Digital Competence of Higher Education Teachers at a Distance Learning University in Portugal

: The Digital Education Action Plan (2021–2027) launched by the European Commission aims to revolutionize education systems, prioritizing the development of a robust digital education ecosystem and the enhancement of teachers’ digital transformation skills. This study focuses on Universidade Aberta, Portugal, to identify the strengths and weaknesses of teachers’ digital skills within the Digital Competence Framework for Educators (DigCompEdu). Using a quantitative approach, the research utilized the DigCompEdu CheckIn self-assessment questionnaire, validated for the Portuguese population, to evaluate teachers’ perceptions of their digital competences. A total of 118 teachers participated in the assessment. Findings revealed that the teachers exhibited a notably high overall level of digital competence, positioned at the intersection of B2 (Expert) and C1 (Leader) on the DigCompEdu scale. However, speciﬁc areas for improvement were identiﬁed, particularly in Digital Technologies Resources and Assessment, the core pedagogical components of DigCompEdu, which displayed comparatively lower proﬁciency levels. To ensure continuous progress and alignment with the Digital Education Action Plan’s strategic priorities, targeted teacher training initiatives should focus on enhancing competences related to Digital Technologies Resources and Assessment.


Introduction
Involved in processes of change, often justified by diffuse policies and isolated instrumental measures, higher education institutions (HEIs) in Portugal are marked by a traditional and elitist educational culture and have been confronted with the need to innovate, especially in terms of pedagogical practices.
Conversely, innovating from a pedagogical point of view in higher education (HE) implies reconfiguring the pedagogical cultures with the incorporation of new spaces and virtual environments in HE.
Several didactic proposals can support innovation processes, for example, approaches based on research, collaboration, project development, problem solving or community intervention, as is suggested in the Open University's recent publication Innovating Pedagogy 2023 [1].
In this context, the advancement of digital technologies has assumed an important role, which has recently been amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, whilst the use of these technologies has been envisaged to transform teaching and learning practices, what often happens is that their introduction allows for the transfer and reproduction of existing practices rather than truly transforming them.
From a transformative perspective of HE, pedagogy is a place of knowledge production (not mere reproduction) for both students and teachers [2]. A transformative pedagogy

DigCompEdu and DigCompEdu CheckIn
DigCompEdu, the framework used in this study, was developed by a team of education experts and practitioners led by the Joint Research Centre (JRC B.4) in Seville and was translated into Portuguese in 2018 by Lucas and Moreira [6]. The framework provides a common language and reference on what it means to be digitally competent, offering a set of useful descriptors for teachers' (self-)assessment and professional development.
The Digital Competence of Educators (DigCompEdu) model [7] consists of six areas, summarized in Figure 1. These competences are organized into three dimensions, each addressing essential aspects of teachers' digital proficiency. The first dimension, "Professional Engagement", encompasses Competence Area 1. It revolves around teachers' adept use of digital technologies in their professional setting. They employ these tools to interact and collaborate effectively with colleagues, students, and parents or guardians, as well as to support their ongoing professional development.
Moving on to the second dimension, it focuses on the pedagogical aspects specifically relevant to the teaching and learning process. Within this dimension, we find Competence Areas 2 to 5: "Digital Technologies and Resources", "Teaching and Learning", "Assessment", and "Empowering Learners." Competence Areas 2 to 4 delve into the digital competences teachers require to skillfully select, create, and adapt digital resources. Additionally, they encompass the ability to design, implement, and assess effective teaching and learning experiences using these resources. Competence Area 5, however, centers on the digital competences necessary to place learners at the core of these processes, fostering student empowerment in a digitally enriched educational environment.
The third dimension centers around Competence Area 6, "Facilitating Learners' Digital Competence." This dimension reflects the critical skills needed to empower learners with the digital fluency necessary for autonomous, critical, and creative use of digital technologies.
In total, these dimensions encompass twenty-two competences, showcasing the comprehensive skill set required of teachers in their digital journey. The competences are organized into six progressive levels of ICT appropriation, ranging from beginner to innovative levels ( Figure 2). As educators advance through these levels, they gain a deeper understanding and mastery of digital tools, ultimately transforming their teaching approaches and positively impacting their students' learning experiences. These competences are organized into three dimensions, each addressing essential aspects of teachers' digital proficiency. The first dimension, "Professional Engagement", encompasses Competence Area 1. It revolves around teachers' adept use of digital technologies in their professional setting. They employ these tools to interact and collaborate effectively with colleagues, students, and parents or guardians, as well as to support their ongoing professional development.
Moving on to the second dimension, it focuses on the pedagogical aspects specifically relevant to the teaching and learning process. Within this dimension, we find Competence Areas 2 to 5: "Digital Technologies and Resources", "Teaching and Learning", "Assessment", and "Empowering Learners." Competence Areas 2 to 4 delve into the digital competences teachers require to skillfully select, create, and adapt digital resources. Additionally, they encompass the ability to design, implement, and assess effective teaching and learning experiences using these resources. Competence Area 5, however, centers on the digital competences necessary to place learners at the core of these processes, fostering student empowerment in a digitally enriched educational environment.
The third dimension centers around Competence Area 6, "Facilitating Learners' Digital Competence." This dimension reflects the critical skills needed to empower learners with the digital fluency necessary for autonomous, critical, and creative use of digital technologies.
In total, these dimensions encompass twenty-two competences, showcasing the comprehensive skill set required of teachers in their digital journey. The competences are organized into six progressive levels of ICT appropriation, ranging from beginner to innovative levels ( Figure 2). As educators advance through these levels, they gain a deeper understanding and mastery of digital tools, ultimately transforming their teaching approaches and positively impacting their students' learning experiences.
In this context, the initial two levels, "Newcomer" (A1) and "Explorer" (A2), involve teachers assimilating new information and developing basic digital practices. As they progress to the intermediate levels, "Integrator" (B1) and "Expert" (B2), they begin to apply the knowledge they have gained, actively seeking to expand and refine their digital teaching practices. Finally, at the most advanced levels, "Leader" (C1) and "Pioneer" (C2), teachers demonstrate their proficiency by not only applying their knowledge but In this context, the initial two levels, "Newcomer" (A1) and "Explorer" (A2), involve teachers assimilating new information and developing basic digital practices. As they progress to the intermediate levels, "Integrator" (B1) and "Expert" (B2), they begin to apply the knowledge they have gained, actively seeking to expand and refine their digital teaching practices. Finally, at the most advanced levels, "Leader" (C1) and "Pioneer" (C2), teachers demonstrate their proficiency by not only applying their knowledge but also sharing it with others, critically analyzing existing practices, and actively developing innovative approaches.
To facilitate this journey of self-assessment and professional growth, the DigCompEdu Check-In was devised as a self-reflection tool. Developed collaboratively by JRC B4 in partnership with researchers and educators from various countries, this tool comprises one statement for each of the 22 competences proposed by DigCompEdu.
The DigCompEdu Check-In adopts a scoring system where each answer provided by the teacher is rated on a scale from 0 to 4. This approach allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the teacher's digital proficiency. Notably, a personalized feedback report is generated for each answer, providing valuable insights and practical tips for the teacher to enhance their proficiency level in specific areas.
The primary aim of the DigCompEdu Check-In is to encourage teachers, whether individually or in groups, to engage in self-reflection on their digital competence. By leveraging the detailed feedback report, educators can identify areas for improvement and design tailored paths of professional development. This iterative process of improvement fosters the ongoing growth and refinement of digital teaching practices.
The questionnaire authors differentiate respondents based on their choices, particularly those who predominantly select the first option and are classified as "newcomers." On the other end of the spectrum are the "pioneers", who must consistently opt for the highest option in at least two-thirds of the 22 competences to achieve the highest proficiency level.
It is worth noting that the DigCompEdu Check-In, along with its allocated score ranges for different competence levels, has undergone validation through various European studies. In Portugal, Dias-Trindade et al. [8] have thoroughly validated the psychometric properties of the tool, affirming its reliability and effectiveness. For the present study, this version of the tool, with slight modifications related to construct validity analyses (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), has been utilized.
The rigorous validation process ensures that the DigCompEdu Check-In provides accurate and dependable assessments, empowering teachers to navigate their digital competence development effectively and, ultimately, enhance their instructional practices in the digital age. To facilitate this journey of self-assessment and professional growth, the DigCompEdu Check-In was devised as a self-reflection tool. Developed collaboratively by JRC B4 in partnership with researchers and educators from various countries, this tool comprises one statement for each of the 22 competences proposed by DigCompEdu.
The DigCompEdu Check-In adopts a scoring system where each answer provided by the teacher is rated on a scale from 0 to 4. This approach allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the teacher's digital proficiency. Notably, a personalized feedback report is generated for each answer, providing valuable insights and practical tips for the teacher to enhance their proficiency level in specific areas.
The primary aim of the DigCompEdu Check-In is to encourage teachers, whether individually or in groups, to engage in self-reflection on their digital competence. By leveraging the detailed feedback report, educators can identify areas for improvement and design tailored paths of professional development. This iterative process of improvement fosters the ongoing growth and refinement of digital teaching practices.
The questionnaire authors differentiate respondents based on their choices, particularly those who predominantly select the first option and are classified as "newcomers." On the other end of the spectrum are the "pioneers", who must consistently opt for the highest option in at least two-thirds of the 22 competences to achieve the highest proficiency level.
It is worth noting that the DigCompEdu Check-In, along with its allocated score ranges for different competence levels, has undergone validation through various European studies. In Portugal, Dias-Trindade et al. [8] have thoroughly validated the psychometric properties of the tool, affirming its reliability and effectiveness. For the present study, this version of the tool, with slight modifications related to construct validity analyses (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), has been utilized.
The rigorous validation process ensures that the DigCompEdu Check-In provides accurate and dependable assessments, empowering teachers to navigate their digital competence development effectively and, ultimately, enhance their instructional practices in the digital age.

Materials and Methods
The empirical component of the research proposed follows a quantitatively oriented procedure by placing emphasis on the teachers' perception of issues related to their digital teaching competences.
As already noted, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the level of digital proficiency of teachers at the UAb and to identify their training needs in the six dimensions considered. And this is an increasingly important issue, because, both nationally and internationally, the growing awareness that teachers must keep up with digital evolution and train themselves in the skills to use digital technologies in different educational environments, physical and virtual, has been a reality. Nonetheless, we often find the perception, on the part of many teachers, that, on the one hand, the existing specialized training does not accompany their real needs and, on the other hand, the many activities, especially scientific ones, in which they are involved interfere with the time they have available to dedicate to training in the pedagogical-digital area. It should be noted that these perceptions result, for the most part, from superficial opinions and assessments and not so much from scientific studies that verify how most of the teaching staff is in terms of digital skills.
And it is in this context that work such as that being developed at the EU Science Hub, a department of the European Union, which has sought to identify the needs of teachers through the development of models, questionnaires and reports that support the work developed in this area, becomes relevant, as does that of the European Digital Education Hub.

Questionnaire
The questionnaire applied consists of two sections. The first section collects the teachers' self-reflection on their digital competence; the second section collects sociodemographic data, including gender, age, organic unit, and years of using digital technologies in the teaching and learning process.
As already mentioned in the previous section, the questionnaire used to assess digital competences was the DigCompEdu Check-In, in the version validated and translated for the Portuguese population by Dias-Trindade et al. [8], which presents slight differences from the original, namely, in some of the questions to adjust to the context of online teaching and in the number of competences under analysis, and analyzes 21 competences, instead of the original's 22. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbah's Alpha, and the result obtained (α = 0.939) indicates an excellent internal consistency.
For each of the 21 competences, a statement (item) is presented, and participants must select one of the options that best characterizes their position towards that same statement.
For each of the items, the same point levels are assigned, ranging from 0 for the first hypothesis to 4 points for the last. In this sense, the total score of the test is 84 points, dividing the digital competence levels in six (Table 1). A detailed individual feedback report is provided at the end of the questionnaire. One of the main purposes of the questionnaire is to allow the teacher to reflect on his/her digital competence and, based on this report, to plan professional development pathways for continuous improvement.

Procedure
The questionnaire, hosted originally on the European Commission's online platform (https://ec.europa.eu/eusurvey/runner/Pesquisa_UAb_PT, accessed on 13 August 2023), was made available to teachers during the year 2022. Teachers' participation was consensual and voluntary.

Sample
Teachers from the four departments of the UAb and the Unit for Lifelong Learning were invited to complete the questionnaire. Of the universe of 140 teachers, 107 completed the questionnaire (76.4%), with the majority being female (54.2%).
Of these, the median age group is between 50 and 59 years, with just under 50% falling within this age range. In fact, the highest percentage of teachers is in the 50-59 age group, followed by the 40-49 and 60+ age groups. These three groups together account for 95.3% of the sample. Only 4.7% of the sample is made up of teachers aged 30 to 39.
Regarding the distribution of the sample by organic unit in Table 2, it is observed that a greater number of responses were obtained from the Department of Science and Technology (36 of 39 teachers). Despite being fewer in number, it was observed that all teachers from the Department of Education and Distance Learning responded to the questionnaire. The Department of Social Sciences and Management, with the largest number of teachers in the institution, also showed a lower participation (23 of 49 teachers). Concerning the years of teaching, most teachers had been teaching for more than 20 years (55.1%), and it was not possible to show whether they taught only at the UAb and in the distance education modality or if they had previous teaching experiences. Teachers were mostly experienced, with 72.9% of the sample having more than 15 years of service.
On the question of how many years they had been using digital technologies and virtual environments in the teaching and learning process, it appears that more than 50% of teachers had been using digital technologies and virtual environments for more than 14 years, while only 10% had been doing so for less than six years. These answers were expected because we were analyzing the results of the teachers of an online higher education institution, and they reveal the experience of the university's teachers regarding the integration of digital in their pedagogical practices.

Data Analysis
SPSS statistical software (IBM SPSS ® version 25) was used for data analysis. Descriptive analyses were based on absolute and relative frequencies and inferential analyses on the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (followed by Pairwise tests with Bonferroni correction), considering a significance level of 0.05.

Results
The results of this study offer an insightful and comprehensive portrait of teachers' digital technology usage. We synthesized the data to provide a comprehensive overview of the teachers' proficiency levels and mean scores across various digital competence areas. Additionally, we analyzed the data to identify potential variations based on several demographic factors, including age group, gender, duration of teaching service, duration of digital use, and the specific organic unit to which they belong.  of the teachers' proficiency levels and mean scores across various digital competence areas. Additionally, we analyzed the data to identify potential variations based on several demographic factors, including age group, gender, duration of teaching service, duration of digital use, and the specific organic unit to which they belong. Figure 3 shows the distribution of teachers across the different proficiency levels. The visual analysis of the data illustrates significant fluctuations in responses, indicating an uneven distribution of teachers across different proficiency levels in their use of digital technology. Notably, we observe a homogeneous distribution at levels B1, B2 and C1, while there are notably lower distributions at the extreme proficiency levels, A1, A2 and C2.

Overall Proficiency Levels
It is noteworthy that the cumulative proportion of responses corresponding to the two lowest levels of digital proficiency accounts for only 10.3% of the total sample. In contrast, the accumulation of proportions for levels A, B and C reveals that level B (B1 + B2) constitutes a substantial 56.1% of the responses. Level A (A1 + A2) encompasses 10.3% of the responses, while C (C1 + C2) represents 33.7%. These findings hold significant implications for the overall level of digital proficiency among teachers.

Proficiency Levels by Areas of Competence
In Area 1-Professional Engagement (Figure 4), we observed that 11.2% of teachers exhibit basic digital proficiency (levels A1 and A2), relying on digital technologies for fundamental communication, interaction, and collaboration with colleagues and students. The largest segment of the sample, comprising 68.2% of teachers, demonstrated intermediate proficiency levels. These individuals effectively and responsibly employ digital tools  The visual analysis of the data illustrates significant fluctuations in responses, indicating an uneven distribution of teachers across different proficiency levels in their use of digital technology. Notably, we observe a homogeneous distribution at levels B1, B2 and C1, while there are notably lower distributions at the extreme proficiency levels, A1, A2 and C2.
It is noteworthy that the cumulative proportion of responses corresponding to the two lowest levels of digital proficiency accounts for only 10.3% of the total sample. In contrast, the accumulation of proportions for levels A, B and C reveals that level B (B1 + B2) constitutes a substantial 56.1% of the responses. Level A (A1 + A2) encompasses 10.3% of the responses, while C (C1 + C2) represents 33.7%. These findings hold significant implications for the overall level of digital proficiency among teachers.

Proficiency Levels by Areas of Competence
In Area 1-Professional Engagement (Figure 4), we observed that 11.2% of teachers exhibit basic digital proficiency (levels A1 and A2), relying on digital technologies for fundamental communication, interaction, and collaboration with colleagues and students. The largest segment of the sample, comprising 68.2% of teachers, demonstrated intermediate proficiency levels. These individuals effectively and responsibly employ digital tools to enhance communication within the institution and support their professional development.
Additionally, we identified a group of highly proficient teachers (20.6%) who are advance in utilizing digital technologies. They actively engage in reflective practices to enhance institutional communication and consistently leverage digital tools to support their ongoing professional growth.
Upon analyzing responses related to this dimension, we discovered that a significant portion of teachers (52.3%) skillfully integrate various digital solutions to communicate more effectively based on their specific objectives. Furthermore, a majority of educators had been actively enhancing their digital skills either through self-directed learning or through collaborative discussions with colleagues, focusing on innovating and improving educational practices.
Regarding online training involvement, 44.5% of respondents reported participating in training sessions multiple times, while 42.1% engaged in such training very frequently. This highlights the teachers' proactive approach to continuous learning and professional development in the digital realm.
in training sessions multiple times, while 42.1% engaged in such training very frequently. This highlights the teachers' proactive approach to continuous learning and professional development in the digital realm.
An encouraging finding was that approximately 90% of teachers demonstrated critical thinking in their utilization of digital resources. This indicates a high level of discernment and thoughtfulness in selecting and employing digital tools, ensuring their effective and meaningful integration in educational settings. In Area 2-Digital Technologies Resources ( Figure 5), we observed a predominant concentration of teachers at intermediate levels, accounting for 56.1% of the sample. Notably, a significant portion of these teachers excelled at level B1, demonstrating their research proficiency in identifying and evaluating digital resources that they can modify and adapt to suit their instructional needs. Furthermore, they play an essential role in selecting digital resources, recommending their use to students and critically assessing the reliability and suitability of these resources for their institution's pedagogical project.
Among the respondents, 26.2% displayed proficiency at the initial levels. These teachers primarily rely on simple internet search strategies to locate digital content relevant to the teaching and learning process. However, they do not actively engage in modifying or sharing these resources.
Interestingly, only a minority of teachers, comprising 17.8%, demonstrated advanced proficiency levels in this area. These educators are highly adept at evaluating, creating and publishing interactive digital content to enhance the teaching-learning process.  An encouraging finding was that approximately 90% of teachers demonstrated critical thinking in their utilization of digital resources. This indicates a high level of discernment and thoughtfulness in selecting and employing digital tools, ensuring their effective and meaningful integration in educational settings.
In Area 2-Digital Technologies Resources ( Figure 5), we observed a predominant concentration of teachers at intermediate levels, accounting for 56.1% of the sample. Notably, a significant portion of these teachers excelled at level B1, demonstrating their research proficiency in identifying and evaluating digital resources that they can modify and adapt to suit their instructional needs. Furthermore, they play an essential role in selecting digital resources, recommending their use to students and critically assessing the reliability and suitability of these resources for their institution's pedagogical project. Upon analyzing the responses, we noted that teachers displayed significant confidence in using digital technologies and resources. Around 90% of respondents reported collaborating through shared portfolios and collaborative environments, fostering a sense of community and knowledge exchange. Approximately 41% of these educators actively utilize networks and sharing platforms to exchange ideas and materials with their peers, promoting a culture of innovation and knowledge dissemination.
However, one concerning aspect of our analysis relates to the use of security mechanisms to protect sensitive content. Only 33% of teachers reported using conscious measures to safeguard documents and files when sharing them. This indicates a potential area for improvement in ensuring data security and privacy. In Area 3-Teaching and Learning (Figure 6), 89.6% of teachers are at intermediate (55.1%) and advanced (34%) levels, showing that they have no difficulties in using digital technologies in teaching and learning processes, either in terms of promoting student interaction and monitoring or in promoting collaborative learning strategies.
On the other hand, 10.2% of teachers are still at the initial levels, as they have some difficulties in using digital technologies to promote pedagogical practices based on interaction and collaborative learning.
A closer reading of the answers to the questions in this dimension allows us to realize that most teachers use digital technologies to systematically improve the teaching and  Among the respondents, 26.2% displayed proficiency at the initial levels. These teachers primarily rely on simple internet search strategies to locate digital content relevant to the teaching and learning process. However, they do not actively engage in modifying or sharing these resources.
Interestingly, only a minority of teachers, comprising 17.8%, demonstrated advanced proficiency levels in this area. These educators are highly adept at evaluating, creating and publishing interactive digital content to enhance the teaching-learning process.
Upon analyzing the responses, we noted that teachers displayed significant confidence in using digital technologies and resources. Around 90% of respondents reported collaborating through shared portfolios and collaborative environments, fostering a sense of community and knowledge exchange. Approximately 41% of these educators actively utilize networks and sharing platforms to exchange ideas and materials with their peers, promoting a culture of innovation and knowledge dissemination.
However, one concerning aspect of our analysis relates to the use of security mechanisms to protect sensitive content. Only 33% of teachers reported using conscious measures to safeguard documents and files when sharing them. This indicates a potential area for improvement in ensuring data security and privacy.
In Area 3-Teaching and Learning (Figure 6), 89.6% of teachers are at intermediate (55.1%) and advanced (34%) levels, showing that they have no difficulties in using digital technologies in teaching and learning processes, either in terms of promoting student interaction and monitoring or in promoting collaborative learning strategies. Contrary to the results of most of the studies carried out in this field of teacher digital competences, Area 4-Assessment (Figure 7), shows much higher levels of proficiency than other research [9,10].
In fact, and despite presenting lower values than the other areas under analysis, 76.6% of the teachers in the sample are at an intermediate (42.1%) and advanced (34.5%) level of digital proficiency, with teachers revealing that they frequently and effectively use digital tools to plan, implement and evaluate educational processes.
On the other hand, 23.4% of the teachers at the initial levels (A1 and A2) make incipient use of technologies in assessment strategies.
From the analysis of the responses in this dimension, it stands out that more than 80% of teachers use different software and digital technologies to check student progress and provide more efficient feedback.
Considering that this analysis is carried out with teachers who work exclusively in virtual environments and who use digital assessment software, it is not surprising that these values are higher than the values present in most of the studies available in this area; however, it would be expected that the percentage of teachers positioned at level A would be even lower, since digital assessment is an intrinsic and indispensable component of the institution's virtual pedagogical model. Finally, regarding the promotion of learning activities that imply the creation of digital content by students, such as videos, audio, photos, digital presentations, blogs or wikis, about 80% of the teachers reported they promote this type of activity in their curricular units. It can be seen, therefore, that teachers use digital technologies regularly and, in most curricular units, students have the possibility On the other hand, 10.2% of teachers are still at the initial levels, as they have some difficulties in using digital technologies to promote pedagogical practices based on interaction and collaborative learning.
A closer reading of the answers to the questions in this dimension allows us to realize that most teachers use digital technologies to systematically improve the teaching and learning process, and about 25% reveal that they seek to implement innovative strategies. As an online institution, it is natural for teachers to monitor student activities in the different collaborative environments of the networked digital ecosystem. It should also be noted that most of the teachers surveyed encourage students to use digital technologies to carry out group work. In turn, regarding the implementation of active methodologies in their practices, it appears that about 90% use digital technologies to develop these active methodologies.
Finally, approximately 80% of teachers actively promote learning activities involving students' creation of digital content, like videos, audio, photos, digital presentations, blogs or wikis, within their curricular units. This reflects the recurring use of digital technologies by teachers and the ample opportunities provided to students for content creation using these tools. Hence, digital technologies are not just mediums for information dissemination but potent pedagogical resources that enrich and enhance online educational practices.
Contrary to the results of most of the studies carried out in this field of teacher digital competences, Area 4-Assessment (Figure 7), shows much higher levels of proficiency than other research [9,10]. In area 5-Empowering Learners (Figure 8), 77.5% of teachers position themselves at intermediate (43%) and advanced (34.5%) levels, with practices that favor accessibility and inclusion to promote active and collaborative learning methodologies that place students at the center of these practices. Only 21.5% of teachers are at the initial levels, and although they also seek to promote the strengths present in the virtual pedagogical model, interaction and inclusion, they have more difficulty in developing these practices that place the student at the center of the teaching and learning process.
Reading the answers in this dimension, we also realize that most teachers analyze the available information regularly to identify students who need additional support. Of these, more than 75% also do so during the teaching and learning process, while 20% only analyze relevant academic information, for example, on performance and grades. Most lecturers, about 90%, also tried to solve the problems identified by students related to the activities in digital format. The answers to the questions in this dimension point to an active and monitoring participation of the teacher during the teaching and learning process.    In fact, and despite presenting lower values than the other areas under analysis, 76.6% of the teachers in the sample are at an intermediate (42.1%) and advanced (34.5%) level of digital proficiency, with teachers revealing that they frequently and effectively use digital tools to plan, implement and evaluate educational processes.
On the other hand, 23.4% of the teachers at the initial levels (A1 and A2) make incipient use of technologies in assessment strategies.
From the analysis of the responses in this dimension, it stands out that more than 80% of teachers use different software and digital technologies to check student progress and provide more efficient feedback.
Considering that this analysis is carried out with teachers who work exclusively in virtual environments and who use digital assessment software, it is not surprising that these values are higher than the values present in most of the studies available in this area; however, it would be expected that the percentage of teachers positioned at level A would be even lower, since digital assessment is an intrinsic and indispensable component of the institution's virtual pedagogical model. Finally, regarding the promotion of learning activities that imply the creation of digital content by students, such as videos, audio, photos, digital presentations, blogs or wikis, about 80% of the teachers reported they promote this type of activity in their curricular units. It can be seen, therefore, that teachers use digital technologies regularly and, in most curricular units, students have the possibility to create new content using these technologies. In essence, digital technologies are not simply employed as a medium for information dissemination, but are harnessed as powerful pedagogical resources that enrich and enhance online educational practices.
In area 5-Empowering Learners (Figure 8), 77.5% of teachers position themselves at intermediate (43%) and advanced (34.5%) levels, with practices that favor accessibility and inclusion to promote active and collaborative learning methodologies that place students at the center of these practices. Only 21.5% of teachers are at the initial levels, and although they also seek to promote the strengths present in the virtual pedagogical model, interaction and inclusion, they have more difficulty in developing these practices that place the student at the center of the teaching and learning process.
available information regularly to identify students who need additional support. Of these, more than 75% also do so during the teaching and learning process, while 20% only analyze relevant academic information, for example, on performance and grades. Most lecturers, about 90%, also tried to solve the problems identified by students related to the activities in digital format. The answers to the questions in this dimension point to an active and monitoring participation of the teacher during the teaching and learning process. Reading the answers in this dimension, we also realize that most teachers analyze the available information regularly to identify students who need additional support. Of these, more than 75% also do so during the teaching and learning process, while 20% only analyze relevant academic information, for example, on performance and grades. Most lecturers, about 90%, also tried to solve the problems identified by students related to the activities in digital format. The answers to the questions in this dimension point to an active and monitoring participation of the teacher during the teaching and learning process. Area 6-Facilitating Learners' Digital Competence (Figure 9), is the one in which we find lower values of digital proficiency, with 38.3% of teachers positioned at the initial levels, mainly at the newcomer level (A1), that is, they develop few strategies to promote students' digital competences. Teachers who are at intermediate levels represent 46.7% of the sample, and they promote strategies for the development of these skills, encouraging content creation and digital problem solving. Finally, 15% of teachers are at advanced levels, being able to promote students' digital competences critically and innovatively, strengthening their autonomy and security in the use of digital technologies. Area 6-Facilitating Learners' Digital Competence (Figure 9), is the one in which we find lower values of digital proficiency, with 38.3% of teachers positioned at the initial levels, mainly at the newcomer level (A1), that is, they develop few strategies to promote students' digital competences. Teachers who are at intermediate levels represent 46.7% of the sample, and they promote strategies for the development of these skills, encouraging content creation and digital problem solving. Finally, 15% of teachers are at advanced levels, being able to promote students' digital competences critically and innovatively, strengthening their autonomy and security in the use of digital technologies.
By reading the answers in this dimension, we also realize that most teachers, about 60%, discuss the quality of information, seeking to help students distinguish between possible reliable and unreliable sources. It is also interesting to realize that few teachers work on the issue of online safety, only 23%, because most of them say it is not their responsibility. It is noteworthy that only 20% of teachers encourage students to use digital technologies creatively to solve concrete problems, stating that the opportunity to do so does not always arise. Here, one can question whether the use of the traditional paper-based assessments or exam at the UAb is hampering the more creative use of digital software to realize the assessment process. Continuing the statistical analyses, the results of the general diagnosis are presented below, cross-referencing them with the variables describing the teachers' profiles. In order to identify significant differences between the dimensions of the digital competence areas (A1 to A6)  By reading the answers in this dimension, we also realize that most teachers, about 60%, discuss the quality of information, seeking to help students distinguish between possible reliable and unreliable sources. It is also interesting to realize that few teachers work on the issue of online safety, only 23%, because most of them say it is not their responsibility. It is noteworthy that only 20% of teachers encourage students to use digital technologies creatively to solve concrete problems, stating that the opportunity to do so does not always arise. Here, one can question whether the use of the traditional paper-based assessments or exam at the UAb is hampering the more creative use of digital software to realize the assessment process.
Continuing the statistical analyses, the results of the general diagnosis are presented below, cross-referencing them with the variables describing the teachers' profiles. In order to identify significant differences between the dimensions of the digital competence areas (A1 to A6), the Kruskal-Wallis test (followed by Pairwise tests with Bonferroni correction) was used to compare the value of the scores, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The same approach was taken for the general diagnosis score. Variables related to the profile of the respondents were compared: age group, gender, time of teaching, time of use of technologies and virtual environments and organic unit.
In the general diagnosis of digital competences (Table 3), stratified by age group, it is interesting to note that the highest concentration of teachers is found at levels B2 (Expert) and C1 (Leader), with emphasis on the 40 to 49 age group, with a value of 43.8% at level B2, and for the 50 to 59 age group a value of 36.7%. In addition, the youngest teachers (30 to 39) have lower levels of proficiency, with a higher incidence at level A2 (Explorer) and the oldest teachers (60 years or older) have a value of 14.3% at level C2 (Pioneer), higher than the other bands at this level. In the general diagnosis of digital competences (Table 4), stratified by gender, the results are very similar; however, the male gender presents slightly higher values concerning the two levels of higher digital proficiency (C1 and C2), 38.8% and 29.3%, respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis test also shows that the distribution of the score for Area 2 (Digital Technologies and Resources) reveals statistically significant differences between genders, with a higher score for males (p = 0.003). The description of the levels of digital competences (Table 5), taking as a parameter the time teaching, also shows that teachers with more time in service (more than 36 years) are the ones with the highest percentage values, being at the advanced level C1 with a value of  In the evaluation of the general diagnosis (Table 6), based on the time spent using digital technologies and virtual environments in teaching and learning activities, the previous pattern of the highest concentration of teachers at advanced level C1 is repeated, that is, the highest values were obtained by teachers who have been using digital for more than 14 years. Table 6. Levels of digital competences of the general diagnosis by time of use of technologies and virtual environments in the teaching and learning process. As might be expected, teachers with fewer years of incorporating digital into their practices obtained lower results, being placed at levels A and B, with none at level C, and only teachers who have been using digital for more than 14 years being placed at level C2. The analysis also shows that the distribution of the general diagnostic score reveals statistically significant differences between time of use of technologies (p < 0.001), 1 to 3 years versus more than 16 years, and between 11 and 13 years versus more than 16 years, with the group of more than 6 years presenting higher scores ( Figure 10).

DIGITAL SKILLS LEVEL (GENERAL DIAGNOSIS) TOTAL
Regarding the distribution by areas, the score for Area 4 (Assessment) shows that there are statistically significant differences between time of use of technologies (p = 0.003), 11 to 13 years versus 14 to 16 years, and between 7 and 10 years versus 14 to 16 years, with higher times of use having higher scores ( Figure 11).
In Area 5, the distribution of the score (Empowering Learners) reveals that there are statistically significant differences between time of use of technologies (p = 0.004), 1 to 3 years versus more than 14 years, and between 11 and 13 years versus more than 16 years, with higher times of use having higher scores ( Figure 12). only teachers who have been using digital for more than 14 years being placed at level C2. The analysis also shows that the distribution of the general diagnostic score reveals statistically significant differences between time of use of technologies (p < 0.001), 1 to 3 years versus more than 16 years, and between 11 and 13 years versus more than 16 years, with the group of more than 6 years presenting higher scores ( Figure 10). Regarding the distribution by areas, the score for Area 4 (Assessment) shows that there are statistically significant differences between time of use of technologies (p = 0.003), 11 to 13 years versus 14 to 16 years, and between 7 and 10 years versus 14 to 16 years, with higher times of use having higher scores ( Figure 11). In Area 5, the distribution of the score (Empowering Learners) reveals that there are statistically significant differences between time of use of technologies (p = 0.004), 1 to 3 years versus more than 14 years, and between 11 and 13 years versus more than 16 years, with higher times of use having higher scores ( Figure 12). Finally, the distribution of the score for Area 6 (Promoting Students' Digital Competence) reveals that there are statistically significant differences between time of use of technologies (p = 0.047), 11 to 13 years versus more than 16 years, that the latter of which pre-  In Area 5, the distribution of the score (Empowering Learners) reveals that there are statistically significant differences between time of use of technologies (p = 0.004), 1 to 3 years versus more than 14 years, and between 11 and 13 years versus more than 16 years, with higher times of use having higher scores ( Figure 12). Finally, the distribution of the score for Area 6 (Promoting Students' Digital Competence) reveals that there are statistically significant differences between time of use of technologies (p = 0.047), 11 to 13 years versus more than 16 years, that the latter of which presents a higher score ( Figure 13). Finally, the distribution of the score for Area 6 (Promoting Students' Digital Competence) reveals that there are statistically significant differences between time of use of technologies (p = 0.047), 11 to 13 years versus more than 16 years, that the latter of which presents a higher score ( Figure 13).
When describing the general diagnosis of digital competences by organic unit (Table 7), the pattern is repeated once again, with the highest concentration of teachers at the advanced level C1 (Leader) being located in the departments of Science and Technology (36.1%) and Education and Distance Learning (36%), i.e., departments with teachers whose initial or postgraduate training and/or research has a direct relationship with the areas of the digital and education, namely at the level of distance education. In turn, the departments of Social Sciences and Management and Humanities also present near-identical results, with 39%, 1% and 36%, respectively, but with the highest values located one level below, at level B2 (Specialist). When describing the general diagnosis of digital competences by organic unit (Table  7), the pattern is repeated once again, with the highest concentration of teachers at the advanced level C1 (Leader) being located in the departments of Science and Technology (36.1%) and Education and Distance Learning (36%), i.e., departments with teachers whose initial or postgraduate training and/or research has a direct relationship with the areas of the digital and education, namely at the level of distance education. In turn, the departments of Social Sciences and Management and Humanities also present near-identical results, with 39%, 1% and 36%, respectively, but with the highest values located one level below, at level B2 (Specialist). In the inferential analysis of the results related to the Organic Unit, the only respondent from the Lifelong Learning Unit (UALV) was removed, considering only 106 responses.
This analysis also highlights that the distribution of the general diagnosis score and reveals statistically significant differences between the organic units (p = 0.035), namely between DCeT and DCSG, with DCeT presenting a higher score (Figure 14).  In the inferential analysis of the results related to the Organic Unit, the only respondent from the Lifelong Learning Unit (UALV) was removed, considering only 106 responses.
This analysis also highlights that the distribution of the general diagnosis score and reveals statistically significant differences between the organic units (p = 0.035), namely between DCeT and DCSG, with DCeT presenting a higher score (Figure 14).
Regarding the distribution by areas, the score of Area 1 (Professional Engagement) reveals statistically significant differences between DCeT and DCSG, and DCSG and DEED, with DCSG presenting lower scores ( Figure 15). Regarding the distribution by areas, the score of Area 1 (Professional Engagement) reveals statistically significant differences between DCeT and DCSG, and DCSG and DEED, with DCSG presenting lower scores ( Figure 15). In Area 2 (Digital Technologies Resources), the score distribution shows statistically significant differences between DCeT and DCSG, with DCeT having a higher score ( Figure  16).  Regarding the distribution by areas, the score of Area 1 (Professional Engagement) reveals statistically significant differences between DCeT and DCSG, and DCSG and DEED, with DCSG presenting lower scores ( Figure 15). In Area 2 (Digital Technologies Resources), the score distribution shows statistically significant differences between DCeT and DCSG, with DCeT having a higher score ( Figure  16). In Area 2 (Digital Technologies Resources), the score distribution shows statistically significant differences between DCeT and DCSG, with DCeT having a higher score ( Figure 16). In turn, in Area 3 (Teaching and Learning) the score distribution reveals statistically significant differences between DCeT and DCSG, and DCSG and DEED, with DCSG showing lower scores (Figure 17). In turn, in Area 3 (Teaching and Learning) the score distribution reveals statistically significant differences between DCeT and DCSG, and DCSG and DEED, with DCSG showing lower scores ( Figure 17).
Finally, the score distribution of Area 4 (Assessment) reveals statistically significant differences between DCeT and DCSG, and DCeT and DH, with DCeT showing higher scores ( Figure 18).
In turn, in Area 3 (Teaching and Learning) the score distribution reveals statistically significant differences between DCeT and DCSG, and DCSG and DEED, with DCSG showing lower scores (Figure 17). Finally, the score distribution of Area 4 (Assessment) reveals statistically significant differences between DCeT and DCSG, and DCeT and DH, with DCeT showing higher scores ( Figure 18).

Discussion and Final Considerations
The main finding of this study indicates that UAb teachers possess a high level of proficiency in digital competence, as per the B2 Expert level outlined in DigCompEdu. The average proficiency lies between the B2 Expert and C1 Leader levels, demonstrating a confident, creative, and critical integration of digital tools in pedagogical practices. However, despite these positive results, two of the core areas of DigCompEdu, namely Competence Areas 2-Digital Resources, and 4-Assessment, exhibited relatively lower values and demand special attention. Similarly, Competence Area 6-Promoting Students' Digital Competence, also displayed room for improvement.
To address this situation, it becomes crucial to focus on further enhancing proficiency levels through targeted training efforts. In Competence Area 2, specific actions should be developed to cultivate appropriate search strategies for identifying and selecting quality digital resources, aligning them with the context and learning objectives. Teachers should also learn to critically evaluate the credibility and reliability of digital sources, while being mindful of any usage restrictions like copyright, file type, technical requirements, legal provisions, and accessibility.
Regarding Area 4-Assessment, it is vital to promote capacity-building actions that analyze diverse assessment formats and approaches (diagnostic, formative, and summative). Moreover, critical evaluation of the evidence gathered through digital technologies on students' activity, performance and progress should be emphasized.
Moving on to Area 6-Promoting students' digital competence, which exhibited the lowest results among all areas, capacity-building actions should concentrate on planning and implementing tasks that encourage students to use digital technologies for critical information evaluation and management. Additionally, fostering respectful communication and collaboration in digital environments, along with enabling students to create digital content while respecting copyright rules, are key objectives.
Since this study was requested by the Rectorate of UAb as part of a policy of active training of its teachers in the area of online teaching, we will therefore present these results

Discussion and Final Considerations
The main finding of this study indicates that UAb teachers possess a high level of proficiency in digital competence, as per the B2 Expert level outlined in DigCompEdu. The average proficiency lies between the B2 Expert and C1 Leader levels, demonstrating a confident, creative, and critical integration of digital tools in pedagogical practices. However, despite these positive results, two of the core areas of DigCompEdu, namely Competence Areas 2-Digital Resources, and 4-Assessment, exhibited relatively lower values and demand special attention. Similarly, Competence Area 6-Promoting Students' Digital Competence, also displayed room for improvement.
To address this situation, it becomes crucial to focus on further enhancing proficiency levels through targeted training efforts. In Competence Area 2, specific actions should be developed to cultivate appropriate search strategies for identifying and selecting quality digital resources, aligning them with the context and learning objectives. Teachers should also learn to critically evaluate the credibility and reliability of digital sources, while being mindful of any usage restrictions like copyright, file type, technical requirements, legal provisions, and accessibility.
Regarding Area 4-Assessment, it is vital to promote capacity-building actions that analyze diverse assessment formats and approaches (diagnostic, formative, and summative). Moreover, critical evaluation of the evidence gathered through digital technologies on students' activity, performance and progress should be emphasized.
Moving on to Area 6-Promoting students' digital competence, which exhibited the lowest results among all areas, capacity-building actions should concentrate on planning and implementing tasks that encourage students to use digital technologies for critical information evaluation and management. Additionally, fostering respectful communication and collaboration in digital environments, along with enabling students to create digital content while respecting copyright rules, are key objectives.
Since this study was requested by the Rectorate of UAb as part of a policy of active training of its teachers in the area of online teaching, we will therefore present these results and define a training plan that allows the development of digital competences in a more consistent way in the areas that presented lower values. By investing in these training actions, the university can continue to foster innovation and advancement in digital competence among its educators.
The study also highlights heterogeneity in proficiency levels among the university's departments. Science and Technology, as well as Education and Distance Learning, scored at level C1 (Leader) with very similar values of 36.1% and 36%, respectively. Social Sciences and Management and Humanities departments achieved slightly higher results, 39.1% and 36%, respectively, at level B2 (Expert). This disparity can be attributed to the inherent nature of Distance Education, where UAb teachers regularly interact with virtual platforms and digital technologies. The higher proficiency of the first two departments may be due to their intrinsic association with digital and distance education, both in research and initial or postgraduate training levels.
Comparatively, this study found that the proficiency levels of Higher Education teachers at UAb are higher, in contrast to other studies conducted in Portugal, where teachers were at level B1-Integrator, two levels below the results here. The studies developed with Higher Education teachers in Portugal [6,11,12] reveal this significant difference, since in these studies the teachers are at level B1-Integrator, practically two levels below the results presented in the present study with teachers from UAb. It is interesting to note that the study by Santos, Pedro and Mattar [11] that seeks to draw a national portrait of the digital competences of Higher Education teachers in Portugal reveals that teachers who teach in the Distance Education modality (n = 42), certainly the majority of teachers from the UAb, are at level B2-Specialist.
It is also interesting to note that, unlike other studies previously presented, the results of the present research contradict this trend, since teachers in the older age groups are those with higher proficiency levels, and studies carried out in Spain and other countries show similar results to those in Portugal [13][14][15][16]. The age group of older teachers (60 or more years old) is the one with the highest value at level C2 (Pioneer), and the highest concentration of teachers is found at levels B2 (Expert) and C1 (Leader), with emphasis on the 40 to 49 age group with a value of 43.8% at level B2, and the 50 to 59 age group with a value of 36.7%. These results are aligned with the variable length of service, since at this level it is also concluded that teachers with more time in service (more than 36 years) are those who present higher percentage values, being located at the advanced level C1. Since the teaching and learning activities of UAb teachers are developed on digital platforms, it would be expected that teachers with more time in service and more years of using digital technologies would have the highest scores. Indeed, the highest scores on this question were obtained by teachers who have been using digital for more than 14 years, with the highest concentration of responses placing teachers at level C1. On the other hand, and as would be expected, teachers with fewer years of incorporating the digital into their practices obtained lower results, being exclusively at levels A and B. In reality, these results are not surprising, because the natural "habitat" of these teachers who have been working since the beginning of the 21st century in the UAb are digital and virtual environments.
In conclusion, it is essential to consider certain aspects not previously mentioned when interpreting these results. Firstly, the questionnaire's typology relies on teachers' perceptions rather than practical demonstrations of knowledge, and its correlation with the variables discussed earlier. Secondly, although the results are presented in an aggregated format, they are available individually for each teacher (via the individual feedback report) and for each department within the institution. Consequently, this study provides insights at both the individual and institutional levels.
At the individual level, the personalized feedback report reveals each teacher's specific digital competences, highlighting strengths and areas for improvement in particular