Surface Quality Optimization in Micromachining with Cutting Tool Having Regular Constructive Geometry

In this paper we studied the influence of micromachining parameters on processed surface quality. Usually in discussions about micro-cutting or micromachining, the grinding or diamond turning processes are considered. Cutting tools used in the mentioned processes do not have regular constructive geometry and, in this case, it is difficult to use constructive geometric parameters such as clearance angle α or rake angle γ to optimize the quality of the machined surface. In order to determine the influence of the cutting tool’s constructive geometry on the hardness of the machined material, we used a fractional factorial design of a centered and rotatable type 26−1. A mathematical model based on five independent cutting parameters was created that allowed optimization of surface quality based on obtained roughness. The results can be applied in micromilling or microturning.


Introduction
The increasing complexity of new products and the increasing demand for obtaining high precision in conditions of productivity has imposed new technology and optimized cutting tools [1,2]. Rapid advances in technology have enabled the possibilities for superior accuracies in machine tools to unlock the potentials of ultraprecision machining with an accuracy tolerance band between 5 and 50 nm [3].While a wide variety of material removal processes exists like the abrasive jet process, in finishing processes, mechanical cutting (i.e., milling, turning, etc.) remains one of the favored processes in manufacturing lines, especially in the aerospace and automotive industries [4,5]. The graphic presented in Figure 1 establishes the limits that define three types of cutting: macro-, meso-, and micro-cutting.

Introduction
The increasing complexity of new products and the increasing demand for obtaining high precision in conditions of productivity has imposed new technology and optimized cutting tools [1,2]. Rapid advances in technology have enabled the possibilities for superior accuracies in machine tools to unlock the potentials of ultraprecision machining with an accuracy tolerance band between 5 and 50 nm [3].While a wide variety of material removal processes exists like the abrasive jet process, in finishing processes, mechanical cutting (i.e., milling, turning, etc.) remains one of the favored processes in manufacturing lines, especially in the aerospace and automotive industries [4,5]. The graphic presented in Figure 1 establishes the limits that define three types of cutting: macro-, meso-, and micro-cutting. Micro-cutting, as suggested by the terminology, involves uncut chip thicknesses, product dimensions, and tool geometry at the micrometric scale (≤100 µm), although the definition can vary up to 1000 µm [7].
Micro-cutting is mostly used in finishing and superfinishing processes which represent one of the most important steps in the manufacturing of a product because during this step, final conditions are obtained, imposed by the project and the utility of the product. The tolerance and quality of the manufactured surface becomes important. Micro-cutting considerations as shown in Figure 2 extend beyond the typical assessment of cutting conditions, machine tool vibrations, and tool wear [8]. At this level of machining, several micro-effects exhibit considerable influence on machining performance such as the transition in material deformation modes from ploughing to rubbing at a lower tool-edge sharpness to produce superior surface finishing on magnesium [9], aluminum, and copper alloys [10]. Micro-cutting, as suggested by the terminology, involves uncut chip thicknesses, product dimensions, and tool geometry at the micrometric scale (≤100 μm), although the definition can vary up to 1000 μm [7].
Micro-cutting is mostly used in finishing and superfinishing processes which represent one of the most important steps in the manufacturing of a product because during this step, final conditions are obtained, imposed by the project and the utility of the product. The tolerance and quality of the manufactured surface becomes important. Micro-cutting considerations as shown in Figure 2 extend beyond the typical assessment of cutting conditions, machine tool vibrations, and tool wear [8]. At this level of machining, several micro-effects exhibit considerable influence on machining performance such as the transition in material deformation modes from ploughing to rubbing at a lower tool-edge sharpness to produce superior surface finishing on magnesium [9], aluminum, and copper alloys [10]. Overview of micro-cutting considerations [6].
As seen in Figure 2, the cutting process is complex and there are a large number of parameters that can influence the results [11]. This can be an impediment to optimizing the quality of the obtained surface. Furthermore, if the process of micro-cutting is obtained by using abrasive particles, the process is even more difficult to optimize because geometry varies from one particle to another and it is difficult to establish a relationship between cutting parameters and the roughness of the machined surface [12,13].
The micro-cutting process is influenced also by the depth of cut values with respect to the cutting edge radius. With respect to the depth of cut values, we can have different cutting mechanisms as shown in Figure 3 [14][15][16]. If the value of cut depth is larger than the cutting edge radius value, a shearing mechanism appears in chip formation ( Figure  3a). If the cut depth value is comparable to the cutting edge radius, there is a mechanism of chip formation based on extrusion (Figure 3b). If the cut depth value is much lower than the cutting edge radius, practically no cutting process occurs and it is replaced by a process of hardening of the top surface layer (Figure 3c). We can also observe that the rake angle varies with cut depth value while the cutting edge radius is constant, increasing in absolute value with decreasing depth of cut. As seen in Figure 2, the cutting process is complex and there are a large number of parameters that can influence the results [11]. This can be an impediment to optimizing the quality of the obtained surface. Furthermore, if the process of micro-cutting is obtained by using abrasive particles, the process is even more difficult to optimize because geometry varies from one particle to another and it is difficult to establish a relationship between cutting parameters and the roughness of the machined surface [12,13].
The micro-cutting process is influenced also by the depth of cut values with respect to the cutting edge radius. With respect to the depth of cut values, we can have different cutting mechanisms as shown in Figure 3 [14][15][16]. If the value of cut depth is larger than the cutting edge radius value, a shearing mechanism appears in chip formation (Figure 3a). If the cut depth value is comparable to the cutting edge radius, there is a mechanism of chip formation based on extrusion (Figure 3b). If the cut depth value is much lower than the cutting edge radius, practically no cutting process occurs and it is replaced by a process of hardening of the top surface layer (Figure 3c). We can also observe that the rake angle varies with cut depth value while the cutting edge radius is constant, increasing in absolute value with decreasing depth of cut.
Alongside the cutting parameters, to achieve high quality machined surfaces, the impact of various correction factors in Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) programming must be also considered [17]. Various probabilistic techniques such as simulated annealing for approximating the global optimum of a given function can be used in the modeling and optimization of surface roughness [18].
The above studies have shown the complexity of a micro-cutting-process study. There are many machining parameters together with cutting tool geometry that can influence the quality of the machined surface. Therefore, we investigated the cutting performance of milling cutters with regular constructive geometry on surface roughness using experimental verification, and established a rotatable, centered, and fractional test in order to analyze the influence of different parameters such as clearance and inclination angles and the workpiece hardness on the roughness of the machined surface. Finally, we obtained the optimal parameter combination for the micro-textured ball-end milling cutter with a blunt round edge. This study aimed to provide the foundation for improving the efficiency of machining of alloyed steel using a regular constructive geometry cutter.  Alongside the cutting parameters, to achieve high quality machined surfaces, the impact of various correction factors in Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) programming must be also considered [17]. Various probabilistic techniques such as simulated annealing for approximating the global optimum of a given function can be used in the modeling and optimization of surface roughness [18].
The above studies have shown the complexity of a micro-cutting-process study. There are many machining parameters together with cutting tool geometry that can influence the quality of the machined surface. Therefore, we investigated the cutting performance of milling cutters with regular constructive geometry on surface roughness using experimental verification, and established a rotatable, centered, and fractional test in order to analyze the influence of different parameters such as clearance and inclination angles and the workpiece hardness on the roughness of the machined surface. Finally, we obtained the optimal parameter combination for the micro-textured ball-end milling cutter with a blunt round edge. This study aimed to provide the foundation for improving the efficiency of machining of alloyed steel using a regular constructive geometry cutter.

Materials and Methods
In order to determine the parameters of the micro-cutting process, we used an experimental stand that contained a clamping fixture for the workpiece mounted on a KISTLER 9257 A dynamometer, which can measure the cutting force in three directions. The whole assembly was mounted on the table of the TOS KURIM FNK 25 milling machine. This machine is equipped with a head that can be operated as a mortising machine with 5 speed steps: 50, 70, 100, 140, and 200 double stroke per minute or as a milling machine. The following measurement chain was used to acquire the data: KISTLER coaxial cables type 1610 B10 and KISTLER 5008 type amplifier, both for each measuring channel, analog-to-digital converter mounted on a PC computer, program data acquisition that could read process data from two channels with force on the direction of the Mz axis (main cutting force) and on the direction of the Mx axis (cutting force on the direction of the working feed). The experimental stand is presented in Figure 4 [19].

Materials and Methods
In order to determine the parameters of the micro-cutting process, we used an experimental stand that contained a clamping fixture for the workpiece mounted on a KISTLER 9257 A dynamometer, which can measure the cutting force in three directions. The whole assembly was mounted on the table of the TOS KURIM FNK 25 milling machine. This machine is equipped with a head that can be operated as a mortising machine with 5 speed steps: 50, 70, 100, 140, and 200 double stroke per minute or as a milling machine. The following measurement chain was used to acquire the data: KISTLER coaxial cables type 1610 B10 and KISTLER 5008 type amplifier, both for each measuring channel, analog-todigital converter mounted on a PC computer, program data acquisition that could read process data from two channels with force on the direction of the M z axis (main cutting force) and on the direction of the M x axis (cutting force on the direction of the working feed). The experimental stand is presented in Figure 4 [19].  In order to measure the cutting edge radius of the insert that was obtained by sharpening the insert, Talysurf 120L was used, as presented in Figure 5. In order to measure the cutting edge radius of the insert that was obtained by sharpening the insert, Talysurf 120L was used, as presented in Figure 5. In order to measure the cutting edge radius of the insert that was obtained by sharpening the insert, Talysurf 120L was used, as presented in Figure 5. b).  Using this device, we measured the cutting edge radius of the insert. The results are presented in Figure 6. Using this device, we measured the cutting edge radius of the insert. The results are presented in Figure 6. Five tests were performed at different points on the cutting edge of the same cutting tool, and the measured values of the cutting edge radius were between 9 and 18 µ m.
In order to confirm the measured values, we used the double microscope Linnik-Schmaltz as a second equipment and performed indirect measuring. In Figure 7, we  Five tests were performed at different points on the cutting edge of the same cutting tool, and the measured values of the cutting edge radius were between 9 and 18 µm.
In order to confirm the measured values, we used the double microscope Linnik-Schmaltz as a second equipment and performed indirect measuring. In Figure 7, we present why this method was indirect. The microscope has a light source D that illuminates the insert at the radius level. The ocular of the microscope M is inclined with the value of the clearance angle α and it is moved from point B to C. The radius was calculated with the following equation: The obtained values were between 9 and 12 µm. Five tests were performed at different points on the cutting edge of the same cutting tool, and the measured values of the cutting edge radius were between 9 and 18 µ m.
In order to confirm the measured values, we used the double microscope Linnik-Schmaltz as a second equipment and performed indirect measuring. In Figure 7, we present why this method was indirect. The microscope has a light source D that illuminates the insert at the radius level. The ocular of the microscope M is inclined with the value of the clearance angle α and it is moved from point B to C. The radius was calculated with the following equation: The obtained values were between 9 and 12 µ m. The third method used to establish the values of the radius obtained by sharpening was a direct method. We made a cross-section through the insert and measured the ra- The third method used to establish the values of the radius obtained by sharpening was a direct method. We made a cross-section through the insert and measured the radius on an image obtained from the microscope. The image was enhanced 400× ( Figure 8). The equation for obtaining the cutting edge radius was established using the geometric construction presented in Figure 9. dius on an image obtained from the microscope. The image was enhanced 400× ( Figure  8). The equation for obtaining the cutting edge radius was established using the geometric construction presented in Figure 9.  The equation for cutting edge radius determination was: The measured value was 12 µm. The cutting edge radius was measured in order to define the influence of this radius on surface quality and the processed surface layer.
In order to determine the influence of the cutting process parameters on surface quality, we chose to use a fractional factorial design for the experiment that is centered and rotatable, namely type 2 6−1. This experimental design implied 32 experiments. ric construction presented in Figure 9.  The equation for cutting edge radius determination was: The measured value was 12 µ m. The cutting edge radius was measured in order to define the influence of this radius on surface quality and the processed surface layer.
In order to determine the influence of the cutting process parameters on surface quality, we chose to use a fractional factorial design for the experiment that is centered and rotatable, namely type 2 6−1. This experimental design implied 32 experiments.
Considering the optimization factor, the equation for the objective function became:  The objective function that was optimized was surface roughness R a . The optimization factors were: • v-cutting speed, m/min; • F p -radial force, N; • α-clearance angle, rad; • λ-inclination angle, rad; and • δ HB -workpiece hardness, N/mm 2 .
Considering the optimization factor, the equation for the objective function became: R a = C R a e a 1 lgV e a 2 F P e a 3 α e a 4 λ e a 5 δ HB Assuming the following notations: Y 1 = lnR a ; x 1 = F P ; x 2 = log v; x 3 = α; x 4 = λs; x 5 = δ H ; and b 0 = ln C Ra in Equation (3), we obtained: In (4), the coefficients of b i are regarded as constants, which limits from the beginning the degree of approximation of the Y i functions.
To increase the accuracy of objective function approximations, the literature [3] recommends developing functions in Taylor series around a convenient point (center of the experiment) and truncating them to a convenient number of terms, so that the approximation relationship becomes: In order to determine the coefficients in (5), the technique of designing experiments was used [20] which has the following advantages over other techniques of experimentation: • Minimum number of experiences; • High precision of the obtained mathematical model; and • Equal and uniform distribution of experiences throughout the experimental field, so that the objective function obtained is defined throughout the studied field.
Given that the range of variation of the independent variables in (5) cannot be described by means of linear approximation (interaction effects cannot be highlighted), a composite (order of 2) experimental plan was used.
The necessary steps to implement such a program were as follows: • Sorting variables that can significantly influence the results of the experiment (it is preferable to retain as many variables as possible because the insignificant variables are eliminated by subsequent statistical evaluation, and experiences in which those variables have changed are used to increase the accuracy of the answer); • Selection of technologically allowed variation intervals for each variable; This type of program is obtained from a complete factorial program in order to estimate all coefficients of first-order terms and second-order interactions. This program is then supplemented with points that allow the estimation of square terms.
Not knowing the orientation of the response surface to the coordinates, a composite, centered, and rotatable experimental program was chosen with the property of equal standard deviation for all points at equal distances from the center of the experimental region.
For each independent variable, we considered five values where −1 and 1 were the limits of the considered interval, 0 was the center of the interval (this value must be considered because there are 6 experiments using these values using a centered factorial program), and −2 and 2 were outside the interval in order to verify if the determined interaction of the independent variables remain the same outside the considered intervals.
Variation intervals of the independent variables which characterize parameters of the working regime were established in accordance with the adopted experimentation strategy. In this sense, quantities have been provided by specialized literature for the extreme values of speed v, inclination angles λ, clearance angle α, and radial force F p , which place them at the limits (or even outside) of the recommended optimal range.
The values of the independent variables are presented in Table 1. When establishing the hardness variation interval δ HB , the aim was to impose harsher working conditions than usual by using an alloy steel of type 40 Cr 10 [19], printed by applying heat treatments corresponding to five hardnesses. The experimental samples are presented in the form of bars with a rectangular section 12 mm × 10 mm, with a length of 200 mm.
The solutions for the system resulting from this experimental program (which represent the coefficients of the equation for estimating the response area for each objective function in coded coordinates) are given by (6) [20].

Results
In the following section, we present the topography of the processed surface, measured in several directions.
Measurements were made on a perpendicular direction to the machining marks. The results are shown in Figure 10, noting that the scales on the coordinate axes are different. We observed a periodicity of the profile which can be explained by the fact that the cutting inserts enter in the workpiece periodically and also by the dynamics of the cutting process.   Figure 12 shows the appearance of the surface resulting from machining with a cutting tool having regular constructive geometry. It is clear that the first case of processing In Figure 11, we present a cross-section made in a longitudinal section of the sample with hardness HB = 300. The root of a chip and the deep entrance of the insert in the workpiece can be observed. Again, this can be explained by considering the dynamics of the cutting process. Figure 12 shows the appearance of the surface resulting from machining with a cutting tool having regular constructive geometry. It is clear that the first case of processing involves pure cutting while the second case involves multiple scratching (scraping) of the surface to be processed which has the effect of removing material. The vertical lines in Figure 12b represent traces of the cutting tool insert. Again in Figure 12, the chip root left by the cutting tooth can be observed by its dark color. Figure 12c shows the surface resulting from a manufacturing material with hardness HB = 400. In this case, the cutting process was unstable, with strong vibrations being introduced into the system. These vibrations led to a severely affected surface, with dark spots highlighting areas of impact between the teeth of the cutting tool and the blank.
Additionally as mentioned, a study was performed on the surface layer that focused on measuring the depth of hardening. In this case, a comparative study was performed which led to the conclusion that in the case of processing with the considered type of tool, the depth of the affected layer is reduced by 30-80% ( Figure 13). Figure 13c shows the surface layer for the sample with hardness HB = 400, with its study demonstrating through strong non-uniformity a strong level of vibrations and that the cutting tool did not work in optimal conditions.   Figure 12 shows the appearance of the surface resulting from machining with a cutting tool having regular constructive geometry. It is clear that the first case of processing involves pure cutting while the second case involves multiple scratching (scraping) of the surface to be processed which has the effect of removing material. The vertical lines in Figure 12b represent traces of the cutting tool insert. Again in Figure 12, the chip root left by the cutting tooth can be observed by its dark color. Figure 12c shows the surface resulting from a manufacturing material with hardness HB = 400. In this case, the cutting process was unstable, with strong vibrations being introduced into the system. These vibrations led to a severely affected surface, with dark spots highlighting areas of impact between the teeth of the cutting tool and the blank.
Additionally as mentioned, a study was performed on the surface layer that focused on measuring the depth of hardening. In this case, a comparative study was performed which led to the conclusion that in the case of processing with the considered type of tool, the depth of the affected layer is reduced by 30-80% ( Figure 13). Figure 13c shows the surface layer for the sample with hardness HB = 400, with its study demonstrating through strong non-uniformity a strong level of vibrations and that the cutting tool did not work in optimal conditions.  In the following section, we present the mathematical model obtained by using the design of fractional factorial design of experiments 2 6−1 .
To increase the accuracy of the deduced mathematical model, all the coefficients were taken into account when establishing the regression functions, regardless of their significance level.  In the following section, we present the mathematical model obtained by using the design of fractional factorial design of experiments 2 6−1 .
To increase the accuracy of the deduced mathematical model, all the coefficients were taken into account when establishing the regression functions, regardless of their significance level.
Consequently, the mathematical models of the objective functions resulting from the regression have the following form in coded coordinates: In order to determine the regression equations of the objective functions in natural coordinates, a coordinate transformation was performed based on (6) and Table 1, according to the following relationships: Replacing (8) in (7), the mathematical models of the objective functions in natural coordinates take the form: ln R a = −16.8241 + 0.00498102 F P − 1.88512 log v + 19.3102 α + 38.6419 λ + 0.059282 δ HB − 0.344619 F P α + 0.290018 F P log v − 0.476997 F P λ + 0.000364245 F P δ HB + 9.12428 αlogv + 7.22375 λ log v − 0.0177908 δ HB log v − 24.3939 αλ − 0.0285902 α δ HB − 0.0467572 δ HB λ + 0.00181429 F P 2 − 4.60313 log v 2 − 0.489465 α 2 − 21.4731 λ 2 − 0.0000635924 δ HB 2 (9) In Equation (9), the independent variables are considered in the units of measurement presented in Table 1.
In order to determine the final form of the objective functions, of the constants and coefficients of (3), Equation (9) was used in which the terms were conveniently grouped.
After performing the necessary calculations, the respective coefficients, and constants took the form shown in Table 2. In order to validate the mathematical model, several tests were performed. Gruber test for identification of aberrant data was performed. The results for the proposed mathematical model in Equations (7) and (9) have values v 1 = 1.27808 and v 2 = 1.54715 that are inferior to critical values of v = 3.21, resulting in a 95% confidence level.
A second Shapiro-Wilk (S-W) test was performed in order to verify the normality of the experimental data string. The calculated value W = 1.39187 was compared to the tabular value of W = 0.788 for the S-W test, indicating with a 95% confidence level the acceptance of the normality of the data string hypothesis.
A Fischer (F) test was performed in order to verify the adequacy of the mathematical model. The calculated value F of the test must be less than the critical value FT indicated by the literature. The calculated value was 3.39199 which is lower than the value 4.95; therefore, the condition was fulfilled for an alpha coefficient of 0.05, i.e., the confidence level of the results was 95%.

Discussion
In the following section, we present dependencies of the objective function in relation to each optimization factor ( Figure 14).
From graphs presented in Figure 14, one can conclude that the optimization factor "cutting speed" complex influences the roughness of the processed surface, and we observe a slight decrease in this parameter with increase in the cutting speed. However, at low speeds, there is a tendency to form adhesions to the edge which leads to the increase in roughness in the first phase, given that roughness decreases with the increase in cutting speed. In the case of the optimization factor "clearance angle α", a pronounced increase in roughness was observed with the increase of this angle. This can be explained by the fact that there is a close connection between the clearance angle α and the back rake angle γ, so the increase of the clearance angle leads to high negative values for the back rake angle. This leads to high stresses required for cutting (complex cutting) and vibrations in the system. The optimization factor "inclination angle λ" also has an influence with a higher degree of complexity. In the first phase, a decrease in roughness is observed with an increase of this angle, but once it reaches a certain value, there is improvement. The first part of the graph is explained by an increase in the cutting effort, although a proper evacuation of the chips is ensured. Once the angles reaches a certain value, there is a decrease in roughness, and all these factors are determined by an increase of the contact length between the total active edge of the cutting tool and the blank along with an increase of the angle of inclination of the blade. For the same radial force F p , at a distribution of this force on a longer contact length, there is a decrease in specific pressure; from a certain angle, an exit process for the cutting teeth and a strong friction phenomenon between the cutting tool and the resulting roughness takes place. The optimization factor "radial force F p " also is complex in the way of variation of the roughness. Thus, with the increase in radial force, there is an insignificant decrease, although from a certain value it acquires a strong ascending character. This can be explained by the fact that this radial force directly determines the depth of cut, which in turn causes an increase in roughness as radial force increases. In the first phase, the optimization factor "HB hardness" leads to an increase in roughness motivated by the increase in cutting efforts and implicitly in vibrations in the system. Over a certain threshold a decrease in roughness is observed and, with the increase in hardness, the specific radial force necessary for processing can no longer be supplied by radial force F P ; this results in a friction phenomenon instead of a cutting type, and leads to an improvement in roughness but has a negative effect on the whole processing.
Starting from the determination and explanation of some influences between the optimization factors and the objective function "roughness", these dependencies were processed in a two-dimensional space. We move onto the complex influence of the optimization factors in the three-dimensional space. As previously indicated, three optimization factors were kept constant, assigning the values from the center of the experiment field, and the other two factors were varied in the intervals established in the programming matrix of the factorial experiment. By the established method, we obtained a series of 10 graphs presented in Figures 15-24. From graphs presented in Figure 14, one can conclude that the optimization factor "cutting speed" complex influences the roughness of the processed surface, and we observe a slight decrease in this parameter with increase in the cutting speed. However, at low speeds, there is a tendency to form adhesions to the edge which leads to the increase in roughness in the first phase, given that roughness decreases with the increase in cutting speed. In the case of the optimization factor "clearance angle α", a pronounced increase in roughness was observed with the increase of this angle. This can be explained by the fact that there is a close connection between the clearance angle α and the back rake angle γ, so the increase of the clearance angle leads to high negative values for the back rake angle. This leads to high stresses required for cutting (complex cutting) and vibrations in the system. The optimization factor "inclination angle λ" also has an influence with a higher degree of complexity. In the first phase, a decrease in roughness is   Figure 14. Influence of the optimization factors on objective function "roughness R a ": (a) speed influence on roughness (µm); (b) afla influence on roughness (µm); (c) lambda influence on roughness (µm); (d) Fp influence on roughness (µm); and (e) hardness influence on roughness (µm).
These graphs are designed to have both a spatial view of the results and their twodimensional presentation by means of isohypses or constant level curves, made by the intersection of graphs with planes parallel to the basic plane. This way of representation was possible by using the programming packages in mathematical language Mathematica ver.8, and the program necessary for this representation is attached to the doctoral thesis in the appendix. Figure 15 shows the variation of the objective roughness function in relation to the cutting speed and the radial force F p . From this graph, it can be seen that the radial force has a greater influence on changing the way of variation of the roughness depending on the cutting speed and for high values of the radial force. The explanation of this phenomenon is that higher values of the cutting speed and the radial force induce a substantial increase in the cutting force with the corresponding consequences.   Figure 17 shows the variation of the roughness function as a function of the variation of the cutting speed and the inclination angle λ. In this case, the cutting speed practically only amplified the influence of the angle of inclination at its low values and attenuated this influence for high values. The angle of inclination retained its influence as noted in Figure 15.
It should be noted in Figure 18 the same type of conjugate influence in which the cutting speed amplifies the phenomena to its small values. However, at high hardness of the blank, we observed that the cutting speed constantly decreased without the slightly increasing threshold shown in Figure 14. The increase in roughness continuing up to a certain hardness value can be explained by the increase in cutting efforts followed by an amplification of the vibratory phenomena. After a certain hardness value, there was a slight improvement of the roughness, explained by the fact that the specific force mani- In Figure 16, the value of the roughness function in relation to the cutting speed is decreased for the whole surface, with the specification that roughness worsens for high values of the clearance angle α and low values of the cutting speed. At these values of the laying angle, we observed pronounced negative values of the clearance angle α, indicating high efforts and the possibility of vibrations with negative consequences on the quality of the processed surface.   Figure 17 shows the variation of the roughness function as a function of the variation of the cutting speed and the inclination angle λ. In this case, the cutting speed practically only amplified the influence of the angle of inclination at its low values and attenuated this influence for high values. The angle of inclination retained its influence as noted in Figure 15.  Figure 17 shows the variation of the roughness function as a function of the variation of the cutting speed and the inclination angle λ. In this case, the cutting speed practically only amplified the influence of the angle of inclination at its low values and attenuated this influence for high values. The angle of inclination retained its influence as noted in Figure 15.   A conclusion that can be deduced from the presented graphs is that the amplification of variation of roughness dependent on the optimizing factors (for all optimization factors) manifested in low cutting speeds. Figure 19 presents the influence of optimization factors in which the main role is held by the radial force Fp. This graph shows the combined influence of the optimization factors "contact force Fp" and "clearance angle α". We observed that at high values of the radial force and low values of the clearance angle the roughness worsened, explained by the fact that the cutting force increases as cutting depth increases; therefore, the efforts in It should be noted in Figure 18 the same type of conjugate influence in which the cutting speed amplifies the phenomena to its small values. However, at high hardness of the blank, we observed that the cutting speed constantly decreased without the slightly increasing threshold shown in Figure 14. The increase in roughness continuing up to a certain hardness value can be explained by the increase in cutting efforts followed by an amplification of the vibratory phenomena. After a certain hardness value, there was a slight improvement of the roughness, explained by the fact that the specific force manifested in the cutting area increases while the friction phenomena amplified and thus led to better roughness.
A conclusion that can be deduced from the presented graphs is that the amplification of variation of roughness dependent on the optimizing factors (for all optimization factors) manifested in low cutting speeds. Figure 19 presents the influence of optimization factors in which the main role is held by the radial force F p . This graph shows the combined influence of the optimization factors "contact force F p " and "clearance angle α". We observed that at high values of the radial force and low values of the clearance angle the roughness worsened, explained by the fact that the cutting force increases as cutting depth increases; therefore, the efforts in the system increase along implicitly with vibrations and inconstant cutting. There is a possibility that the teeth of the cutting tool can penetrate the semi-finished product at one part and exit the cutting in another area). At high values of the laying angle and low values of the cutting force, we observed the worsening of the objective roughness function as a result of a dependency between the clearance angle α and the back rake angle γ that led to pronounced negative values for the clearance angle at high values of the seating angle. A decrease of the values in the objective roughness function results from the negative effects of negative geometry (complex cutting) which are counteracted by a higher specific radial force that maintains constancy of the cutting process with positive consequences.  A conclusion that can be deduced from the presented graphs is that the amplification of variation of roughness dependent on the optimizing factors (for all optimization factors) manifested in low cutting speeds. Figure 19 presents the influence of optimization factors in which the main role is held by the radial force Fp. This graph shows the combined influence of the optimization factors "contact force Fp" and "clearance angle α". We observed that at high values of the radial force and low values of the clearance angle the roughness worsened, explained by the fact that the cutting force increases as cutting depth increases; therefore, the efforts in   Figure 20 presents the combined influence exerted by the optimization factors "Fp contact force" and "inclination angle λ". In this graph, we can see the character of the variations presented in Figure 14 for both small values of the radial force and the angle of inclination of the edge. For high values of both optimization factors, there was a pronounced decrease of the values in the objective roughness function explained by the fact that the inclination angle increases as the contact length between the active and semi-finished edge increases and it also increases the specific force with positive effects on the cutting process in terms of its constant character. Figure 19. Influence of the clearance angle and radial force on roughness R a . Figure 20 presents the combined influence exerted by the optimization factors "F p contact force" and "inclination angle λ". In this graph, we can see the character of the variations presented in Figure 14 for both small values of the radial force and the angle of inclination of the edge. For high values of both optimization factors, there was a pronounced decrease of the values in the objective roughness function explained by the fact that the inclination angle increases as the contact length between the active and semi-finished edge increases and it also increases the specific force with positive effects on the cutting process in terms of its constant character.  Figure 21 presents the combined influence of the optimization factors "radial force" and "HB hardness" on the material to be processed. We observed that for low hardness of the material, the increase in radial force led to a slight decrease of the values of the objective function as a result of the vibratory phenomena in the system. As the hardness of the material increased, the repelling phenomenon of the material intensified, which led to a worsening of the roughness. At high values of material hardness (400 HB), we observed practically no machining for small radial forces but only friction and amplified vibrational phenomena in the system with increasing radial force, demonstrated in practice by increased acoustic phenomena and an intense dynamism of the measured cutting force.  Figure 21 presents the combined influence of the optimization factors "radial force" and "HB hardness" on the material to be processed. We observed that for low hardness of the material, the increase in radial force led to a slight decrease of the values of the objective function as a result of the vibratory phenomena in the system. As the hardness of the material increased, the repelling phenomenon of the material intensified, which led to a worsening of the roughness. At high values of material hardness (400 HB), we observed practically no machining for small radial forces but only friction and amplified vibrational phenomena in the system with increasing radial force, demonstrated in practice by increased acoustic phenomena and an intense dynamism of the measured cutting force.  Figure 22 shows the influence of the optimization factors "clearance angle α" and "inclination angle λ". In this case, both optimization factors retained their influence on the roughness objective function, their entire range of variation, and on that presented in Figure 14. However, we observed that for small values of the seating angle, the maximum value of the influence of the inclination angle λ changed to higher values. This can be explained by the fact that at low values of the clearance angle, we obtained small negative values of the back rake angle, making the cutting efforts smaller and the specific radial force required for cutting lower. Then, with the increase of the contact length between the cutting tool and the semi-finished product that was modified by increasing the angle of HB Fp Ra Figure 21. Influence of the hardness and contact force on roughness R a . Figure 22 shows the influence of the optimization factors "clearance angle α" and "inclination angle λ". In this case, both optimization factors retained their influence on the roughness objective function, their entire range of variation, and on that presented in Figure 14. However, we observed that for small values of the seating angle, the maximum value of the influence of the inclination angle λ changed to higher values. This can be explained by the fact that at low values of the clearance angle, we obtained small negative values of the back rake angle, making the cutting efforts smaller and the specific radial force required for cutting lower. Then, with the increase of the contact length between the cutting tool and the semi-finished product that was modified by increasing the angle of inclination of the cutting edge, a maximum of this specific force could be reached for a higher value of the contact length, implying a greater angle of inclination of the edge.  Figure 23 shows the combined influence of the optimization factors "clearance angle α" and "hardness HB". The influence of the seating angle was dictated both by the frictional forces in the system and by the back rake angle γ with which it is directly interdependent. With the increase of the setting angle and increase in hardness, the objective roughness function acquired high values given that roughness decreases from a certain value of hardness, in which case the cutting tool does not work, producing only a friction phenomenon. Figure 23. Influence of the clearance angle and hardness on roughness Ra. Figure 24 shows the combined influence of the optimization factors "inclination angle λ" and "HB hardness". The evolution of the variations of the objective roughness function is approximately the same as the one from the previous point. However, the HB Ra Ra Figure 22. Influence of the clearance angle and inclination angle on roughness R a . Figure 23 shows the combined influence of the optimization factors "clearance angle α" and "hardness HB". The influence of the seating angle was dictated both by the frictional forces in the system and by the back rake angle γ with which it is directly interdependent. With the increase of the setting angle and increase in hardness, the objective roughness function acquired high values given that roughness decreases from a certain value of hardness, in which case the cutting tool does not work, producing only a friction phenomenon.  Figure 23 shows the combined influence of the optimization factors "clearance angle α" and "hardness HB". The influence of the seating angle was dictated both by the frictional forces in the system and by the back rake angle γ with which it is directly interdependent. With the increase of the setting angle and increase in hardness, the objective roughness function acquired high values given that roughness decreases from a certain value of hardness, in which case the cutting tool does not work, producing only a friction phenomenon. Figure 23. Influence of the clearance angle and hardness on roughness Ra. Figure 24 shows the combined influence of the optimization factors "inclination angle λ" and "HB hardness". The evolution of the variations of the objective roughness function is approximately the same as the one from the previous point. However, the  Figure 24 shows the combined influence of the optimization factors "inclination angle λ" and "HB hardness". The evolution of the variations of the objective roughness function is approximately the same as the one from the previous point. However, the explanation is modified, this time discussing the change in the active length between the cutting edge and the semi-finished product. It should be noted that as the hardness of the blank increases, the specific radial force required for cutting increases. In summary, the cutting process is inconsistent for the increases manifested on the two optimization factors. However, the F p contact force is no longer enough from a certain hardness value with the cutting teeth gradually coming out of the cutting, which leads to the phenomenon of friction between the cutting tool and semi-finished product with a positive effect on the roughness value but a negative effect on other parameters. explanation is modified, this time discussing the change in the active length between the cutting edge and the semi-finished product. It should be noted that as the hardness of the blank increases, the specific radial force required for cutting increases. In summary, the cutting process is inconsistent for the increases manifested on the two optimization factors. However, the Fp contact force is no longer enough from a certain hardness value with the cutting teeth gradually coming out of the cutting, which leads to the phenomenon of friction between the cutting tool and semi-finished product with a positive effect on the roughness value but a negative effect on other parameters. Based on the above discussion, we determined an optimal solution which is represented by the intervals of variation of the optimization factors that can ensure the satisfaction of a high level of the main objective function and, at the same time, obtain possible minimum values of the secondary functions (Table 3).

Conclusions
The analysis of the two-dimensional sections of the response surfaces highlighted the following: Based on the above discussion, we determined an optimal solution which is represented by the intervals of variation of the optimization factors that can ensure the satisfaction of a high level of the main objective function and, at the same time, obtain possible minimum values of the secondary functions (Table 3).