A Novel Bismuth-Chitosan Nanocomposite Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) in Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Bi-Chitosan Sensor Fabrication
2.3. Characterization of Co-Deposited Bi-Chitosan Nanostructure
2.4. Electrochemical Heavy Metal Detection using SWASV
2.5. Real Wastewater Samples
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Characterization of Bi-Chitosan Modified Electrode
3.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Bi-Chitosan Modified Electrode
3.3. Optimization of SWASV Parameters for Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) Detection using the Bi-Chitosan-Coated Carbon Electrode
3.4. Effect of Electroplating Conditions on Bi-Chitosan Nanocomposite for Detecting Heavy Metal Ions
3.5. Characterization of Heavy Metal Detection in Low Concentration Solutions
3.6. Application to a Real Wastewater Environment
3.7. Investigation of the Effect of Temperature on Heavy Metal Ion Detection in Real Wastewater
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Edwards, M.; Triantafyllidou, S.; Best, D. Elevated blood lead in young children due to lead-contaminated drinking water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 1618–1623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Richardson, S. Disinfection by-products and other emerging contaminants in drinking water. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2003, 22, 666–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kadirvelu, K. Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from an agricultural solid waste. Bioresour. Technol. 2001, 76, 63–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Šikovec, M.; Novič, M.; Franko, M. Application of thermal lens spectrometric detection to the determination of heavy metals by ion chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1996, 739, 111–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.Y.; Chen, Y.P.; Fang, F.; Li, S.H.; Ni, B.J.; Liu, G.; Tian, Y.C.; Xiong, Y.; Yu, H.Q. Innovative solid-state microelectrode for nitrite determination in a nitrifying granule. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 4467–4471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, S.M.; Alves, C.R.; Muchado, S.A.S.; Mazo, L.H.; Avaca, L.A. Electrochemical determination of nitrites in natural waters with ultramicroelectrodes. Electroanalysis 1996, 8, 1055–1059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nolan, M.A.; Kounaves, S.P. Microfabricated array of iridium microdisks as a substrate for direct determination of Cu2+ or Hg2+ using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 3567–3573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, G.J.; Lee, H.M.; Rhee, C.K. Bismuth nano-powder electrode for trace analysis of heavy metals using anodic stripping voltammetry. Electrochem. Commun. 2007, 9, 2514–2518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riso, R.D.; Waeles, M.; Pernet-Coudrier, B.; Le Corre, P.; Corre, P. Determination of dissolved iron(III) in estuarine and coastal waters by adsorptive stripping chronopotentiometry (SCP). Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2006, 385, 76–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanguy, V.; Waeles, M.; Vandenhecke, J.; Riso, R. Determination of ultra-trace Sb(III) in seawater by stripping chronopotentiometry (SCP) with a mercury film electrode in the presence of copper. Talanta 2010, 81, 614–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Munteanu, G.; Munteanu, S.; Wipf, D.O. Rapid determination of zeptomole quantities of Pb2+ with the mercury monolayer carbon fiber electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2009, 632, 177–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rehacek, V.; Hotovy, I.; Vojs, M. Bismuth Film Voltammetric Sensor on Pyrolyzed Photoresist/Alumina Support for Determination of Heavy Metals. Electroanalysis 2014, 26, 898–903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yi, W.J.; Li, Y.; Ran, G.; Luo, H.Q.; Li, N.B. Determination of cadmium(II) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry using bismuth–antimony film electrode. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2012, 166, 544–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Lu, J.; Hočevar, S.B.; Farias, P.A.M.; Ogorevc, B. Bismuth-Coated Carbon Electrodes for Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 3218–3222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, J.; Lu, J.; Kirgöz, Ü.A.; Hocevar, S.B.; Ogorevc, B. Insights into the anodic stripping voltammetric behavior of bismuth film electrodes. Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 434, 29–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Economou, A. Bismuth-film electrodes: Recent developments and potentialities for electroanalysis. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2005, 24, 334–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fielden, P.R.; Economou, A. Mercury film electrodes: Developments, trends and potentialities for electroanalysis. Analyst 2003, 128, 205–213. [Google Scholar]
- Hwang, G.H.; Han, W.K.; Park, J.S.; Kang, S.G. An electrochemical sensor based on the reduction of screen-printed bismuth oxide for the determination of trace lead and cadmium. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2008, 135, 309–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zanini, V.I.P.; Giménez, R.E.; Pérez, O.E.L.; De Mishima, B.A.L.; Borsarelli, C.D.; Pérez, O.E.L. Enhancement of amperometric response to tryptophan by proton relay effect of chitosan adsorbed on glassy carbon electrode. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2015, 209, 391–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, X.; Zeng, J.; Liu, S.; Zhang, L. An effective and recyclable adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous system: Magnetic chitosan/cellulose microspheres. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 194, 403–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tran, V.S.; Ngo, H.H.; Guo, W.; Zhang, J.; Liang, S.; Ton-That, C.; Zhang, X. Typical low cost biosorbents for adsorptive removal of specific organic pollutants from water. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 182, 353–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vicentini, F.C.; Silva, T.A.; Pellatieri, A.; Janegitz, B.C.; Fatibello-Filho, O.; Faria, R.C. Pb(II) determination in natural water using a carbon nanotubes paste electrode modified with crosslinked chitosan. Microchem. J. 2014, 116, 191–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghalkhani, M.; Shahrokhian, S. Adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetric determination of mebendazole at a graphene nanosheets and carbon nanospheres/chitosan modified glassy carbon electrode. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2013, 185, 669–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kadara, R.O.; Jenkinson, N.; Banks, C.E. Characterization and fabrication of disposable screen printed microelectrodes. Electrochem. Commun. 2009, 11, 1377–1380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janegitz, B.C.; Marcolino-Junior, L.H.; Campana-Filho, S.P.; Faria, R.C.; Fatibello-Filho, O. Anodic stripping voltammetric determination of copper(II) using a functionalized carbon nanotubes paste electrode modified with crosslinked chitosan. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2009, 142, 260–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asadpour-Zeynali, K.; Mollarasouli, F. Bismuth and Bismuth-Chitosan modified electrodes for determination of two synthetic food colorants by net analyte signal standard addition method. Cent. Eur. J. Chem. 2014, 12, 711–718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taufik, S.; Yusof, N.A.; Tee, T.W.; Ramli, I. Bismuth oxide nanoparticles/chitosan/modified electrode as biosensor for DNA hybridization. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2011, 6, 1880–1891. [Google Scholar]
- Aragay, G.; Pons, J.; Merkoçi, A. Enhanced electrochemical detection of heavy metals at heated graphite nanoparticle-based screen-printed electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 4326–4331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsukamoto, T.; Killion, H.; Miller, G. Column experiments for microbiological treatment of acid mine drainage: Low-temperature, low-pH and matrix investigations. Water Res. 2004, 38, 1405–1418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Coury, L.A. Effects of high-intensity ultrasound on glassy carbon electrodes. Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 1552–1558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engstrom, R.C. Electrochemical pretreatment of glassy carbon electrodes. Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 2310–2314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, W.H.; Wahman, D.G.; Pressman, J.G. Amperometric carbon fiber nitrite microsensor for in situ biofilm monitoring. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2013, 188, 1263–1269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hwang, J.H.; Pathak, P.; Wang, X.; Rodriguez, K.L.; Park, J.; Cho, H.J.; Lee, W.H. A novel Fe-Chitosan-coated carbon electrode sensor for in situ As (III) detection in mining wastewater and soil leachate. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2019, 294, 88–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, B.; Son, Y. Ultrasonic and mechanical soil washing processes for the removal of heavy metals from soils. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2017, 35, 640–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, K.; Cui, Z.D.; Yang, X.J.; Zhu, S.L.; Li, Z.Y.; Liang, Y.Q.; Zhu, S. Nanocrystal Bismuth Telluride Electrocatalysts for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, H785–H791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moulder, J.F.; Stickle, W.F.; Sobol, P.E.; Bomben, K.D. Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy; Perkin-Elmer Corporation: Eden Prairie, MN, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.; Li, B.; Zhou, Y.; Jia, D. In Situ Mineralization of Magnetite Nanoparticles in Chitosan Hydrogel. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2009, 4, 1041–1046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- López-Pérez, P.M.; Marques, A.P.; Da Silva, R.M.P.; Pashkuleva, I.; Reis, R.L.; Da Silva, M.R.M.P. Effect of chitosan membrane surface modification via plasma induced polymerization on the adhesion of osteoblast-like cells. J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 4064–4071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Siddhanti, D.A.; Nash, D.J.; Navarro, M.A.; Mills, D.M.; Khaniya, A.; Dhar, B.; Kaden, W.E.; Chumbimuni-Torres, K.Y.; Blair, R.G. The safer and scalable mechanochemical synthesis of edge-chlorinated and fluorinated few-layer graphenes. J. Mater. Sci. 2017, 52, 11977–11987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, X.; Wang, J.; Wu, H.; Aksay, I.A.; Liu, J.; Lin, Y. Glucose Oxidase–graphene–chitosan modified electrode for direct electrochemistry and glucose sensing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 25, 901–905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, L.; Feng, H.; Cheng, J.; Li, J. Uniform and rich-wrinkled electrophoretic deposited graphene film: A robust electrochemical platform for TNT sensing. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 5882–5884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jothimuthu, P.; Wilson, R.A.; Herren, J.; Pei, X.; Kang, W.; Daniels, R.; Wong, H.; Beyette, F.; Heineman, W.R.; Papautsky, I. Zinc Detection in Serum by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry on Microfabricated Bismuth Electrodes. Electroanalysis 2013, 25, 401–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fan, F.; Dou, J.; Ding, A.; Zhang, K.; Wang, Y. Determination of lead by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry using an electrochemical sensor. Anal. Sci. 2013, 29, 571–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koper, N.; Leston, L.; Baker, T.M.; Curry, C.; Rosa, P. Effects of ambient noise on detectability and localization of avian songs and tones by observers in grasslands. Ecol. Evol. 2016, 6, 245–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hwang, J.H.; Wang, X.; Pathak, P.; Rex, M.M.; Cho, H.J.; Lee, W.H. Measurement. Enhanced electrochemical detection of multi-heavy metal ions using a biopolymer-coated planar carbon electrode. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2019, 68, 2387–2393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, L.; Jia, J.; Wang, Z. Sensitive determination of Cd and Pb by differential pulse stripping voltammetry with in situ bismuth-modified zeolite doped carbon paste electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 2177–2182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baldrianova, L.; Svancara, I.; Vlček, M.; Economou, A.; Sotiropoulos, S. Effect of Bi(III) concentration on the stripping voltammetric response of in situ bismuth-coated carbon paste and gold electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 52, 481–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lezi, N.; Economou, A.; Efstathiou, C.E.; Prodromidis, M. A study of Bi2O3-modified screen-printed sensors for determination of Cd (II) and Pb (II) by anodic stripping voltammetry. Sens. Electroanal. 2011, 6, 219–229. [Google Scholar]
- Lezi, N.; Economou, A.; Dimovasilis, P.A.; Trikalitis, P.N.; Prodromidis, M.I.; Prodromidis, M. (Mamas) Disposable screen-printed sensors modified with bismuth precursor compounds for the rapid voltammetric screening of trace Pb(II) and Cd(II). Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 728, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kadara, R.O.; Jenkinson, N.; Banks, C.E. Disposable Bismuth Oxide Screen Printed Electrodes for the High Throughput Screening of Heavy Metals. Electroanalysis 2009, 21, 2410–2414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rico, M.Á.G.; Olivares-Marín, M.; Gil, E.P. Modification of carbon screen-printed electrodes by adsorption of chemically synthesized Bi nanoparticles for the voltammetric stripping detection of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Pb (II). Talanta 2009, 80, 631–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dimovasilis, P.A.; Prodromidis, M.I. Preparation of Screen-Printed Compatible Bismuth-Modified Sol-Gel Microspheres: Application to the Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Lead and Cadmium. Anal. Lett. 2016, 49, 979–989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olivero, J.; Laprade, I.; Servito, G. Heavy Metal Detection with Bismuth Film Electrode; University of San Francisco: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Rehacek, V.; Hotovy, I.; Vojs, M.; Mika, F. Bismuth film electrodes for heavy metals determination. Microsyst. Technol. 2008, 14, 491–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hwang, J.-H.; Wang, X.; Zhao, D.; Rex, M.M.; Cho, H.J.; Lee, W.H. A novel nanoporous bismuth electrode sensor for in situ heavy metal detection. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 298, 440–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Švancara, I.; Baldrianova, L.; Tesařová, E.; Hočevar, S.B.; Elsuccary, S.A.A.; Economou, A.; Sotiropoulos, S.; Ogorevc, B.; Vytřas, K. Recent Advances in Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with Bismuth-Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes. Electroanalysis 2006, 18, 177–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saha, S.; Sarkar, P. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry for detection of As (III) by Chitosan-Fe(OH)3 modified glassy carbon electrode: A new approach towards speciation of arsenic. Talanta 2016, 158, 235–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanna, G.; Pilo, M.I.; Piu, P.C.; Tapparo, A.; Seeber, R. Determination of heavy metals in honey by anodic stripping voltammetry at microelectrodes. Anal. Chim. Acta 2000, 415, 165–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Church, J.; Lee, W.H. A novel approach for in situ monitoring of Zn2+ in citrus plants using two-step square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. MRS Commun. 2018, 8, 404–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pujol, L.; Evrard, D.; Groenen-Serrano, K.; Freyssinier, M.; Ruffien-Cizsak, A.; Gros, P. Electrochemical sensors and devices for heavy metals assay in water: The French groups’ contribution. Front. Chem. 2014, 2, 19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koudelkova, Z.; Syrovy, T.; Ambrozova, P.; Moravec, Z.; Kubac, L.; Hynek, D.; Richtera, L.; Adam, V. Determination of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Silver Using a Carbon Paste Electrode and a Screen Printed Electrode Modified with Chromium(III) Oxide. Sensors 2017, 17, 1832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gounden, D.; Khene, S.; Nombona, N. Electroanalytical detection of heavy metals using metallophthalocyanine and silica-coated iron oxide composites. Chem. Pap. 2018, 72, 3043–3056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lazar, B.; Nishri, A.; Ben-Yaakov, S. Mutual interferences in the determination of Zn(II) and Cu(II) in seawater by anodic stripping voltammetry. J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1981, 125, 295–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gründler, P.; Kirbs, A.; Dunsch, L. Modern thermoelectrochemistry. ChemPhysChem 2009, 10, 1722–1746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Electrode Substrate | Analytical Method | LOD (ppb) | Reproducibility (n) | RSD (%) | Sensitivity (µA/ppb) | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn2+ | Cd2+ | Pb2+ | ||||||
Bi2O3-modified SPE * | DPASV | - | 2.1 | 1.1 | 8 | 8.4 (Cd2+) 7.7 (Pb2+) | 0.027 (Cd2+) 0.061 (Pb2+) | [48] |
Bi precursor compounds coated SPE | DPASV | - | 0.08 | 0.1 | 8 | 3.1 (Cd2+) 2.3 (Pb2+) | 0.019 (Cd2+) 0.038 (Pb2+) | [49] |
Bi oxide SPE | SWASV | - | 2.5 | 5 | 10 | 10 (Zn2+) 5 (Cd2+) 7 (Pb2+) | 0.003 (Zn2+) 0.07 (Cd2+) 0.085 (Pb2+) | [50] |
Bi nanoparticles carbon SPE | SWASV | 1.3 | 1.7 | 4.9 | - | 2.7-7.4 (Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+) | 0.044 (Zn2+) 0.106 (Cd2+) 0.941 (Pb2+) | [51] |
Bi nano-powder electrode | SWASV | - | 0.15 | 0.07 | 5 | 1.3 (Cd2+) 4.7 (Pb2+) | - | [52] |
Bi film SPE | SWASV | 10.3 | 6.8 | 3.6 | - | - | - | [53] |
Bi film SPE | SWASV | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.8 | - | 2.7 (Zn2+) 3.4 (Cd2+) 4.5 (Pb2+) | 0.009 (Zn2+) 0.203 (Cd2+) 0.173 (Pb2+) | [54] |
Nano porous Bi-coated carbon SPE | SWASV | - | 1.3 | 1.5 | 40 | 3.1 (Cd2+) 4.3 (Pb2+) | 0.137 (Cd2+) 0.117 (Pb2+) | [55] |
Chitosan-coated carbon SPE | SWASV | 1.2 | - | 1 | 30 | 4.8 (Zn2+) 5.4 (Pb2+) | 0.268 (Zn2+) 0.417 (Pb2+) | [45] |
Bi/chitosan-coated carbon SPE | SWASV | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 10 | 4.2 (Zn2+) 3.6 (Cd2+) 5.1 (Pb2+) | 1.374 (Zn2+) 0.522 (Cd2+) 4.518 (Pb2+) | This study |
Sample | Reproducibility (n) | RSD (%) | Analysis | Recovery ** (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bi/Chitosan-Coated Sensor | ICP-MS | |||||
Mining wastewater | Zn2+ | - | - | - | 11.5 ppm | - |
Cd2+ | 8 | 1.3 | 106.7 ± 2.1 ppb * | 100 ppb | 106.7 | |
Pb2+ | 8 | 5.6 | 76.2 ± 6.1 ppb * | 70 ppb | 108.8 | |
Soil leachate | Zn2+ | - | - | - | 439.2 ppm | - |
Cd2+ | - | - | - | 8.4 ppm | - | |
Pb2+ | 6 | 3.1 | 368 ± 17 ppm * | 394.4 ppm | 93.4 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hwang, J.-H.; Pathak, P.; Wang, X.; Rodriguez, K.L.; Cho, H.J.; Lee, W.H. A Novel Bismuth-Chitosan Nanocomposite Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) in Wastewater. Micromachines 2019, 10, 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10080511
Hwang J-H, Pathak P, Wang X, Rodriguez KL, Cho HJ, Lee WH. A Novel Bismuth-Chitosan Nanocomposite Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) in Wastewater. Micromachines. 2019; 10(8):511. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10080511
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Jae-Hoon, Pawan Pathak, Xiaochen Wang, Kelsey L. Rodriguez, Hyoung J. Cho, and Woo Hyoung Lee. 2019. "A Novel Bismuth-Chitosan Nanocomposite Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) in Wastewater" Micromachines 10, no. 8: 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10080511