Focal Adhesion Genes Refine the Intermediate-Risk Cytogenetic Classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

In recent years, several attempts have been made to identify novel prognostic markers in patients with intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia (IR-AML), to implement risk-adapted strategies. The non-receptor tyrosine kinases are proteins involved in regulation of cell growth, adhesion, migration and apoptosis. They associate with metastatic dissemination in solid tumors and poor prognosis. However, their role in haematological malignancies has been scarcely studied. We hypothesized that PTK2/FAK, PTK2B/PYK2, LYN or SRC could be new prognostic markers in IR-AML. We assessed PTK2, PTK2B, LYN and SRC gene expression in a cohort of 324 patients, adults up to the age of 70, classified in the IR-AML cytogenetic group. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that PTK2B, LYN and PTK2 gene expression are independent prognostic factors in IR-AML patients. PTK2B and LYN identify a patient subgroup with good prognosis within the cohort with non-favorable FLT3/NPM1 combined mutations. In contrast, PTK2 identifies a patient subgroup with poor prognosis within the worst prognosis cohort who display non-favorable FLT3/NPM1 combined mutations and underexpression of PTK2B or LYN. The combined use of these markers can refine the highly heterogeneous intermediate-risk subgroup of AML patients, and allow the development of risk-adapted post-remission chemotherapy protocols to improve their response to treatment.


PTK2B and LYN Overexpression Are Independent Favorable Prognostic Factors for OS and DFS, Whereas
Overexpression of PTK2B Prognosticates also a Favorable CIR in IR-AML Patients Dichotomized clinical variables, such as age, sex, white blood cells (WBC) and molecular alterations, including FLT3/ITD duplication, NPM1 mutation, FLT3/NPM1 combined mutations (favorable vs. non-favorable) and karyotype, as well as PTK2B, LYN, PTK2 and SRC expression were assessed in an univariate analysis using a Cox regression test individually for each variable. Following, a multivariate analysis was performed, including only the variables reaching p-value lower than 0.100 in the univariate analysis. These variables were introduced in a Cox regression test simultaneously to assess its independence as prognostic factors.
All variables showing statistical significance in the univariate analyses maintained their significance in the multivariate analyses for OS, DFS and CIR (Tables 1 and 2).  Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with overexpression of PTK2B presented better prognosis than patients with low PTK2B expression regarding OS (59.7 ± 5.7 vs. 38.1 ± 3.6%, p = 0.007), DFS (54.9 ± 7.7 vs. 37.0 ± 3.9%, p = 0.005) and CIR (26.2 ± 7.4 vs. 43.6 ± 3.9%, p = 0.002) ( Figure 2). Similarly, patients with overexpression of LYN had better prognosis than patients with LYN underexpression in OS (56.6 ± 5.8 vs. 39.1 ± 3.6%, p = 0.013) and DFS (53.5 ± 7.5 vs. 37.6 ± 3.9%, p = 0.007) (Figure 3a,b). However, the differences in CIR between patients that overexpressed or underexpressed LYN were not statistically significant (33.3 ± 7.4 vs. 41.0 ± 3.8%, p = 0.099) (Figure 3c). No differences were found in the Kaplan-Meier analyses between patients with over or underexpression of SRC or PTK2, and survival.      Log-rank test for OS and DFS, and Gray test for CIR were used to analyze the statistical significance. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (bold values). The possible association between PTK2B and LYN and several variables, such as age, sex, WBC, karyotype, FLT3/ITD duplication, NPM1 mutation, FLT3/NPM1 combined mutations, recurrences (relapsed or no relapsed) and patient status, at the end of follow up (alive or death), was evaluated in this cohort. Most analyzed variables showed no association with PTK2B or LYN expression (Table 3). Only patient status and recurrence showed a significant association with PTK2B or LYN expression level. Thus, the percent of alive patients at the end of the study was higher among those overexpressing PTK2B (p = 0.007) or LYN (p = 0.029). Moreover, the percent of patients on relapse was lower among those overexpressing PTK2B (p = 0.007).
In addition, we performed a correlation analysis between PTK2B and LYN expression. We found that the expression of these two genes correlated positively in the patient sample (ρ = 0.672; p < 0.001).

2.5.
Overexpression of PTK2B or LYN in Cytogenetic IR-AML Patients with Non-Favorable FLT3/NPM1 Combinations Is as Good in Prognosticating Survival or Recurrence as the Favorable FLT3/NPM1 Combination Once we found PTK2B or LYN overexpression having independent prognostic capacity in cytogenetic IR-AML patients (N = 324), we explored their prognostic capacity in the patient subgroup having non-favorable FLT3/NMP1 combinations (N = 219).

PTK2B or LYN Overexpression Are Independent Favorable Prognostic Factors for OS, DFS and CIR in Cytogenetic IR-AML Patients with Non-Favorable FLT3/NPM1 Combinations
To confirm the results obtained in Kaplan-Meier curves, we also performed univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses to identify independent factors predictive of outcome, including as independent variables the expression of the focal adhesion genes in our cohort of IR-AML patients with non-favorable FLT3/NPM1 combinations (N = 219).
Clinical variables, such as age, sex and WBC, and molecular variables. including FLT3/ITD duplication, NPM1 mutation, karyotype, as well as PTK2B, LYN, PTK2 and SRC expression were assessed individually in the univariate analysis (a Cox regression test for each variable). Only variables with a p-value lower than 0.100 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis (including clinical variables and gene expression at once in a Cox regression test).
In the univariate analysis, Cox regression and Fine and Gray's tests showed that patients with age over 50 had lower OS and DFS (p = 0.001, HR = 1.913; p = 0.008, HR = 1.707, resp.) than younger patients (Table 4).
On the contrary, patients with overexpression of PTK2B or LYN presented better OS (p = 0.020, HR = 0.605; p = 0.035, HR = 0.625, resp.) and better DFS (p = 0.031, HR = 0.584; p = 0.012, HR = 0.527, resp.) than patients with these genes underexpressed (Table 4). Concerning CIR, only patients with overexpression of PTK2B were associated with better prognosis (p = 0.009, HR = 0.440), whereas LYN expression only showed a trend toward significance (Table 5). SRC or PTK2 expression showed no association with survival or relapse in the univariate analyses (Tables 4 and 5). overexpression of PTK2B were associated with better prognosis (p = 0.009, HR = 0.440), whereas LYN expression only showed a trend toward significance (Table 5). SRC or PTK2 expression showed no association with survival or relapse in the univariate analyses (Tables 4 and 5).    In the multivariate analyses (Tables 4 and 5), PTK2B and LYN variables maintained the significant differences between groups, associating gene overexpression with better OS, DFS or lower CIR.
In all the cases with statistical significance, age over 50 had a HR above 1, whereas the HR for PTK2B or LYN overexpression was lower than 1.

In Cytogenetic IR-AML Patients with Non-Favorable FLT3/NPM1 Combinations and PTK2B or LYN Underexpression, PTK2 Overexpression Identify a Subgroup with Unfavorable OS and DFS
Based on previous evidences establishing the FAK protein as a poor prognostic factor in AML patients [19,20,22], and the fact that PTK2 (gene encoding for FAK protein) was not identified as prognostic factor for clinical outcome in IR-AML in our study, we decided to assess PTK2 expression in the patient subset with worst prognosis in our series, which were those showing underexpression of PTK2B or LYN and non-favorable FLT3/NPM1 combinations (N = 164).

A Multivariate Analysis Confirms PTK2 Overexpression as an Independent Prognostic Factor for OS and DFS in Cytogenetic IR-AML Patients with Non-Favorable FLT3/NPM1 Combinations and PTK2B or LYN Underexpression
Clinical variables, such as age, sex and WBC and molecular variables, including FLT3/ITD duplication, NPM1 mutation, karyotype, as well as PTK2 expression were assessed in the univariate analysis (a Cox regression test individually for each variable). Only variables with a p-value lower than 0.100 were included in the multivariate analysis (including clinical variables and PTK2 expression at once in a Cox regression test).
In the cohort of underexpressed LYN patients (N = 164) (Table 7), the Cox regression test showed that patients with overexpression of PTK2 or older than 50 had worst prognosis regarding OS (p = 0.002, HR = 1.928; p = 0.016, HR = 1.669, resp.) and DFS (p = 0.015, HR = 1.722; p = 0.013, HR = 1.722, resp.) than those with underexpression of PTK2 or younger, respectively. None of the assessed variables showed a significant association with CIR in the univariate analyses.

A Multivariate Analysis Confirms PTK2 Overexpression as an Independent Prognostic Factor for OS and DFS in Cytogenetic IR-AML Patients with Non-Favorable FLT3/NPM1 Combinations and PTK2B or LYN Underexpression
Clinical variables, such as age, sex and WBC and molecular variables, including FLT3/ITD duplication, NPM1 mutation, karyotype, as well as PTK2 expression were assessed in the univariate analysis (a Cox regression test individually for each variable). Only variables with a p-value lower than 0.100 were included in the multivariate analysis (including clinical variables and PTK2 expression at once in a Cox regression test).
In the cohort of underexpressed LYN patients (N = 164) (Table 7), the Cox regression test showed that patients with overexpression of PTK2 or older than 50 had worst prognosis regarding OS (p = 0.002, HR = 1.928; p = 0.016, HR = 1.669, resp.) and DFS (p = 0.015, HR = 1.722; p = 0.013, HR = 1.722, resp.) than those with underexpression of PTK2 or younger, respectively. None of the assessed variables showed a significant association with CIR in the univariate analyses. COX test was used to analyze the statistical significance in OS and DFS. p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (bold values). "-" indicates that variables were not included in the multivariate analyses (p-value > 0.100 in the univariate analysis). In the multivariate analyses (Tables 6 and 7), the variable PTK2 maintained its association with OS and DFS, whereas age only maintained its association with OS. As in the univariate analyses, patients older than 50 years had poor OS, whereas patients with PTK2 overexpression had lower OS and DFS.

Discussion
In the last decades, novel molecular markers have improved AML patient stratification in order to adapt therapy to their prognosis. Although there are promising studies that stratified the IR-AML subgroup based on their molecular alterations [12], to reduce the number of patients included in this subgroup, more than a third of AML patients still show unpredictable outcomes. At present, only the analyses of NPM1, CEBPA and FLT3/ITD mutations have effectively been incorporated into routine prognostic stratification [6]. More recently, RUNX1, TP53 and ASXL1 mutations have been also associated with unfavorable outcome [4]. However, further studies must be carried out to better stratify the heterogeneous IR-AML patient group. We focused our study in the prognostic capacity of focal adhesion genes PTK2B (gene encoding for PYK2 protein), LYN, SRC and PTK2 (gene encoding for FAK protein) in cytogenetic IR-AML patients.

PTK2B and LYN Overexpression Are Independent Prognostic Factors for Favorable Outcome in Cytogenetic IR-AML Patients
We identified PTK2B or LYN overexpression as independent favorable prognostic factors for OS, DFS and/or CIR in cytogenetic IR-AML patients, a relationship that was confirmed by Kaplan-Meier analysis by finding a higher rate of alive patients and lower rate of relapse in this patient subgroup. The capacity of PTK2B (gene encoding for PYK2 protein) or LYN overexpression to predict a favorable prognosis in our cohort could relay in the involvement of these proteins, PYK2 and LYN, in pro-apoptotic and differentiation processes; so that they identify a subset of patients with a more differentiated and more therapy responsive phenotype.
The PYK2 protein is a member of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family that is predominantly expressed in neuronal and hematopoietic cells and regulates numerous and diverse cellular processes [23]. In agreement with our results, in normal monocytes, PYK2 expression correlates with differentiation and promotes apoptosis thereby controlling monocyte turnover [24]. Moreover, PYK2 expression has been also described in a majority of AML patients and its activation, by phosphorylation on Tyr-881 correlates with FAK expression. Interestingly, the functions of FAK and PYK2 in tumor cells are not necessarily redundant as in some settings they can play different or even opposing roles [25]. Also, consistently with our findings, PYK2 mediates apoptosis induced by alkylating agents or cytokines in normal monocytes and hematological malignant cells [26][27][28]. Moreover, PYK2 activation in leukemic cells induces growth arrest, substrate attachment and monocyte-like maturation when induced by phorbol esters [29]. In addition, dimethyl sulfoxide-induced PYK2 overexpression leads to the functional activation of granulocytes [30].
Among SRC family kinases, LYN is consistently expressed at a high level and constitutively activated in leukemic cells and also in the subcompartment enriched for leukemic stem cells. In normal cells, LYN is located in lipid rafts, where it is regulated by Cbp-CSK complex, but in leukemic cells it is distributed over the plasma membrane and also in the cytoplasm escaping from the Cbp-CSK negative regulation [31].
Regarding normal myeloid hematopoiesis, LYN is in general considered as a negative regulator, except for terminal maturation of erythroblasts [32]. Interestingly, in a LYN −/− mouse model, loss of LYN function induces an increase of myeloid progenitors leading to tumor development. By contrast, mice bearing constitutively active LYN mutations did not exhibit leukemia development [33].
Similarly to PYK2, LYN overexpression associates with the induction of differentiation in cultured primary AML blasts [34]. Also, in normal myeloid differentiation, LYN activation associates with differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells or immature precursors into eosinophils [35] or erythrocytes [36], and is involved in signal transduction of mature normal hematopoietic cells, such as erythrocytes, platelets, mast cells and macrophages [16,31,37]. Moreover, in agreement with our results, LYN overexpression in primary AML cells associates with AML patients with favorable cytogenetic-risk [34].

PTK2B or LYN Overexpression Add Prognostic Value to the Cytogenetic IR-AML Patient Subgroup with Non-Favorable FLT3/NPM1 Combinations
Once we found that PTK2B or LYN overexpression had prognostic value in cytogenetic IR-AML patients, we further explored their ability to predict outcome in the patient subgroup with non-favorable FLT3/NMP1 combinations. We identified PTK2B or LYN overexpression as independent favorable prognostic factors for OS, DFS and CIR in the cytogenetic IR-AML patients bearing the different non-favorable FLT3/NPM1 combinations (FLT3 + /NPM1 − , FLT3 − /NPM1 − , FLT3 + /NPM1 + ). Remarkably, the different non-favorable FLT3/NPM1 combinations showed no significant differences among them regarding outcome in our IR-AML cohort, confirming their heterogeneous clinical evolution. On this basis, we suggest that measuring PTK2B or LYN expression, in addition to the FLT3/NPM1 combinations, can improve patient stratification. We believe this is an important finding, since it identifies a subgroup of patients with favorable prognosis (as assessed by PTK2B or LYN expression) that would have been identified as of non-favorable outcome if using only FLT3/NPM1 criteria.

Impact of the PTK2 Overexpression on the Prognosis of Cytogenetic IR-AML Patients with Non-Favorable FLT3/NPM1 Combinations that Underexpress PTK2B or LYN
PTK2 did not help in stratifying cytogenetic IR-AML when pooling together favorable and non-favorable FLT3/NMP1 combinations; however, it was useful when limiting the study to non-favorable FLT3/NMP1 combinations. Specifically, we found PTK2 overexpression to be an independent prognostic factor that distinguishes a patient subgroup with poor outcome among those with IR-AML cytogenetics and non-favorable FLT3/NPM1 combinations, only when they also underexpress PTK2B or LYN. We believe this finding is important because it may identify a subgroup with very poor prognosis (patients with PTK2 overexpression and PTK2B or LYN underexpression) within the highly heterogeneous patients bearing non-favorable FLT3/NPM1 combinations.
This finding is consistent with FAK protein (encoded by the PTK2 gene) overexpression being associated with poor prognosis in an AML patient cohort that included all risk subgroups [19]. The basis of their poor prognosis may relay in the aberrant FAK expression observed in primitive AML or leukemic stem cells (LSCs; CD45 lo CD34 hi CD38 −/lo CD123 + ), which confers more migration capacity, while promoting their survival and enhancing their resistance to drugs, through FAK-mediated interaction with stroma [19][20][21][22]. Despite FAK is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and cells [17,18], it is not expressed in normal CD34+ hematopoietic precursor cells (HPCs); however, it is aberrantly expressed in primitive CD34+ AML cells [19] or LSCs [22] after transformation. Concerning interactions with other relevant mutations in AML, FAK expression is lower in patients with FLT3-ITD or RAS mutations suggesting a functional compensation of these pathways [21]. Moreover, other reports have also shown that FAK is constitutively phosphorylated in FLT3ITD-and KITD814V-expressing cells [38].
In contrast to FAK (encoded by the PTK2 gene), PYK2 (encoded by the PTK2B gene) and LYN are predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells [17,18], including normal CD34+ HPCs and, as described above, they are involved in pro-apoptotic and differentiation processes, so that their expression may identify a subset of patients with a more differentiated phenotype, which shows a better response to therapy. On this basis, the expression of FAK, when PYK2 or LYN expression is absent or low, may confer a highly aggressive phenotype to IR-AML patients, likely also in patients with non-favorable FLT3/NMP1, because their leukemia may contain a higher proportion of progenitor/LSCs, and show higher dissemination and drug resistance capacities. In contrast, PYK2 or LYN overexpression may reflect an AML phenotype with higher differentiation and sensitivity to drugs (in which FAK may not play a relevant role, since its expression lacks prognostic value when PYK or LYN are overexpressed).
We also want to point out some limitations to this study. One of them is the lack of the CEBPA mutation analysis or cohort (almost 50% of patients), which prompted its exclusion from the univariate and multivariate analyses. Nevertheless, CEBPA mutations are rather infrequent [39], so that we believe they are unlikely to have an impact on our analyses. Another limitation is that the prognostic value of the genes studied cannot be extrapolated to patients older than 70 because they have not been included in this study. In addition, since minimal residual disease (MRD) status has been pointed out in recent studies as a strong prognostic factor for relapse and DFS in AML, it would be interesting to analyze the correlation between PTK2B, LYN and PTK2 expression and MRD status in the future. Unfortunately, the lack of MRD data for most of the studied patient cohort precluded this analysis.

Patients
A total of 324 patients from Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Barcelona, Spain), Hospital La Fe (Valencia, Spain) and Hospital Universitario de Salamanca (Salamanca, Spain), participated in this study and were treated according to the CETLAM-03 (Grupo Cooperativo para el Estudio y Tratamiento de las Leucemias Agudas y Mielodisplasias) or PETHEMA (Programa de Estudio y Tratamiento de las Hemopatías Malignas, trials LMA99, LMA2007 and LMA2010) protocols. In brief, eligible patients were treated with intensive chemotherapy in which induction consisted in a combination of an anthracycline plus cytarabine with or without etoposide, or a combination of idarubicin, cytarabine and etoposide, depending on the protocol. On achievement of complete remission (CR), patients proceeded to consolidation therapy and eligible cases were selected for autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Patients included in this study were adults up to the age of 70 with de novo IR-AML, according to the Medical Research Council (MRC) classification [40,41]. All samples were collected at diagnosis after obtaining informed written consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethics Committee approval of each participating institution on the 21 April 2010 (Ethical Code: 10/030/1069). All patients were selected based on availability of bone marrow specimens. Clinical outcomes between selected and non-selected patients were similar, since they did not present significant differences. Patients older than 70 or with an acute promyelocytic leukemia at diagnosis (M3 in FAB classification) were excluded from the study. The main patient characteristics are shown in Figure 1 and Table S1.

Time-Dependent Clinical Outcome Endpoints
Overall survival (OS) was calculated as the time (months) from patient diagnosis to death or the last date of follow-up (dead vs. alive) and disease-free survival (DFS) from the complete remission date to relapse/death or last date of follow-up (dead or relapsed vs. alive patients). Finally, cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) was calculated as the time (months) from the complete remission date to relapse or last date of follow-up or death (competing risk analysis: Relapsed vs. alive non-relapsed vs. dead non-relapsed patients).

RNA Extraction and Gene Expression Analyses
Samples were obtained from bone marrow patient aspirates at diagnosis. Mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient and total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol. cDNA was generated after reverse transcription of 1.5 µg total RNA using the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems (AB), Foster City, CA, USA). PTK2B (gene that encodes the PYK2 protein), PTK2 (gene that encodes the FAK protein), SRC and LYN expression (Hs00169444_m1, Hs00178587_m1, Hs01082246_m1 and Hs00176719_m1, resp. AB) was determined by real-time PCR using the platform ABI 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System (AB). Each sample was assessed by triplicate using the TaqMan Gene Expression Assay (AB). The comparative cycle threshold DCt (Ct target -Ct control ) method was used to determine relative expression levels [42]. ABL was used as the endogenous control gene (probe: ENP1043, primers: P3035: TGGAGATAACACTCTAAGCATAACTAAAGGT, P3036: GATGTAGTTGCTTGGGACCCA; AB) using VIC fluorophore. Quantitative methods analyses were detailed in previous reports also using ABL as control gene [43].

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics program (Release 22.0.0.0, New York, NY, USA). The association between the gene expression and clinical data were analyzed using the Fischer exact test or χ 2 test. Differences between continuous variables were analyzed with the Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test in those showing normal or non-normal distribution, respectively. Spearman rank correlation test was used to analyze correlation between variables with non-normal distribution indicating the correlation coefficient (ρ) and the p-value. To define over or underexpression of PTK2B, LYN, PTK2 and SRC, a cutoff point was selected using the value of the area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves. In case of low specificity and sensitivity, exploratory univariate analyses were performed using the mean, the median or the quartiles as thresholds. After these analyses, the third quartile (75th percentile) was selected as cutoff to dichotomize gene expression. Although the mean, the median or other quartiles showed some significant results, the third quartile was the best cutoff obtaining the greater significant differences. The analyzed independent variables included age, gender, white blood cell count (WBC) at diagnosis, karyotype, and molecular alterations (FLT3/ITD and NPM1). Time-dependent endpoints, including OS, DFS and CIR were assessed, and the endpoints to establish the threshold were death or relapse. Time-dependent outcomes were calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves (OS or DFS), and the log-rank test was used for comparisons [44]. The regression model used in univariate and multivariate analyses was the Cox test (OS and DFS). The statistical package R Studio (Version 0.98-1102, 2009-2014, RStudio Inc., Boston, MA, USA) in its R version 3.1.2 (31 October 2014, The R Foundation for Statistical Computing) [45] was used for the competing risk analysis. CIR was analyzed by Gray [46] and Fine and Gray's tests [47], using R and the cuminc and crr functions through the cmprsk package. After exploratory univariate comparisons, multivariate analyses were performed, including variables with a p-value below 0.100 and the INTRO method was used in SPSS to analyze Cox regression. Hazard ratios (HR) with relative 95% confidence interval (CI) are shown in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Differences were considered statistically significant when the p-value was < 0.05.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that measuring the expression of the focal adhesion genes PTK2B, LYN and PTK2 can refine the intermediate-risk cytogenetic classification of AML, which could improve the stratification of the heterogeneous cytogenetic IR-AML, based on current markers.
In our cytogenetic IR-AML cohort, PTK2B or LYN overexpression are independent prognostic factors for OS, DFS and/or CIR. Most importantly, PTK2B or LYN overexpression has identified a favorable prognosis patient subgroup that would have been associated with a non-favorable outcome, if using only FLT3/NPM1 criteria. In addition, PTK2 overexpression, concomitantly with PTK2B or LYN underexpression, identifies a patient subgroup with very poor outcome among IR-AML patients bearing non-favorable FLT3/NPM1 combinations with highly heterogeneous outcome.
Additional studies in independent IR-AML patient series are necessary to validate PTK2B and/or LYN overexpression as favorable markers, and PTK2 as a poor outcome marker. Once validated, these molecular markers may improve patient stratification, as well as the risk-adapted post-remission chemotherapy protocols currently used, especially by ensuring treatment of patients with high probability of response.

Supplementary Materials:
The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/10/11/436/ s1, Table S1: Main clinical characteristics of the studied cytogenetic IR-AML patient cohort. Description: Results are presented as the number of patients for each characteristic. The percentage of the patients is indicated in brackets for each condition. WBC; White blood cells. FAB; French-American-British. WHO; World Health Organization. Fav; Favorable. Non-fav; Non-favorable. Table S2: Time-dependent endpoints analyses regarding clinical characteristics and molecular alterations of the cytogenetic IR-AML cohort of our study. Description: The results for the median of follow up are presented as the number of patients (range) for each condition; for the patient status as the number of patients (%); and for all the others as the estimates in percentage ± the standard error. Log-rank test was used to analyze the statistical significance for each variable. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (bold values). NS represents not significant differences, and the estimates were not included in the table. CR; Complete remission. OS; Overall survival. DFS; Disease-free survival. CIR; Cumulative incidence of relapse. Table S3: Time-dependent endpoints analyses regarding clinical characteristics of the cytogenetic IR-AML with non-favorable FLT3/NPM combination included in our patient cohort. Description: The results for the median of follow up are presented as the number of patients (range) for each condition; for the patient status as the number of patients (%); and for all the others as the estimates in percentage ± the standard error. Log-rank test was used to analyze the statistical significance for each variable. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (bold values). NS represents not significant differences, and the estimates were not included in the table. CR; Complete remission. OS; Overall survival. DFS; Disease-free survival. CIR; Cumulative incidence of relapse.
Endnotes: This article was written following the REMARK guidelines [48,49].