The Salivary IgA Flow Rate Is Increased by High Concentrations of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Cecum of Rats Ingesting Fructooligosaccharides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Diets
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Collection of Saliva
2.5. Measurement of IgA Concentration
2.6. Measurement of pH in Cecal Digesta
2.7. Measurement of Organic Acids in Cecal Digesta
2.8. Bayesian Network
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Addition of FOS and Times after Feeding
3.2. Effect of FOS on Concentration of SCFA in Cecal Digesta
3.3. Relationship with IgA Flow Rate of Saliva per Weight of Submandibular Gland Tissue
3.4. Determination of Causal Effects Using Bayesian Network Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of SCFA in Cecal Digesta on IgA Flow Rate in Saliva
4.2. Sympathetic Nerves and SCFA
4.3. Salivary IgA and Sympathetic Nerves
4.4. Sympathetic Nerves and pIgR
4.5. Difference in Mechanisms of Increased Salivary IgA Secretion and IgA in Cecal Digesta
4.6. Development of Secretion of IgA and Concentration of IgA in Saliva
4.7. Estimation of the Impact of Lactate in the Cecal Digesta
4.8. Considerations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredient | Control | FOS |
---|---|---|
Casein | 200 | 200 |
Sucrose | 700 | 650 |
Corn oil | 50 | 50 |
Mineral mixture (AIN-76) * | 35 | 35 |
Vitamin mixture (AIN-76) † | 10 | 10 |
dl-Methionine | 3 | 3 |
Choline bitartrate | 2 | 2 |
FOS | 50 | |
Total | 1000 | 1000 |
Acids | Control | FOS $ | p † | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE $$ | Mean | SE | ||
Acetate | 17.4 | 0.2 | 25.6 | 1.9 | 0.1 |
Propionate | 7.06 | 0.24 | 7.58 | 0.41 | 0.7 |
n-Butyrate | 3.58 | 0.25 | 15.21 | 1.00 | 0.004 |
Lactate | N.D. ‡ | - | 6.56 | 1.05 | - |
SCFA § | 33.4 | 0.2 | 48.5 | 2.3 | <0.05 |
Variable | IgA Flow Rate of Saliva per Weight of Submandibular Gland Tissue | ||
---|---|---|---|
rs $ | p | n | |
SCFA concentration in cecal digesta | 0.86 | 0.0006 | 12 |
Weight of cecal tissue | 0.52 | 0.0001 | 48 |
Weight of cecal digesta | 0.34 | 0.02 | 48 |
pH in cecal digesta | 0.39 | 0.006 | 48 |
Concentration of IgA in cecal digesta | 0.15 | 0.3 | 48 |
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Yamamoto, Y.; Takahahi, T.; To, M.; Nakagawa, Y.; Hayashi, T.; Shimizu, T.; Kamata, Y.; Saruta, J.; Tsukinoki, K. The Salivary IgA Flow Rate Is Increased by High Concentrations of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Cecum of Rats Ingesting Fructooligosaccharides. Nutrients 2016, 8, 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080500
Yamamoto Y, Takahahi T, To M, Nakagawa Y, Hayashi T, Shimizu T, Kamata Y, Saruta J, Tsukinoki K. The Salivary IgA Flow Rate Is Increased by High Concentrations of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Cecum of Rats Ingesting Fructooligosaccharides. Nutrients. 2016; 8(8):500. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080500
Chicago/Turabian StyleYamamoto, Yuko, Toru Takahahi, Masahiro To, Yusuke Nakagawa, Takashi Hayashi, Tomoko Shimizu, Yohei Kamata, Juri Saruta, and Keiichi Tsukinoki. 2016. "The Salivary IgA Flow Rate Is Increased by High Concentrations of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Cecum of Rats Ingesting Fructooligosaccharides" Nutrients 8, no. 8: 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080500