a catalyst.
Lowering the equivalents of 5 afforded a more sluggish reaction ( Table 2, entries 14-16); the reactivity at 3 eq. could be restored by increasing the concentration to 0.8 M ( Table 2, entry 17), while the use of 2 eq. called for 1.6 M conditions ( Table 2, entries 18-19).
Using different amounts of Amberlyst-15 proved detrimental to the reaction ( Table 2, entries 20-21), slowing it down dramatically in case of a larger amount, probably because the acetaldehyde was released too quickly, giving rise to oligomers ( Table 2, entry 21).
Variation of the catalyst ( Table 2, entries 22-23) and testing dioxane, one of the promising solvents, in the conditions of entry 19 ( Table 2, entry 24), did not bring any improvement.
Based on the results, we chose the conditions in Table 2, entry 19, to evaluate the generality of the reaction (Table 3, see also Supplementary Materials). As expected, and in agreement with the previous reports [13][14][15], other nitroalkenes are less reactive than nitrostyrene. Nevertheless, nitrostyrene derivatives, having either electron-rich or electro-deficient substituents, successfully afforded the desired Michael adducts in high yields and enantioselectivity (Table 3, entries 1-4). The protocol developed proved to be successful also with alkyl-substituted nitroalkenes to give the desired products in high yields and optical purity ( Table 3, entries 5-8). previous reports [13][14][15], other nitroalkenes are less reactive than nitrostyrene. Nevertheless, nitrostyrene derivatives, having either electron-rich or electro-deficient substituents, successfully afforded the desired Michael adducts in high yields and enantioselectivity (Table 3, entries 1-4). The protocol developed proved to be successful also with alkyl-substituted nitroalkenes to give the desired products in high yields and optical purity (  The reaction was performed with nitroalkenes (0.7 mmol, 1 eq), acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 5 (1.4 mmol, 2 eq), catalyst 6 (0.035 mmol, 0.05 eq), Amberlyst-15 (10 mol%), water (4.2 mmol, 6 eq) in CHCl3 (0.44 mL, 1.6 M) at room temperature. 2 Yield of isolated product. 3 Optical purity was determined by chiral HPLC/GC analysis after conversion of the aldehyde into the corresponding alcohol by reduction with NaBH4. 4 Amberlyst-15 (5 mol%) was used. 5 (R)-6 was used as a catalyst. 6 Optical purity was determined after conversion of the corresponding alcohol into the tosylate derivative.
As anticipated at the outset, the catalytic Michael reaction affords nitroaldehydes that are versatile and key intermediates to access important APIs, such as pregabalin, a widely used antiepileptic drug. The developed protocol was tested on >1 g scale of the starting nitroalkene 1h to provide a more reliable expectation of how it should behave on bigger scales (Scheme 2, see also Supplementary Materials) [16]. The reaction was stopped after 72 h; the yield proved to be in line with the smaller scale, while the enantioselectivity was higher than on a smaller scale and nearly complete (>99%), pointing to the fact that the protocol is very promising for further development. The reaction was performed with nitroalkenes (0.7 mmol, 1 eq), acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 5 (1.4 mmol, 2 eq), catalyst 6 (0.035 mmol, 0.05 eq), Amberlyst-15 (10 mol%), water (4.2 mmol, 6 eq) in CHCl3 (0.44 mL, 1.6 M) at room temperature. 2 Yield of isolated product. 3 Optical purity was determined by chiral HPLC/GC analysis after conversion of the aldehyde into the corresponding alcohol by reduction with NaBH4. 4 Amberlyst-15 (5 mol%) was used. 5 (R)-6 was used as a catalyst. 6 Optical purity was determined after conversion of the corresponding alcohol into the tosylate derivative.
As anticipated at the outset, the catalytic Michael reaction affords nitroaldehydes that are versatile and key intermediates to access important APIs, such as pregabalin, a widely used antiepileptic drug. The developed protocol was tested on >1 g scale of the starting nitroalkene 1h to provide a more reliable expectation of how it should behave on bigger scales (Scheme 2, see also Supplementary Materials) [16]. The reaction was stopped after 72 h; the yield proved to be in line with the smaller scale, while the enantioselectivity was higher than on a smaller scale and nearly complete (>99%), pointing to the fact that the protocol is very promising for further development. The reaction was performed with nitroalkenes (0.7 mmol, 1 eq), acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 5 (1.4 mmol, 2 eq), catalyst 6 (0.035 mmol, 0.05 eq), Amberlyst-15 (10 mol%), water (4.2 mmol, 6 eq) in CHCl3 (0.44 mL, 1.6 M) at room temperature. 2 Yield of isolated product. 3 Optical purity was determined by chiral HPLC/GC analysis after conversion of the aldehyde into the corresponding alcohol by reduction with NaBH4. 4 Amberlyst-15 (5 mol%) was used. 5 (R)-6 was used as a catalyst. 6 Optical purity was determined after conversion of the corresponding alcohol into the tosylate derivative.
As anticipated at the outset, the catalytic Michael reaction affords nitroaldehydes that are versatile and key intermediates to access important APIs, such as pregabalin, a widely used antiepileptic drug. The developed protocol was tested on >1 g scale of the starting nitroalkene 1h to provide a more reliable expectation of how it should behave on bigger scales (Scheme 2, see also Supplementary Materials) [16]. The reaction was stopped after 72 h; the yield proved to be in line with the smaller scale, while the enantioselectivity was higher than on a smaller scale and nearly complete (>99%), pointing to the fact that the protocol is very promising for further development. The reaction was performed with nitroalkenes (0.7 mmol, 1 eq), acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 5 (1.4 mmol, 2 eq), catalyst 6 (0.035 mmol, 0.05 eq), Amberlyst-15 (10 mol%), water (4.2 mmol, 6 eq) in CHCl3 (0.44 mL, 1.6 M) at room temperature. 2 Yield of isolated product. 3 Optical purity was determined by chiral HPLC/GC analysis after conversion of the aldehyde into the corresponding alcohol by reduction with NaBH4. 4 Amberlyst-15 (5 mol%) was used. 5 (R)-6 was used as a catalyst. 6 Optical purity was determined after conversion of the corresponding alcohol into the tosylate derivative.
As anticipated at the outset, the catalytic Michael reaction affords nitroaldehydes that are versatile and key intermediates to access important APIs, such as pregabalin, a widely used antiepileptic drug. The developed protocol was tested on >1 g scale of the starting nitroalkene 1h to provide a more reliable expectation of how it should behave on bigger scales (Scheme 2, see also Supplementary Materials) [16]. The reaction was stopped after 72 h; the yield proved to be in line with the smaller scale, while the enantioselectivity was higher than on a smaller scale and nearly complete (>99%), pointing to the fact that the protocol is very promising for further development. As anticipated at the outset, the catalytic Michael reaction affords nitroaldehydes that are versatile and key intermediates to access important APIs, such as pregabalin, a widely used antiepileptic drug. The developed protocol was tested on >1 g scale of the starting nitroalkene 1h to provide a more reliable expectation of how it should behave on bigger scales (Scheme 2, see also Supplementary Materials) [16]. The reaction was stopped after 72 h; the yield proved to be in line with the smaller scale, while the enantioselectivity was higher than on a smaller scale and nearly complete (>99%), pointing to the fact that the protocol is very promising for further development. The reaction was performed with nitroalkenes (0.7 mmol, 1 eq), acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 5 (1.4 mmol, 2 eq), catalyst 6 (0.035 mmol, 0.05 eq), Amberlyst-15 (10 mol%), water (4.2 mmol, 6 eq) in CHCl3 (0.44 mL, 1.6 M) at room temperature. 2 Yield of isolated product. 3 Optical purity was determined by chiral HPLC/GC analysis after conversion of the aldehyde into the corresponding alcohol by reduction with NaBH4. 4 Amberlyst-15 (5 mol%) was used. 5 (R)-6 was used as a catalyst. 6 Optical purity was determined after conversion of the corresponding alcohol into the tosylate derivative.
As anticipated at the outset, the catalytic Michael reaction affords nitroaldehydes that are versatile and key intermediates to access important APIs, such as pregabalin, a widely used antiepileptic drug. The developed protocol was tested on >1 g scale of the starting nitroalkene 1h to provide a more reliable expectation of how it should behave on bigger scales (Scheme 2, see also Supplementary Materials) [16]. The reaction was stopped after 72 h; the yield proved to be in line with the smaller scale, while the enantioselectivity was higher than on a smaller scale and nearly complete (>99%), pointing to the fact that the protocol is very promising for further development. As anticipated at the outset, the catalytic Michael reaction affords nitroaldehydes that are versatile and key intermediates to access important APIs, such as pregabalin, a widely used antiepileptic drug. The developed protocol was tested on >1 g scale of the starting nitroalkene 1h to provide a more reliable expectation of how it should behave on bigger scales (Scheme 2, see also Supplementary Materials) [16]. The reaction was stopped after 72 h; the yield proved to be in line with the smaller scale, while the enantioselectivity was higher than on a smaller scale and nearly complete (>99%), pointing to the fact that the protocol is very promising for further development. As anticipated at the outset, the catalytic Michael reaction affords nitroaldehydes that are versatile and key intermediates to access important APIs, such as pregabalin, a widely used antiepileptic drug. The developed protocol was tested on >1 g scale of the starting nitroalkene 1h to provide a more reliable expectation of how it should behave on bigger scales (Scheme 2, see also Supplementary Materials) [16]. The reaction was stopped after 72 h; the yield proved to be in line with the smaller scale, while the enantioselectivity was higher than on a smaller scale and nearly complete (>99%), pointing to the fact that the protocol is very promising for further development. The reaction was performed with nitroalkenes (0.7 mmol, 1 eq), acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 5 (1.4 mmol, 2 eq), catalyst 6 (0.035 mmol, 0.05 eq), Amberlyst-15 (10 mol%), water (4.2 mmol, 6 eq) in CHCl 3 (0.44 mL, 1.6 M) at room temperature. 2 Yield of isolated product. 3 Optical purity was determined by chiral HPLC/GC analysis after conversion of the aldehyde into the corresponding alcohol by reduction with NaBH 4 . 4 Amberlyst-15 (5 mol%) was used. 5 (R)-6 was used as a catalyst. 6 Optical purity was determined after conversion of the corresponding alcohol into the tosylate derivative.
As anticipated at the outset, the catalytic Michael reaction affords nitroaldehydes that are versatile and key intermediates to access important APIs, such as pregabalin [16], a widely used anti-epileptic drug. The developed protocol was tested on >1 g scale of the starting nitroalkene 1h to provide a more reliable expectation of how it should behave on bigger scales (Scheme 2, see also Supplementary Materials). The reaction was stopped after 72 h; the yield proved to be in line with the smaller scale, while the enantioselectivity was higher than on a smaller scale and nearly complete (>99%), pointing to the fact that the protocol is very promising for further development.
As anticipated at the outset, the catalytic Michael reaction affords nitroaldehydes that are versatile and key intermediates to access important APIs, such as pregabalin, a widely used antiepileptic drug. The developed protocol was tested on >1 g scale of the starting nitroalkene 1h to provide a more reliable expectation of how it should behave on bigger scales (Scheme 2, see also Supplementary Materials) [16]. The reaction was stopped after 72 h; the yield proved to be in line with the smaller scale, while the enantioselectivity was higher than on a smaller scale and nearly complete (>99%), pointing to the fact that the protocol is very promising for further development.

Scheme 2.
Application of the developed protocol on >1 g scale to afford synthetically useful intermediate 3h.

Scheme 2.
Application of the developed protocol on >1 g scale to afford synthetically useful intermediate 3h.

Conclusions
In conclusion, we have developed an industrially interesting protocol for the Michael addition of acetaldehyde to nitroalkenes, affording the corresponding products in high yields and ee. A current limitation of the presented reaction is the use of a class 2 solvent; however, we believe that further R&D can tackle this issue. The presented reaction makes use of a masked acetaldehyde to avoid the use of a highly toxic and reactive intermediate. Furthermore, the use of an acidic resin and low amounts of an affordable organocatalyst make the overall protocol appealing for more in-depth studies to assess its application in manufacture.