Usual Choline Intakes Are Associated with Egg and Protein Food Consumption in the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Dietary Choline
2.3. Supplemental Choline
2.4. Definitions
2.5. Comparison to DRI Values
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Life-Stage Group | AI (mg/day) | UL (mg/day) |
---|---|---|
Infant | ||
0–6 Months | 125 | Not established |
6–12 Months | 150 | Not established |
Children | ||
1–3 Years | 200 | 1000 |
4–8 Years | 250 | 1000 |
9–13 Years | 375 | 2000 |
Males | ||
14–18 Years | 550 | 3000 |
≥19 Years | 550 | 3500 |
Females | ||
14–18 Years | 400 | 3000 |
≥19 Years | 425 | 3500 |
Pregnancy | ||
All ages | 450 | Age-appropriate UL |
Lactation | ||
All ages | 550 | Age-appropriate UL |
Gender/Age | N | Usual Intake a | Percentile | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 a | 25 a | 50 a | 75 a | 95 a | % > AI | % > UL | |||
All | |||||||||
2–3 years | 1316 | 224 ± 3.60 | 129 ± 3.95 | 176 ± 3.31 | 217 ± 3.58 | 264 ± 4.82 | 344 ± 8.41 | 60.7 ± 2.09 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
4–8 years | 2774 | 243 ± 2.45 | 141± 4.02 | 192 ± 2.79 | 235 ± 2.53 | 285 ± 3.49 | 369 ± 6.79 | 41.5 ± 1.50 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
9–13 years | 2559 | 257 ± 3.63 | 151 ± 4.88 | 205 ± 3.67 | 249 ± 3.66 | 301 ± 4.45 | 389 ± 7.78 | 6.63 ± 0.96 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
14–18 years | 2354 | 269 ± 4.96 | 159 ± 5.86 | 214 ± 5.08 | 262 ± 4.95 | 315 ± 5.47 | 405 ± 8.08 | 1.12 ± 0.29 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
19–30 years | 3288 | 330 ± 3.56 | 169 ± 3.76 | 240 ± 3.29 | 308 ± 3.75 | 399 ± 5.21 | 561 ± 9.75 | 6.59 ± 0.66 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
31–50 years | 5267 | 350 ± 2.97 | 184 ± 3.53 | 257 ± 3.05 | 327 ± 3.05 | 422 ± 4.58 | 591 ± 9.53 | 9.69 ± 0.77 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
51–70 years | 4975 | 342 ± 3.36 | 183 ± 3.72 | 254 ± 3.25 | 321 ± 3.60 | 409 ± 4.66 | 572 ± 8.91 | 8.42 ± 0.68 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
71+ years | 2244 | 307 ± 3.16 | 167 ± 3.61 | 232 ± 3.10 | 289 ± 3.45 | 364 ± 4.48 | 506 ± 7.77 | 4.39 ± 0.48 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Male | |||||||||
2–3 years | 658 | 246 ± 4.63 | 150 ± 4.11 | 199 ± 3.93 | 240 ± 4.48 | 287 ± 6.04 | 364 ± 9.39 | 74.3 ± 2.24 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
4–8 years | 1452 | 265 ± 3.11 | 162 ± 3.95 | 215 ± 2.98 | 258 ± 3.22 | 307 ± 4.35 | 390 ± 7.35 | 54.5 ± 1.85 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
9–13 years | 1279 | 283 ± 4.38 | 175 ± 4.94 | 230 ± 4.21 | 275 ± 4.33 | 328 ± 5.41 | 415 ± 8.45 | 11.2 ± 1.43 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
14–18 years | 1207 | 295 ± 5.18 | 184 ± 5.57 | 241 ± 5.16 | 288 ± 5.01 | 341 ± 5.96 | 431 ± 9.53 | 0.32 ± 0.13 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
19–30 years | 1702 | 392 ± 5.39 | 216 ± 4.92 | 305 ± 4.45 | 380 ± 5.16 | 466 ± 7.02 | 613 ± 12.18 | 10.5 ± 1.13 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
31–50 years | 2563 | 421 ± 4.99 | 236 ± 5.07 | 330 ± 4.13 | 408 ± 4.74 | 498 ± 6.63 | 652 ± 11.57 | 15.3 ± 1.25 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
51–70 years | 2455 | 408 ± 5.15 | 227 ± 5.33 | 319 ± 4.70 | 396 ± 4.98 | 483 ± 6.58 | 633 ± 11.07 | 13.0 ± 1.11 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
71+ years | 1099 | 363 ± 4.80 | 197 ± 5.87 | 280 ± 4.86 | 351 ± 4.97 | 432 ± 5.93 | 571 ± 9.55 | 6.59 ± 0.74 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Female | |||||||||
2–3 years | 658 | 201 ± 3.64 | 118 ± 4.37 | 160 ± 3.47 | 195 ± 3.53 | 235 ± 4.75 | 303 ± 7.74 | 46.7 ± 2.56 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
4–8 years | 1322 | 218 ± 2.72 | 130 ± 4.28 | 174 ± 3.50 | 211 ± 2.84 | 255 ± 3.43 | 329 ± 6.99 | 27.4 ± 1.67 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
9–13 years | 1280 | 233 ± 3.75 | 140 ± 4.74 | 187 ± 4.22 | 226 ± 3.88 | 272 ± 4.31 | 347 ± 6.87 | 2.46 ± 0.51 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
14–18 years | 1147 | 244 ± 4.80 | 147 ± 5.79 | 197 ± 4.94 | 237 ± 4.74 | 283 ± 5.27 | 361 ± 7.93 | 1.90 ± 0.49 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
19–30 years | 1586 | 257 ± 4.14 | 152 ± 4.38 | 206 ± 3.92 | 250 ± 4.09 | 301 ± 5.16 | 386 ± 8.13 | 2.08 ± 0.49 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
31–50 years | 2704 | 279 ± 3.32 | 168 ± 4.27 | 224 ± 3.51 | 271 ± 3.33 | 325 ± 4.23 | 415 ± 7.39 | 4.06 ± 0.68 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
51–70 years | 2520 | 280 ± 3.88 | 169 ± 4.17 | 226 ± 3.60 | 273 ± 3.77 | 327 ± 4.98 | 416 ± 8.29 | 4.16 ± 0.79 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
71+ years | 1145 | 266 ± 4.02 | 158 ± 4.35 | 213 ± 4.05 | 259 ± 4.03 | 311 ± 4.83 | 397 ± 8.04 | 2.76 ± 0.58 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Pregnant b | |||||||||
13–44 years | 593 | 319 ± 9.89 | 187 ± 13.33 | 254 ± 10.63 | 309 ± 9.75 | 373 ± 13.22 | 490 ± 27.85 | 8.51 ± 2.89 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Gender/Age | Day d | Non-Consumers | Consumers | p-Value e | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Usual Intake a | % > AI | N | Usual Intake a | % > AI | |||
All | ||||||||
19–30 years | 1 | 2653 | 286 ± 3.54 | 1.75 ± 0.33 | 635 | 534 ± 9.27 | 58.1 ± 2.78 | <0.0001 |
2 | 2291 | 279 ± 3.63 | 1.22 ± 0.26 | 997 | 454 ± 6.69 | 24.2 ± 3.51 | <0.0001 | |
31–50 years | 1 | 4160 | 305 ± 2.85 | 3.18 ± 0.40 | 1107 | 545 ± 8.61 | 64.1 ± 2.66 | <0.0001 |
2 | 3504 | 301 ± 3.08 | 2.49 ± 0.36 | 1763 | 453 ± 6.24 | 23.0 ± 2.90 | <0.0001 | |
51–70 years | 1 | 3762 | 297 ± 3.39 | 2.54 ± 0.37 | 1213 | 520 ± 8.48 | 57.4 ± 2.91 | <0.0001 |
2 | 2069 | 290 ± 3.96 | 1.86 ± 0.36 | 1906 | 429 ± 5.44 | 13.7 ± 2.45 | <0.0001 | |
71+ years | 1 | 1723 | 266 ± 3.19 | 1.01 ± 0.20 | 521 | 463 ± 8.54 | 37.3 ± 2.71 | <0.0001 |
2 | 1410 | 265 ± 3.43 | 0.79 ± 0.20 | 834 | 375 ± 6.19 | 3.19 ± 1.50 | <0.0001 | |
Male | ||||||||
19–30 years | 1 | 1347 | 339 ± 5.47 | 3.08 ± 0.61 | 355 | 610 ± 15.9 | 65.3 ± 3.87 | <0.0001 |
2 | 1163 | 327 ± 5.16 | 1.99 ± 0.43 | 539 | 539 ± 11.4 | 42.4 ± 6.20 | <0.0001 | |
31–50 years | 1 | 1988 | 366 ± 4.98 | 5.53 ± 0.74 | 575 | 637 ± 14.0 | 72.1 ± 3.36 | <0.0001 |
2 | 1677 | 360 ± 5.41 | 4.38 ± 0.69 | 886 | 543 ± 10.7 | 44.5 ± 5.48 | <0.0001 | |
51–70 years | 1 | 1812 | 354 ± 5.43 | 4.40 ± 0.62 | 643 | 599 ± 13.7 | 62.0 ± 4.29 | <0.0001 |
2 | 1477 | 346 ± 6.17 | 3.28 ± 0.67 | 978 | 509 ± 9.84 | 28.1 ± 5.04 | <0.0001 | |
71+ years | 1 | 801 | 312 ± 4.66 | 1.64 ± 0.31 | 298 | 522 ± 10.3 | 38.0 ± 3.44 | <0.0001 |
2 | 668 | 309 ± 4.46 | 1.64 ± 0.31 | 431 | 447 ± 8.00 | 7.44 ± 3.36 | <0.0001 | |
Female | ||||||||
19–30 years | 1 | 1306 | 225 ± 3.77 | 0.36 ± 0.14 | 280 | 427 ± 11.4 | 48.5 ± 5.44 | <0.0001 |
2 | 1128 | 224 ± 4.14 | 0.31 ± 0.13 | 458 | 341 ± 7.62 | 0.00 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 | |
31–50 years | 1 | 2172 | 246 ± 2.85 | 0.85 ± 0.26 | 532 | 438 ± 8.63 | 54.1 ± 4.18 | <0.0001 |
2 | 1827 | 243 ± 3.46 | 0.68 ± 0.29 | 877 | 358 ± 6.19 | 0.00 ± 0.31 | <0.0001 | |
51–70 years | 1 | 1950 | 246 ± 3.03 | 0.83 ± 0.27 | 570 | 435 ± 8.66 | 52.6 ± 4.16 | <0.0001 |
2 | 1592 | 239 ± 3.38 | 0.64 ± 0.25 | 928 | 352 ± 6.35 | 0.00 ± 0.10 | <0.0001 | |
71+ years | 1 | 922 | 234 ± 4.01 | 0.56 ± 0.19 | 223 | 403 ± 8.04 | 37.0 ± 3.79 | <0.0001 |
2 | 742 | 234 ± 4.62 | 0.53 ± 0.23 | 403 | 316 ± 7.63 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | <0.0001 |
Nutrient | Healthy US-Style 2000 Kcal Pattern (%DV) | Eggs (1 oz eq.) | 1 Egg/Day | 2 Eggs/Day |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 2003 | 78 | 2019 | 2048 |
Protein (g) | 91 (18%) 1 | 6.30 | 90.5 | 89.7 |
Total CHO (g) | 256 (51%) 1 | 0.60 | 256 | 256 |
Fiber (g) | 31 (111%) | 0.00 | 31.0 | 31.0 |
Total fat (g) | 72 (32%) 1 | 5.30 | 73.9 | 77.2 |
Sat fat (g) | 18.7 (8%) 1 | 1.63 | 19.2 | 20.1 |
MUFA (g) | 26.2 (12%) 1 | 2.04 | 26.9 | 28.0 |
PUFA (g) | 22.5 (10%) 1 | 0.71 | 22.8 | 23.4 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 215 (72%) | 187 | 310 | 477 |
Calcium (mg) | 1274 (98%) | 25.0 | 1287 | 1310 |
Iron (mg) | 17 (94%) | 0.60 | 17.1 | 17.2 |
Magnesium (mg) | 352 (84%) | 5.00 | 351 | 350 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1717 (137%) | 86.0 | 1729 | 1750 |
Potassium (mg) | 3348 (71%) | 63.0 | 3331 | 3301 |
Sodium (mg) | 1787 (78%) | 62.0 | 1750 | 1685 |
Zinc (mg) | 14 (127%) | 0.50 | 13.6 | 12.9 |
Copper (mg) | 1.4 (156%) | 0.00 | 1.40 | 1.40 |
Manganese (mg) | 4 (174%) | 0.01 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
Selenium (mg) | 110 (200%) | 15.4 | 114 | 121 |
Vitamin A (RAE) | 898 (100%) | 74.5 | 934 | 997 |
Vitamin E (mg AT) | 10.2 (68%) | 0.52 | 10.5 | 10.9 |
Vitamin D (IU) | 274 (69%) | 43.5 | 296 | 336 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 117 (130%) | 0.00 | 117 | 117 |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.7 (142%) | 0.03 | 1.70 | 1.70 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 2.1 (162%) | 0.26 | 2.20 | 2.40 |
Niacin (mg) | 24 (150%) | 0.03 | 23.1 | 21.4 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.3 (135%) | 0.06 | 2.30 | 2.20 |
Vitamin B12 (mcg) | 6.8 (283%) | 0.56 | 6.80 | 6.70 |
Choline (mg) | 349 (63%) | 147 | 418 | 539 |
Vitamin K (mcg) | 139 (116%) | 0.00 | 139 | 139 |
Gender/Age | Day c | Non-Consumers b | Consumers b | P-value d | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Usual Intake a | % > AI | N | Usual Intake a | % > AI | |||
All | ||||||||
19–30 years | 1 | 196 | 232 ± 19.0 | 2.35 ± 1.53 | 3092 | 336 ± 3.89 | 6.76 ± 0.81 | <0.0001 |
2 | 84 | 227 ± 23.7 | 3.15 ± 2.13 | 3204 | 332 ± 3.64 | 6.27 ± 0.72 | <0.0001 | |
31–50 years | 1 | 332 | 230 ± 12.4 | 1.76 ± 0.92 | 4935 | 359 ± 3.36 | 10.6 ± 0.89 | <0.0001 |
2 | 149 | 251 ± 20.0 | 5.08 ± 2.12 | 5118 | 353 ± 3.01 | 9.66 ± 0.75 | <0.0001 | |
51–70 years | 1 | 317 | 248 ± 11.4 | 2.92 ± 1.12 | 4658 | 349 ± 3.04 | 8.79 ± 0.71 | <0.0001 |
2 | 118 | 235 ± 20.5 | 3.67 ± 1.71 | 4857 | 344 ± 3.12 | 8.31 ± 0.64 | <0.0001 | |
71+ years | 1 | 174 | 221 ± 10.2 | 1.58 ± 0.75 | 2070 | 314 ± 3.53 | 4.58 ± 0.58 | <0.0001 |
2 | 64 | 247 ± 23.9 | 5.74 ± 2.62 | 2180 | 309 ± 3.37 | 4.13 ± 0.49 | <0.0001 | |
Male | ||||||||
19–30 years | 1 | 88 | 285 ± 34.9 | 4.69 ± 3.42 | 1614 | 398 ± 6.42 | 10.5 ± 1.33 | <0.0001 |
2 | 39 | 255 ± 39.3 | 5.86 ± 3.67 | 1663 | 394 ± 5.63 | 10.1 ± 1.19 | <0.0001 | |
31–50 years | 1 | 135 | 284 ± 21.1 | 4.49 ± 2.24 | 2428 | 429 ± 5.42 | 16.1 ± 1.42 | <0.0001 |
2 | 67 | 289 ± 27.0 | 8.77 ± 3.37 | 2496 | 425 ± 5.26 | 15.4 ± 1.33 | <0.0001 | |
51–70 years | 1 | 136 | 319 ± 28.0 | 7.92 ± 3.24 | 2319 | 413 ± 4.99 | 13.1 ± 1.23 | <0.0001 |
2 | 52 | 270 ± 48.8 | 6.86 ± 4.03 | 2403 | 410 ± 4.62 | 12.6 ± 1.14 | <0.0001 | |
71+ years | 1 | 62 | 284 ± 23.2 | 4.46 ± 2.34 | 1037 | 367 ± 5.10 | 6.33 ± 0.87 | <0.0001 |
2 | 28 | 347 ± 52.1 | 14.1 ± 6.99 | 1071 | 363 ± 4.97 | 5.96 ± 0.81 | 0.0004 | |
Female | ||||||||
19–30 years | 1 | 108 | 180 ± 12.6 | 0.07 ± 0.21 | 1478 | 264 ± 4.48 | 2.58 ± 0.58 | <0.0001 |
2 | 45 | 202 ± 24.7 | 0.95 ± 1.66 | 1541 | 258 ± 4.16 | 1.99 ± 0.49 | <0.0001 | |
31–50 years | 1 | 197 | 198 ± 11.4 | 0.31 ± 0.38 | 2507 | 287 ± 3.52 | 4.84 ± 0.82 | <0.0001 |
2 | 82 | 215 ± 20.8 | 1.90 ± 1.58 | 2622 | 281 ± 3.32 | 3.99 ± 0.65 | <0.0001 | |
51–70 years | 1 | 181 | 209 ± 12.6 | 0.36 ± 0.65 | 2339 | 287 ± 3.65 | 4.98 ± 0.80 | <0.0001 |
2 | 66 | 214 ± 15.6 | 1.92 ± 1.36 | 2454 | 282 ± 3.82 | 4.25 ± 0.75 | <0.0001 | |
71+ years | 1 | 112 | 193 ± 9.15 | 0.23 ± 0.27 | 1033 | 272 ± 3.74 | 3.23 ± 0.63 | <0.0001 |
2 | 36 | 190 ± 16.4 | 0.73 ± 0.70 | 1109 | 267 ± 3.77 | 2.66 ± 0.52 | <0.0001 |
Gender/Age | Consumers b | 1–10 d/mo b | 11–20 d/mo b | 21–30 d/mo b | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Usual Intake a | N | Usual Intake a | N | Usual Intake a | N | Usual Intake | |
All | ||||||||
2–3 years | 268 | 12.6 ± 1.22 | 34 | 4.00 ± 1.23 | 75 | 8.97 ± 1.45 | 159 | 16.4 ± 1.73 |
4–8 years | 555 | 13.9 ± 1.39 | 82 | 3.45 ± 0.80 | 134 | 12.7 ± 1.79 | 339 | 16.7 ± 1.73 |
9–13 years | 333 | 15.1 ± 1.46 | 69 | 2.81 ± 0.84 | 68 | 10.9 ± 1.40 | 196 | 20.4 ± 1.89 |
14–18 years | 130 | 12.2 ± 2.03 | 22 | 1.38 ± 0.63 | 36 | 12.1 ± 2.78 | 72 | 16.3 ± 3.16 |
19–30 years | 169 | 21.2 ± 4.67 | 42 | 4.07 ± 0.63 | 35 | 8.31 ± 2.45 | 92 | 31.3 ± 8.32 |
31–50 years | 310 | 14.1 ± 2.01 | 67 | 4.54 ± 1.17 | 77 | 10.3 ± 1.88 | 166 | 19.0 ± 3.54 |
51–70 years | 200 | 39.3 ± 6.10 | 22 | 2.53 ± 0.57 | 22 | 6.96 ± 2.03 | 156 | 47.4 ± 7.55 |
71+ years | 76 | 42.2 ± 12.33 | 7 | 1.94 ± 1.04 | 5 | 45.3 ± 25.46 | 64 | 47.5 ± 14.66 |
Male | ||||||||
2–3 years | 139 | 12.1 ± 1.52 | 22 | 4.25 ± 1.86 | 43 | 8.74 ± 1.45 | 74 | 17.6 ± 2.78 |
4–8 years | 296 | 14.1 ± 1.70 | 43 | 3.78 ± 0.96 | 66 | 13.1 ± 2.02 | 187 | 16.6 ± 2.20 |
9–13 years | 171 | 14.3 ± 2.08 | 35 | 3.35 ± 1.47 | 36 | 6.92 ± 2.24 | 100 | 20.3 ± 2.56 |
14–18 years | 70 | 12.5 ± 2.83 | 11 | 1.46 ± 0.80 | 21 | 13.2 ± 4.23 | 38 | 15.2 ± 4.05 |
19–30 years | 87 | 29.1 ± 8.73 | 21 | 4.25 ± 1.00 | 16 | 9.62 ± 4.24 | 50 | 42.3 ± 14.1 |
31–50 years | 131 | 14.0 ± 2.31 | 33 | 4.41 ± 1.17 | 26 | 12.6 ± 4.05 | 72 | 18.9 ± 4.51 |
51–70 years | 73 | 44.0 ± 8.80 | 7 | 1.84 ± 0.35 | 13 | 8.33 ± 2.89 | 53 | 57.9 ± 13.2 |
71+ years | 35 | 47.0 ± 15.19 | 4 | 1.37 ± 0.86 | 1 | 100 ± 0.00 | 30 | 54.1 ± 19.4 |
Female | ||||||||
2–3 years | 129 | 13.0 ± 1.71 | 12 | 3.56 ± 0.81 | 32 | 9.34 ± 2.55 | 85 | 15.7 ± 2.32 |
4–8 years | 259 | 13.7 ± 1.95 | 39 | 2.94 ± 1.03 | 68 | 12.2 ± 2.41 | 152 | 16.9 ± 2.50 |
9–13 years | 162 | 16.1 ± 1.59 | 34 | 2.19 ± 0.69 | 32 | 14.9 ± 1.83 | 96 | 20.5 ± 2.25 |
14–18 years | 60 | 11.8 ± 2.98 | 11 | 1.30 ± 0.89 | 15 | 10.8 ± 3.34 | 34 | 18.5 ± 4.46 |
19–30 years | 82 | 12.9 ± 2.59 | 21 | 3.83 ± 0.63 | 19 | 7.62 ± 3.06 | 42 | 18.3 ± 4.51 |
31–50 years | 179 | 14.2 ± 2.61 | 34 | 4.74 ± 2.42 | 51 | 8.87 ± 2.00 | 94 | 19.1 ± 4.27 |
51–70 years | 127 | 36.8 ± 7.66 | 15 | 3.11 ± 1.03 | 9 | 5.48 ± 2.56 | 103 | 42.5 ± 8.59 |
71+ years | 41 | 38.6 ± 14.25 | 3 | 2.97 ± 2.15 | 4 | 8.48 ± 4.65 | 34 | 43.0 ± 16.2 |
Pregnant | ||||||||
13–44 years | 30 | 14.4 ± 3.18 | 1 | 9.17 ± 0.00 | 6 | 7.44 ± 8.15 | 23 | 15.4 ± 3.62 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Wallace, T.C.; Fulgoni, V.L. Usual Choline Intakes Are Associated with Egg and Protein Food Consumption in the United States. Nutrients 2017, 9, 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080839
Wallace TC, Fulgoni VL. Usual Choline Intakes Are Associated with Egg and Protein Food Consumption in the United States. Nutrients. 2017; 9(8):839. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080839
Chicago/Turabian StyleWallace, Taylor C., and Victor L. Fulgoni. 2017. "Usual Choline Intakes Are Associated with Egg and Protein Food Consumption in the United States" Nutrients 9, no. 8: 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080839