Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of a CPW Antenna Using Frequency Selective Surface for UWB Applications

In this article, a single-layer frequency selective surface (FSS)-loaded compact coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed antenna is proposed for very high-gain and ultra-wideband applications. At the initial stage, a geometrically simple ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is designed which contains CPW feed lines and a multi-stub-loaded hexagonal patch. The various stubs are inserted to improve the bandwidth of the radiator. The antenna operates at 5–17 GHz and offers 6.5 dBi peak gain. Subsequently, the proposed FSS structure is designed and loaded beneath the proposed UWB antenna to improve bandwidth and enhance gain. The antenna loaded with FSS operates at an ultra-wideband of 3–18 GHz and offers a peak gain of 10.5 dBi. The FSS layer contains 5 × 5 unit cells with a total dimension of 50 mm × 50 mm. The gap between the FSS layer and UWB antenna is 9 mm, which is fixed to obtain maximum gain. The proposed UWB antenna and its results are compared with the fabricated prototype to verify the results. Moreover, the performance parameters such as bandwidth, gain, operational frequency, and the number of FSS layers used in the proposed antenna are compared with existing literature to show the significance of the proposed work. Overall, the proposed antenna is easy to fabricate and has a low profile and simple geometry with a compact size while offering a very wide bandwidth and high gain. Due to all of its performance properties, the proposed antenna system is a strong candidate for upcoming wideband and high-gain applications.


Introduction
With the rapid advancements in wireless communication technology, the current and impending communication systems necessitate electrically small, geometrically simple, and low-profile antennas with high gain and wideband characteristics [1,2]. Due to promising radiation characteristics such as higher data rate, large bandwidth, and minimal power requirement, ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas are considered as auspicious candidates for various commercial and military applications such as health monitoring systems, radar imaging, tracking, and precision locating applications [3][4][5][6][7][8]. However, some of These multi-layered structures have limited applications due to the increased size and design complexity.
Considering the limitations and discrepancies observed in previously reported works, this work proposes a simply shaped, compact, ultra-wideband, low-profile, and highgain FSS-loaded patch antenna for WiMAX, 5G sub-6 GHz, C-band, S-band, and X-band applications used for 5G and future 6G communicating devices. The rest of the article is split into three sections. In Section 2, the design methodology of the presented UWB antenna and unit cell of the FSS is discussed along with a parametric analysis of key parameters. In Section 3, the measured and the software-predicted results of the antenna are compared with and without the FSS structure. The comparison of the suggested design with the earlier reported design is listed in Table 1, to express the potential of the proposed FSS-loaded UWB antenna. The work is concluded in the fourth section, along with references.

Design and Methodology of Proposed FSS-Loaded Ultra-Wideband Antenna
In this section, the design of the proposed ultra-wideband antenna as well as proposed FSS, along with design stages and optimization algorithm, is discussed. The performance of the antenna, as well as parametric analysis of key parameters, is also explained in this section. Figure 1 shows the structure of the suggested ultra-wideband antenna suitable for numerous high-gain and wideband wireless devices. The proposed antenna contains a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feedline and the multi-stub-loaded hexagonal patch. The stubs are added to the primary antenna in order to obtain ultra-wideband and high gain. The CPW feeding technique is adopted with the advantages of low dispersion and uniplanar configuration. The impedance matching of 50 Ω is obtained by adjusting the gap between the microstrip feedline and virtual ground of the CPW configuration. The suggested antenna is realized using the Rogers RT/Duroid 6002 substrate, which has a loss tangent of 0.0012 and a relative permittivity of 2.94. The proposed antenna has a compact size of W 1 × L 1 × H = 32 mm × 25 mm × 1.52 mm. Moreover, the results were verified by using the electromagnetic (EM) software High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSSv9). The optimized parameters of the proposed ultra-wideband antenna are given below:

Design of Ultra-Wideband Antenna
high-gain FSS-loaded patch antenna for WiMAX, 5G sub-6 GHz, C-band, S band applications used for 5G and future 6G communicating devices. The r cle is split into three sections. In Section 2, the design methodology of the pr antenna and unit cell of the FSS is discussed along with a parametric analy rameters. In Section 3, the measured and the software-predicted results of th compared with and without the FSS structure. The comparison of the sug with the earlier reported design is listed in Table 1, to express the potential o FSS-loaded UWB antenna. The work is concluded in the fourth section, alo ences.

Design and Methodology of Proposed FSS-Loaded Ultra-Wideband An
In this section, the design of the proposed ultra-wideband antenna a posed FSS, along with design stages and optimization algorithm, is discusse mance of the antenna, as well as parametric analysis of key parameters, is a in this section. Figure 1 shows the structure of the suggested ultra-wideband antenn numerous high-gain and wideband wireless devices. The proposed anten coplanar waveguide (CPW) feedline and the multi-stub-loaded hexagon stubs are added to the primary antenna in order to obtain ultra-wideband a The CPW feeding technique is adopted with the advantages of low disper planar configuration. The impedance matching of 50 Ω is obtained by adju between the microstrip feedline and virtual ground of the CPW configura gested antenna is realized using the Rogers RT/Duroid 6002 substrate, wh tangent of 0.0012 and a relative permittivity of 2.94. The proposed antenna size of W1 × L1 × H = 32 mm × 25 mm × 1.52 mm. Moreover, the results we using the electromagnetic (EM) software High Frequency Structural Simula The optimized parameters of the proposed ultra-wideband antenna are giv

Design Stages of UWB Antenna
In order to obtain the required antenna characteristics, various design steps were carried out to obtain the final proposed antenna geometry operating at ultra-wideband. In the first step, the hexagonal patch antenna with CPW feedline was designed for the central frequency of 12 GHz. The antenna has operational bandwidth of 2 GHz covering 11-13 GHz. In the second step, the rectangular stub was added between the radiating patch and the feedline. The addition of this stub increases the electrical length of the antenna, which results in an improvement in return loss and bandwidth. The antenna starts operating at 11 GHz and 15 GHz with a return loss of less than 15 dB. In the third step, another rectangular stub was added below the existing stub, as shown in Figure 2a

Design Stages of UWB Antenna
In order to obtain the required antenna characteristics, various design steps wer ried out to obtain the final proposed antenna geometry operating at ultra-wideban the first step, the hexagonal patch antenna with CPW feedline was designed for the ce frequency of 12 GHz. The antenna has operational bandwidth of 2 GHz covering 1 GHz. In the second step, the rectangular stub was added between the radiating patch the feedline. The addition of this stub increases the electrical length of the antenna, w results in an improvement in return loss and bandwidth. The antenna starts operati 11 GHz and 15 GHz with a return loss of less than 15 dB. In the third step, another re gular stub was added below the existing stub, as shown in Figure 2a

Optimization Algorithm
A genetic algorithm (GA) was used in collaboration with the full-wave modeling (CST MWS) to improve the characteristics of the UWB antenna. Genetic algorithm mizers, as is well known, are robust stochastic search techniques based on the idea concepts of natural selection and evolution. The optimization was completed quickly efficiently by identifying design goals for a UWB impedance bandwidth with a low and identifying the antenna parameters R, W2, W4, W5, and L3. Refs. [39][40][41] have information on the GA in antenna optimization. Figure 3 depicts the flowchart of the gested optimization procedure.

Optimization Algorithm
A genetic algorithm (GA) was used in collaboration with the full-wave modeling tool (CST MWS) to improve the characteristics of the UWB antenna. Genetic algorithm optimizers, as is well known, are robust stochastic search techniques based on the ideas and concepts of natural selection and evolution. The optimization was completed quickly and efficiently by identifying design goals for a UWB impedance bandwidth with a low |S 11 | and identifying the antenna parameters R, W 2 , W 4 , W 5 , and L 3 . Refs. [39][40][41] have more information on the GA in antenna optimization. Figure

Parametric Analysis of Important Parameters
To obtain the final geometry of the proposed UWB antenna, various design steps (as discussed above) as well as parametric analysis of important and key parameters were performed. The parametric analysis of rectangular stubs W4 and W5 is discussed in this section. The length of the lower rectangular stub (W4) was analyzed to observe the impact on the |S11| characteristic. At its optimal value of W4 = 5 mm, the proposed antenna offers a wideband of 5-17 GHz with resonant frequencies of 8 GHz and 13 GHz. When the value of W4 is fixed at 4 mm, the proposed antenna's bandwidth is reduced to a dual band of 7.5-9.5 GHz and 12-17 GHz. Similarly, when the value is increased to 6 mm, again in the dual band, a slight shift towards the left side is noticed, as given in Figure 4a. The antenna offers dual frequencies ranging from 6.5-8 GHz and 11-14 GHz. In Figure 4b, the parametric analysis of the length of the upper rectangular stub is depicted. The antenna is noticed to give a wide impedance bandwidth at the optimal value of W5 = 8 mm, ranging from 5-17 GHz. If the value is reduced to 7 mm, the wide bandwidth and return loss are compromised and generate dual frequency bands at 8 GHz and

Parametric Analysis of Important Parameters
To obtain the final geometry of the proposed UWB antenna, various design steps (as discussed above) as well as parametric analysis of important and key parameters were performed. The parametric analysis of rectangular stubs W 4 and W 5 is discussed in this section. The length of the lower rectangular stub (W 4 ) was analyzed to observe the impact on the |S 11 | characteristic. At its optimal value of W 4 = 5 mm, the proposed antenna offers a wideband of 5-17 GHz with resonant frequencies of 8 GHz and 13 GHz. When the value of W4 is fixed at 4 mm, the proposed antenna's bandwidth is reduced to a dual band of 7.5-9.5 GHz and 12-17 GHz. Similarly, when the value is increased to 6 mm, again in the dual band, a slight shift towards the left side is noticed, as given in Figure 4a. The antenna offers dual frequencies ranging from 6.5-8 GHz and 11-14 GHz.

Parametric Analysis of Important Parameters
To obtain the final geometry of the proposed UWB antenna, various design steps (as discussed above) as well as parametric analysis of important and key parameters were performed. The parametric analysis of rectangular stubs W4 and W5 is discussed in this section. The length of the lower rectangular stub (W4) was analyzed to observe the impact on the |S11| characteristic. At its optimal value of W4 = 5 mm, the proposed antenna offers a wideband of 5-17 GHz with resonant frequencies of 8 GHz and 13 GHz. When the value of W4 is fixed at 4 mm, the proposed antenna's bandwidth is reduced to a dual band of 7.5-9.5 GHz and 12-17 GHz. Similarly, when the value is increased to 6 mm, again in the dual band, a slight shift towards the left side is noticed, as given in Figure 4a. The antenna offers dual frequencies ranging from 6.5-8 GHz and 11-14 GHz. In Figure 4b, the parametric analysis of the length of the upper rectangular stub is depicted. The antenna is noticed to give a wide impedance bandwidth at the optimal value of W5 = 8 mm, ranging from 5-17 GHz. If the value is reduced to 7 mm, the wide bandwidth and return loss are compromised and generate dual frequency bands at 8 GHz and In Figure 4b, the parametric analysis of the length of the upper rectangular stub is depicted. The antenna is noticed to give a wide impedance bandwidth at the optimal value of W 5 = 8 mm, ranging from 5-17 GHz. If the value is reduced to 7 mm, the wide bandwidth and return loss are compromised and generate dual frequency bands at 8 GHz and 14 GHz with bandwidth ranging from 7.5-9 GHz and 12.5-15.5 GHz, respectively. If W 5 is increased to 9 mm, the suggested UWB antenna operates over 7-15 GHz, which implies a reduction of bandwidth, as shown in Figure 4b.

Design of Proposed Frequency Selective Surface (FSS)
To obtain the final geometry of the proposed UWB antenna, various design steps (as discussed above) were carried out. Figure 5a represents the geometrical configuration of the proposed FSS mesh as well as the unit cell. One circular ring connected with a square wall is present in the structure of each unit cell. The FSS is embedded on Rogers RT/Duroid 6002 substrate material of thickness 1.52, with relative permittivity of 2.94 and loss tangent of 0.0012. The FSS mesh contains a 5 × 5 array of 25-unit cells with a total area of M X × M Y = 50 mm × 50 mm. The proposed FSS offers a wide stopband, ranging from 4-18 GHz, as given in Figure 5b. The reform parameter of the unit cell is given as: C X = 10, C Y = 10, C 1 = 9, C 2 = 9, C 3 = 0.5, C 4 = 1.25, R 1 = 2, R 2 = 2.75; all units are in millimeters (mm).
Micromachines 2023, 14, 591 6 of 13 14 GHz with bandwidth ranging from 7.5-9 GHz and 12.5-15.5 GHz, respectively. If W5 is increased to 9 mm, the suggested UWB antenna operates over 7-15 GHz, which implies a reduction of bandwidth, as shown in Figure 4b.

Design of Proposed Frequency Selective Surface (FSS)
To obtain the final geometry of the proposed UWB antenna, various design steps (as discussed above) were carried out. Figure 5a represents the geometrical configuration of the proposed FSS mesh as well as the unit cell. One circular ring connected with a square wall is present in the structure of each unit cell. The FSS is embedded on Rogers RT/Duroid 6002 substrate material of thickness 1.52, with relative permittivity of 2.94 and loss tangent of 0.0012. The FSS mesh contains a 5 × 5 array of 25-unit cells with a total area of MX × MY = 50 mm × 50 mm. The proposed FSS offers a wide stopband, ranging from 4-18 GHz, as given in Figure 5b. The reform parameter of the unit cell is given as: CX = 10, CY = 10, C1 = 9, C2 = 9, C3 = 0.5, C4 = 1.25, R1 = 2, R2 = 2.75; all units are in millimeters (mm).

Proposed FSS-Loaded UWB Antenna and its Radiation Mechanism
In this portion, the working mechanism of the proposed FSS-loaded UWB antenna is explained. The suggested antenna design is planted above the FSS sheet to reflect the radiation of the antenna coming from the back direction. The reflected wave by the FSS placed behind the antenna is in-phase with the antenna radiation, which results in an improvement in gain. The most important parameter is the distance or gap (G) between the antenna and FSS, which establishes the constructive interface of wave reflecting back from

Proposed FSS-Loaded UWB Antenna and Its Radiation Mechanism
In this portion, the working mechanism of the proposed FSS-loaded UWB antenna is explained. The suggested antenna design is planted above the FSS sheet to reflect the radiation of the antenna coming from the back direction. The reflected wave by the FSS placed behind the antenna is in-phase with the antenna radiation, which results in an improvement in gain. The most important parameter is the distance or gap (G) between the antenna and FSS, which establishes the constructive interface of wave reflecting back from the FSS with the waves radiating from the proposed UWB antenna. The equation given below is used to adjust the gap between the antenna and FSS [42].
Equation (1) is composed of three parts: the reflection phase (ϕ), the free space propagation constant (β), and the gap between the antenna and FSS (G), while π = 3.1415. The space in the middle of the antenna and FSS structure is optimized in order to obtain higher gain as well as wideband. In the case of the proposed work, the gap G = 9 mm. The placement of the antenna over the FSS structure is given in Figure 6a,b. The |S 11 | behavior of the suggested compact and UWB antenna in the presence and absence FSS is given in Figure 7a. It is evident that after loading, the FSS behind the antenna offers a slight improvement in impedance bandwidth. The bandwidth of the antenna improves from 12 GHz to 15 GHz, ranging from 3-18 GHz. On the other hand, the gain versus frequency plot expresses that antenna average gain improved to 19.5 dBi from 5.5 dBi after loading the FSS, as shown in Figure 7b. the FSS with the waves radiating from the proposed UWB antenna. The equation given below is used to adjust the gap between the antenna and FSS [42].
Equation (1) is composed of three parts: the reflection phase ( ), the free space propagation constant ( ), and the gap between the antenna and FSS (G), while π = 3.1415. The space in the middle of the antenna and FSS structure is optimized in order to obtain higher gain as well as wideband. In the case of the proposed work, the gap G = 9 mm. The placement of the antenna over the FSS structure is given in Figure 6a,b. The |S11| behavior of the suggested compact and UWB antenna in the presence and absence FSS is given in Figure 7a. It is evident that after loading, the FSS behind the antenna offers a slight improvement in impedance bandwidth. The bandwidth of the antenna improves from 12 GHz to 15 GHz, ranging from 3-18 GHz. On the other hand, the gain versus frequency plot expresses that antenna average gain improved to 19.5 dBi from 5.5 dBi after loading the FSS, as shown in Figure 7b.    the FSS with the waves radiating from the proposed UWB antenna. The equation given below is used to adjust the gap between the antenna and FSS [42].

Results
Equation (1) is composed of three parts: the reflection phase ( ), the free space propagation constant ( ), and the gap between the antenna and FSS (G), while π = 3.1415. The space in the middle of the antenna and FSS structure is optimized in order to obtain higher gain as well as wideband. In the case of the proposed work, the gap G = 9 mm. The placement of the antenna over the FSS structure is given in Figure 6a,b. The |S11| behavior of the suggested compact and UWB antenna in the presence and absence FSS is given in Figure 7a. It is evident that after loading, the FSS behind the antenna offers a slight improvement in impedance bandwidth. The bandwidth of the antenna improves from 12 GHz to 15 GHz, ranging from 3-18 GHz. On the other hand, the gain versus frequency plot expresses that antenna average gain improved to 19.5 dBi from 5.5 dBi after loading the FSS, as shown in Figure 7b.

S-Parameters
In Figure 9, the contrast between the prototyped measured and software simulated scattering parameters of the suggested antenna is provided with and without FSS. The antenna offers a wideband of 12 GHz ranging from 5-17 GHz without FSS, with a resonance frequency of 8 GHz and 13.25 GHz. Meanwhile, the FSS-loaded antenna offers a wide bandwidth of 15 GHz ranging from 3-18 GHz, with resonances at 8 GHz and 13.5 GHz, as given in Figure 9. The proposed UWB antenna with and without FSS shows good agreement between measured and simulated results.

Gain of Antenna with and without FSS
The recommended UWB antenna's gain versus frequency plot, either with or without

S-Parameters
In Figure 9, the contrast between the prototyped measured and software simulated scattering parameters of the suggested antenna is provided with and without FSS. The antenna offers a wideband of 12 GHz ranging from 5-17 GHz without FSS, with a resonance frequency of 8 GHz and 13.25 GHz. Meanwhile, the FSS-loaded antenna offers a wide bandwidth of 15 GHz ranging from 3-18 GHz, with resonances at 8 GHz and 13.5 GHz, as given in Figure 9. The proposed UWB antenna with and without FSS shows good agreement between measured and simulated results.

S-Parameters
In Figure 9, the contrast between the prototyped measured and software simulated scattering parameters of the suggested antenna is provided with and without FSS. The antenna offers a wideband of 12 GHz ranging from 5-17 GHz without FSS, with a resonance frequency of 8 GHz and 13.25 GHz. Meanwhile, the FSS-loaded antenna offers a wide bandwidth of 15 GHz ranging from 3-18 GHz, with resonances at 8 GHz and 13.5 GHz, as given in Figure 9. The proposed UWB antenna with and without FSS shows good agreement between measured and simulated results.

Gain of Antenna with and without FSS
The recommended UWB antenna's gain versus frequency plot, either with or without FSS, is displayed in Figure 10. The suggested antenna offers a gain >5 dBi at the functional band, with a peak gain value of around 6 dBi at the resonance frequency of 13 GHz, which

Gain of Antenna with and without FSS
The recommended UWB antenna's gain versus frequency plot, either with or without FSS, is displayed in Figure 10. The suggested antenna offers a gain >5 dBi at the functional band, with a peak gain value of around 6 dBi at the resonance frequency of 13 GHz, which can be seen in Figure 10. The gain of the FSS-loaded UWB antenna was enhanced by approximately 5.5 to 6 dBi. With a peak value of 10.75 dBi and 11 dBi at resonance frequencies of 8 GHz and 13.5 GHz, respectively, the antenna with an FSS layer delivers a gain > 10 dBi at operational bandwidth, as shown in Figure 10. It is also obvious from the illustration that there are no significant disparities between the measured results and the predicted results. can be seen in Figure 10. The gain of the FSS-loaded UWB antenna was enhanced by approximately 5.5 to 6 dBi. With a peak value of 10.75 dBi and 11 dBi at resonance frequencies of 8 GHz and 13.5 GHz, respectively, the antenna with an FSS layer delivers a gain > 10dBi at operational bandwidth, as shown in Figure 10. It is also obvious from the illustration that there are no significant disparities between the measured results and the predicted results.

Radiation Efficiency
The radiation efficiency of the suggested UWB antenna is given in Figure 11. The antenna offers radiation efficiency >75% in operational bandwidth with peak values of 83% and 82% at resonance frequencies of 7.5 GHz and 14.5 GHz, respectively. After loading the FSS layer, a slight improvement in radiation efficiency is observed. The antenna loaded with FSS offers radiation efficiency >78% at operational bandwidth with peak values of 90% at 8 GHz and 88% at 13.5 GHz.

Radiation Efficiency
The radiation efficiency of the suggested UWB antenna is given in Figure 11. The antenna offers radiation efficiency >75% in operational bandwidth with peak values of 83% and 82% at resonance frequencies of 7.5 GHz and 14.5 GHz, respectively. After loading the FSS layer, a slight improvement in radiation efficiency is observed. The antenna loaded with FSS offers radiation efficiency >78% at operational bandwidth with peak values of 90% at 8 GHz and 88% at 13.5 GHz. can be seen in Figure 10. The gain of the FSS-loaded UWB antenna was enhanced by approximately 5.5 to 6 dBi. With a peak value of 10.75 dBi and 11 dBi at resonance frequencies of 8 GHz and 13.5 GHz, respectively, the antenna with an FSS layer delivers a gain > 10dBi at operational bandwidth, as shown in Figure 10. It is also obvious from the illustration that there are no significant disparities between the measured results and the predicted results.

Radiation Efficiency
The radiation efficiency of the suggested UWB antenna is given in Figure 11. The antenna offers radiation efficiency >75% in operational bandwidth with peak values of 83% and 82% at resonance frequencies of 7.5 GHz and 14.5 GHz, respectively. After loading the FSS layer, a slight improvement in radiation efficiency is observed. The antenna loaded with FSS offers radiation efficiency >78% at operational bandwidth with peak values of 90% at 8 GHz and 88% at 13.5 GHz.

Radiation Pattern of Proposed Work
The suggested UWB antenna's radiation pattern at resonance frequencies of 8 GHz and 13 GHz is illustrated in Figure 12 without the application of an FSS layer. The proposed UWB antenna delivers a bidirectional radiation pattern for the E-plane at 8 GHz, but an omnidirectional radiation pattern on the H-plane at both operational frequencies. At 13 GHz, the radiation pattern is butterfly-shaped, which may be due to multiple stub insertions. The simulated results of the proposed antenna show strong agreement with the measured radiation pattern. On the other side, Figure 13 illustrates the radiation pattern of the suggested UWB antenna loaded with single-layer FSS. The radiation pattern was simulated and measured at resonance frequencies of 8 GHz and 13 GHz. The FSS at the rear side of the antenna reflects the backward radiation, due to which the broadside radiation pattern is obtained.

Radiation Pattern of Proposed Work
The suggested UWB antenna's radiation pattern at resonance frequencies of 8 GHz and 13 GHz is illustrated in Figure 12 without the application of an FSS layer. The proposed UWB antenna delivers a bidirectional radiation pattern for the E-plane at 8 GHz, but an omnidirectional radiation pattern on the H-plane at both operational frequencies. At 13 GHz, the radiation pattern is butterfly-shaped, which may be due to multiple stub insertions. The simulated results of the proposed antenna show strong agreement with the measured radiation pattern. On the other side, Figure 13 illustrates the radiation pattern of the suggested UWB antenna loaded with single-layer FSS. The radiation pattern was simulated and measured at resonance frequencies of 8 GHz and 13 GHz. The FSS at the rear side of the antenna reflects the backward radiation, due to which the broadside radiation pattern is obtained.

Comparison with State-of-the-Art
In Table 1, the proposed FSS-loaded UWB and the high-gain antenna are compared with antenna designs already published in the literature. When compared to other designs operating at the same frequency applications, the proposed FSS-loaded antenna is smaller in size, has a lower profile, and has a lower overall volume. The operational bandwidth and gain of the suggested FSS-loaded antenna are also higher than those of other works

Radiation Pattern of Proposed Work
The suggested UWB antenna's radiation pattern at resonance frequencies of 8 GHz and 13 GHz is illustrated in Figure 12 without the application of an FSS layer. The proposed UWB antenna delivers a bidirectional radiation pattern for the E-plane at 8 GHz, but an omnidirectional radiation pattern on the H-plane at both operational frequencies. At 13 GHz, the radiation pattern is butterfly-shaped, which may be due to multiple stub insertions. The simulated results of the proposed antenna show strong agreement with the measured radiation pattern. On the other side, Figure 13 illustrates the radiation pattern of the suggested UWB antenna loaded with single-layer FSS. The radiation pattern was simulated and measured at resonance frequencies of 8 GHz and 13 GHz. The FSS at the rear side of the antenna reflects the backward radiation, due to which the broadside radiation pattern is obtained.

Comparison with State-of-the-Art
In Table 1, the proposed FSS-loaded UWB and the high-gain antenna are compared with antenna designs already published in the literature. When compared to other designs operating at the same frequency applications, the proposed FSS-loaded antenna is smaller in size, has a lower profile, and has a lower overall volume. The operational bandwidth and gain of the suggested FSS-loaded antenna are also higher than those of other works

Comparison with State-of-the-Art
In Table 1, the proposed FSS-loaded UWB and the high-gain antenna are compared with antenna designs already published in the literature. When compared to other designs operating at the same frequency applications, the proposed FSS-loaded antenna is smaller in size, has a lower profile, and has a lower overall volume. The operational bandwidth and gain of the suggested FSS-loaded antenna are also higher than those of other works published in the literature. Moreover, the overall size, volume, operational bandwidth, gain, and the number of FSS layers proved that the suggested FSS-loaded antenna is a strong candidate for future 5G and 6G devices for high-gain and wideband applications.

Conclusions
This article presents a geometrically simple, compact, ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with a frequency selective surface (FSS) that provides high gain. The antenna contains a simple hexagonal patch with multiple stubs inserted to obtain an ultra-wideband of 5-17 GHz. Afterwards, to reflect radiation directed backward, the FSS layer is positioned beneath the antenna to slightly improve bandwidth and enhance gain from 6.5 dB to 10.5 dB. The resultant FSS-loaded antenna offers an ultra-wideband of 15 GHz, ranging from 3-18 GHz. The FSS array contains 5 × 5 unit cells, which have an overall size of 50 mm × 50 mm. The proposed UWB antenna and FSS layer are engineered on top of Rogers RT/Duroid 6002 with a thickness of 1.52 mm. The proposed FSS-loaded UWB antenna is designed using the electromagnetic (EM) software tool High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS v9). The software-predicted outcomes of the suggested antenna loaded with FSS were verified with a fabricated hardware prototype. The suggested FSS-loaded UWB antenna was also contrasted with published research, demonstrating that it is a strong contender for future wireless high-gain and wideband devices.