Development of a Database of LanguaLTM and FoodEx2 Codes of 50 Ready-to-Eat Products

Ready-to-eat (RTE) and ready-to-heat (RTH) dishes are food items that help save time, physical energy, and mental effort in all food-related activities. Convenience of use, variability of supply, and adaptability to different consumption occasions have led to an increase of acceptance among consumers through the years. Specialized databases can help in this context, where food composition databases can provide information and data to create sustainable nutritional models by reducing the now growing number of chronic diseases. This paper aims at developing a database of LanguaLTM and FoodEx2 codes of 50 food preparations and ready-to-eat dishes designed for consumption outside the home. LanguaLTM, as well as FoodEx2, are classification and description systems for indexing, in the sense of a systematic description, of foods based on a hierarchical model (parent–child relationship), thus facilitating the international exchange of data on food composition, consumption, assessing chronic and/or acute exposure to a certain agent, and not least the assessment of nutrient intake. The database, here presented, consists of the codes of fifty ready-to-eat products present on the market in Italy, obtained by using the two mostly commonly used and widely recognized coding systems: LanguaLTM and FoodEx2. This database represents a tool and a guideline for other compilers and users to apply coding systems to ready-to-eat products. Moreover, it can be represented a resource for several applications, such as nutritional cards, nutritional facts, food labels, or booklet and brochures for promotion of food products, to be used at health and food nutrition interface, useful for consumers, dieticians, and food producers.


Introduction
RTE meals are food items that, as compared to meals made from raw ingredients, help save time, physical energy, and mental effort in all food-related activities [1][2][3].Convenience of use, variability of supply, and adaptability to different consumption occasions have led to an increase of acceptance among consumers through the years.Their success comes from the fact that these products are designed and developed so that they are convenient to consume in the context for which they are supposed to be consumed, such as a quick lunch break or a home meal whose preparation does not take much time.
Lifestyles have undergone changes propelled by the increasingly hectic pace of daily life, necessitating a need for reorganization.Factors such as a declining birth rate, a rising number of single individuals, the expansion of female employment, longer daily work hours, and increased distances between workplaces and homes have collectively contributed to a reduction in available time for meals and a transformation in the structure of meals themselves.
Currently, consumers are becoming more conscious, largely due to the widespread dissemination of active information within the realm of food.Ready-to-eat products are well suited in a situation where there is less and less time available to be able to devote to meals and people want to comfortably eat a meal out in work environments.
IV (RTE ready-to-eat) and V gamma (RTH ready-to-heat) products [3] require less time for preparation and minimal strain than less processed products belonging to I and II categories.They both go to satisfy the requirement for a quick lunch in a work situation, pandering to practicality of use in a fast-paced context such as a big-city lifestyle, while also staying true to health.
At the same time, it is important to have databases that include data on cooked foods, processed foods, and food preparations (recipes) [4][5][6], which are both harmonized and standardized [7,8].Nowadays, it is important to evaluate the food as it is consumed.Most products are consumed after processing or cooking.Often, they are consumed as food preparations and recipes.
Over the years, the studies in the literature have been focused on individual products, while only a few studies analyze the nutritional composition of food preparations and recipes.For that reason, it is important to develop a code database for all the categories of meals.In this context, it is important to have data collected in a standardized and harmonized manner.Food, nutrition, and health are concepts that are closely related to each other.Over the last decade, there has been an increase in the number of studies and research on the connection between these different sectors.Specialized food databases can provide information and data for the creation of sustainable nutritional models to reduce the now growing number of chronic diseases [8][9][10][11][12].
Data exchange is streamlined through standardized data collection methods, promoting easier comparison.Harmonized data exchange and cross-country collaborations are enhanced when databases use a common language, fostering greater autonomy in the process [8,[12][13][14].
Databases not only allow insight into human nutrition and public health, but also prove to be useful and necessary systems for professionals in the sector: nutritionists, dieticians, food developers, and researchers, for several applications and fields: diet assessment, exposure studies, food labeling, epidemiological studies, clinical research, nutrition education, and support for food industries for food labeling.
Data should comply with FAIR principles (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability).With new emerging technologies, infrastructures are emerging that can make this process adequate [11,12,15].
Designing and developing a database requires an adequate classification and description of foods.
LanguaL TM and FoodEx2 are the two systems with excellent international reputations [16] that are able to describe and classify food according to those intrinsic characteristics of the product itself.LanguaL TM and FoodEx2 represent the main classification and description systems, as they are well developed, widely used, and recognized at European and international levels; their common use represents the future direction, in the perspective of an automated interchangeability system.
LanguaL™ [17,18] is a multi-faceted food classification system that allows systematic food description using a diversified set of facet terms and different levels of detail.FoodEx2 [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] represents a system of flexible combinations of classifications and descriptions based on a hierarchical system for different food safety-related domains.The FoodEx2 system is now at its Revision 2 version.The previous version was FoodEx2 (Revision 1) [27] and the original system was FoodEx1 [28,29].
In detail, LanguaL™ [17,18] is a controlled vocabulary for systematic food description and a multilingual thesaural system that uses facets to describe food properties.It utilizes the thesaurus, a standardized language for describing foods, specifically for classifying food products for information retrieval.Food can be described by a set of standard and controlled terms (taken from facets) describing the nutritional and/or hygienic quality of a food, i.e., the biological origin, the cooking and conservation methods, and technological treatments; the identification of meaningful characteristics is given by the use of descriptor codes and the arrangement of facet terms in a hierarchic structure.Hierarchical relationships allow for the aggregation of numerical values when the food vocabulary is used in compiling data.
The FoodEx2 [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] is a standardized food classification and description system developed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).It consists of a lot of individual food items aggregated into a large set of 21 food groups clearly defined and organized in a hierarchical relationship that represent the minimum recommended level for coding during data collection.Descriptors, grouped in 32 "facets", represent characteristics of foods from different points of view, describing food properties and aspects from various perspectives, i.e., part nature, ingredient, packaging material, production method, qualitative information, process, and target consumer.F01 indicates Source, F03 Physical state, F18 Packaging format, F19 Packaging material, F21 Production method, and F28 Process: these represent some examples.
There are few studies that carry out LanguaL TM and FoodEx2 coding systems applications on complex matrices such as ready meals.As anticipated, the consumption of the meals outside the home is an important aspect to evaluate in an increasingly frequent phenomenon.The ready-to-eat products are gastronomic preparations made by combining more ingredients and processes together, for consumption outside the home.The coding of these foods could be very challenging due to the complexity of the compositions and the multitude of ingredients.
In this context, this paper aims at developing a database of LanguaL TM and FoodEx2 codes of 50 food preparations and ready-to-eat dishes designed for consumption outside the home.
This study is suggested as a novelty approach, serving as a tool and guide for other compilers and users for the application of coding systems (LanguaL TM and FoodEx2) for ready-to-eat meals.
A database of LanguaL TM and FoodEx2 codes of 50 ready-to-eat products was developed.The database, here presented, consists of the codes of fifty ready-to-eat products present on the market in Italy.It is a resource for several applications at the interface of nutrients and health for dieticians, consumers, and food producers.

Selection of Products
The food products screened for this work have been identified and selected by thinking about a quick and ready solution not only for the lunch break in working environments, but also at home, evaluating those factors such as the lack of time together with the increasing distance between the place of work and home.At the same time, another criterion has been assessed, and that is the need for a clear and complete label covering aspects such as the ingredients used, the method of cooking, and the method of preservation.
Considering these aspects and criteria, the study focused on products placed under the macro-category of IV gamma and V gamma, also referred to as ready-to-eat and ready-toheat meals.These products are defined as time saving, capable of combining convenience and consumption.The term gamma means the degree of processing of the product.Salads, cut and packaged vegetables, and ready-to-use peeled fruit are some of the countless products that dot the IV gamma category.They are fresh and minimally processed and ready-to-use foods.They are frequently washed, cut, and packaged in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP).
Products in the V gamma category have undergone an extra degree of processing than their counterparts.They are precooked to be immediately ready for use or ready for use after brief heating, but not frozen (frozen foods belong to the III category).The products in the V gamma category are packaged as pre-prepared meals and are often already divided into portions.The expected shelf-life of IV gamma products is about 7-21 days.V gamma products, with only one more degree of processing, have a minimum shelf-life of 6 days and a maximum shelf-life of 6 months, according to the type of treatment applied.
The analysis and the choice of products was carried out by going in person to various retail outlets in Rome, as well as consulting the relevant home shopping websites of the same stores.Online catalogues of other companies-not large-scale retailers-that sell food and ready meals were also consulted.The selected products are therefore available both at physical stores and online.
The coding procedure was performed by a qualified compiler that constantly follows updates of LanguaL TM and FoodEx2 systems.The same compiler was for both encoding systems.A double-check was made by another qualified compiler.The latest versions of the LanguaL TM system [17,18] and FoodEx2, Revision 2 [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] were used.
LanguaL TM was established for the purpose of sharing data exchange among national food composition databases.LanguaL TM exploits the LanguaL TM Food Product Indexer Software.The code for LanguaL TM is set a priori.The facets that best describe the food are chosen, and the same pattern should be maintained for all food items.The descriptors are explicated and structured.
FoodEx2, Revision 2, was developed as a food description and classification system specifically for risk-assessment studies and uses EFSA's Catalogue Browser.
FoodEx2 also uses, unlike LanguaL TM , implicit descriptors in order to reduce the code length.This allows the compiler to consider each food item as it best sees fit without the need to keep track of a coding scheme to maintain for each food item.
The correct application of classification and description systems is based on official protocols, continuous updating, and multi-disciplinary skills.

Results and Discussion
A database of LanguaL TM and FoodEx2 codes of 50 ready-to-eat products was developed and reported in the Supplementary Material; particularly in Table S1 (see Supplementary Materials), 50 ready-to-eat products have been reported; in Table S2 (see Supplementary Materials), the LanguaL TM codes of the 50 products have been reported; and in Table S3 (see Supplementary Materials), the FoodEx2 codes of the 50 products have been reported.Facet [B] concerns the food source, defining the individual plant or animal from which the product or its major ingredient is derived.

Application of LanguaL TM
Facet [C], part of plant or animal, allows us to choose from which part of the plant or animal the product or its main ingredient is derived.
Facet [E] applies aspects such as physical state, shape, or form.The physical state of the food product is categorized as a liquid, semiliquid, semisolid, or solid.Solid food products are further subdivided by shape or form.
Facet [F] is used to evaluate the extent of heat treatment.This is used to broadly characterize a food product based on the extent of heat applied.Heat treatment affects the flavor and textural characteristics of a food and thus consumer preparation time.Heat treatment causes chemical changes and/or reduction of enzyme and of microbial activity and thus affects food safety and shelf-life.
Specifics of preparation are covered by facet [G] = COOKING METHOD and [H] = TREATMENT APPLIED.
The default facet [H] is useful to describe the treatment applied, but it was used by us to describe and classify the ingredients added to the product thanks to the descriptor INGREDIENT ADDED [H0225] and the terms hierarchically cataloged below it.
Facet [M] used descriptors to give information about packaging format and material.The international recycling code, a number code tied to the plastic material [30], was used to specify, if needed, the type of material in the remark field.
The facet [P] = CONSUMER GROUP/DIETARY USE/LABEL CLAIM has always seen the use of one and only one descriptor, used for all fifty products: [P0024] = HUMAN CONSUMER, NO AGE SPECIFICATION.
This scheme has been respected and applied for the coding of all fifty gastronomic proposals analyzed in this work.
We can cluster the items analyzed into the following groups: salads, main courses, side dishes, sandwiches, fruits, and derivatives.This classification is useful for explicitly describing the coding.

Salads
Below are the comments on the coding work done for the category of salads.For FACET [A] related to product type, the descriptors [A0866] = PREPARED SALAD (EU-ROFIR); [A0208] = SALAD (US CFR) are used for all four products.
The facet [B] descriptor chosen for all products was [B1566] = LEAFY VEGETABLE.The [B] descriptor is used to provide the food source, which in this case is vegetable leaves.This general descriptor was chosen because among the vegetable leaves that compose the salad products, there is no significant predominance of one type of leaf over the others present.

The descriptor chosen for facet [C] as well as [E], [F],
[G] turns out to be the same for all four products categorized as salads.
Descriptor [C] is associated with descriptor [B], [C0200] = LEAF was chosen as the descriptor to describe the part of plant or animal used, and in this case, the leaves are the plant part used.
Facet [E] is useful to assess the physical state, shape, or form of the product.The descriptor used to describe the physical state is consistent among all products of the category: [E0104] = WHOLE AND PIECES is the descriptor chosen according to the fact that the leaves are present in whole form, but they are also cut or not perfectly intact.
Descriptors [F] and [G] indicate the extent of heat treatment applied to the product and the cooking method, respectively.The entire category was not heat-treated and had no cooking method applied, so the descriptors [F0003] = NOT HEAT-TREATED and [G0003] = COOKING METHOD NOT APPLICABLE were respectively applied.
Facet [H] treatment applied employed the descriptor [H0212] = VEGETABLE ADDED, which was used to describe the added ingredients, which in this case are from strictly plant sources.Two products have featured the specific descriptor [H0350] = TOMATO ADDED because they had tomatoes inside.Three out of four products have cheese added, and therefore have the specific descriptor [H0143] = CHEESE ADDED.
Facet [J] is used to describe the preservation method of the product, and since they are all fresh products that need the cold chain, the descriptor [J0131] = PRESERVED BY CHILLING was chosen, and this means preservation that must take place at refrigeration temperatures.The facet [M] was used to describe the packaging (container or wrapping) of the selected product.[M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING was useful in three cases out of four; twice the descriptor [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING was accompanied by the specification for the material inherent in the tray, namely [M0430] = POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) CONTAINER when the material of the plastic tray was polyethylene terephthalate, commonly known as PET.
For one type of product, the following descriptors are used: Since the products were composed of a variable mixture of leafy vegetables, for facet [B], the descriptor [B1566] = LEAFY VEGETABLE was used; it was specified in the remarks of the type of leafy vegetables present as ingredients.Two products are composed of broadleaved endive and rocket; another is composed of a variable mixture of broadleaved endive, rocket, and radicchio; the third is broadleaved endive and rocket; and the last is round red radicchio and lamb's lettuce.
The descriptors of facet [H] are those with the most remarks.
[H0212] = VEGETABLE ADDED has undergone remarks to explain the addition of pitted green olives (twice), pitted black olives, and finally carrots.[H0350] = TOMATO ADDED, on the other hand, underwent remarks twice because it was intended to emphasize that cherry tomatoes were the type added.The remark was also chosen for [H0143] = CHEESE ADDED to specify the type of cheese added, namely Grana Padano PDO in one case and Feta added in the other case.Note how the descriptor [H0143] = CHEESE ADDED has been used three times, and shows only two remarks: this is because, in one case, the label does not specify the added cheese, leaving a generic "flaked cheese" on the label.[H0333] = SEED ADDED was intended to explicitly state that these were walnuts added to the product.Also, unrelated to the facets and descriptors, remarks were useful to emphasize the fact that the salads contain a seasoning kit consisting of salt, extra virgin olive oil, and balsamic vinegar of Modena PGI.
Analyzing the remarks related to the facet [M] concerned the packaging, and comments related to the type of plastic of the container and its format were added in the remarks.

Side Dishes
One of the other product categories is side dishes.Below are the descriptors used for this category.In the remarks field, there is then the reference note with the specification if the part used was a root, a tuber, or a bulb; in all three cases, and that the outer layer is removed, as described.
The , because these products in addition to required storage at refrigeration temperature, they were also stored in a vacuum bag.
For the facet [M] container or wrapping, three descriptors were mainly used.The most used one (twelve times) is [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING, which describes those products that present themselves on a plastic tray and with a plastic film as a sealing element.The other descriptor used was [M0166] = PLASTIC BAG OR POUCH with the remark specification that implies that the descriptor was chosen for those products that are wrapped by a plastic bag to create a vacuum as well as for details on packaging material.Since they are all products that can be consumed immediately or almost immediately, they require the cold chain as a preservation method.For facet [J], the descriptor chosen is common to the entire category, and it is [J0131] = PRESERVED BY CHILLING.
To describe packaging or wrapping, the descriptors related to facet [M] used were as follows: [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING; [M0430] = POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) CONTAINER.For the [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING is specified in the remarks that the packaging is composed of as follows: a plastic tray, type 05 covered by a plastic film, type 07 used as a sealing element.

First Courses
The category of first courses has been subdivided for practical purposes as follows: Pasta; Soups; Cereal Salads.In the instance that the descriptor [H0212] = VEGETABLE ADDED was used, the type of vegetables added have been specified in the remarks section; for the descriptor [H0341] = OLIVE OIL ADDED, extra-virgin olive oil has been specified; for the descriptor [H0759] = MEAT PRODUCT ADDED, the type of meat (pork sausage added) has been specified.Then, [H0180] = FOOD ADDED was used to indicate that basil pesto was added to the product.
For the facets [J] preservation method; [M] container or wrapping, the following descriptors have been used for both items:: [J0131] = PRESERVED BY CHILLING; [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING.The remarks were used to better explicate the type of material of tray and plastic film used as the sealing element.Both trays turned out to be made of plastic material (polypropylene; PP is the abbreviation and 05 is the international recycling code); both tray cover films are made of plastic material (mixed plastic; OTHER; 07 is the international recycling code).

First Courses, Soups
The second category related to the first courses was the soups.The following descriptors are used, respectively, for the three products belonging to this subcategory: - For all three products, the following descriptors, respectively, related to preservation method, container/wrapping, are used: [J0131] = PRESERVED BY CHILLING; [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING.
The products have the same type of packaging: plastic tray with plastic sealing film, indicated as [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING.In the remark section, the type of plastic to which the tray and film belong has been specified: the tray is made of polypropylene (type 05) and the plastic film is mixed plastic (type 07).Regarding preservation methods, [J0004] = PRESERVED BY OTHER METHOD is used for ambient products (four products) and [J0131] = PRESERVED BY CHILLING for one product.
For describing container/wrapping, the following descriptors are used: [M0166] = PLASTIC BAG OR POUCH (for four items) and [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING (for one item).For [M0166] = PLASTIC BAG OR POUCH is specified in the remarks section that the pouch (bag) is made of plastic type 07 (mixed plastic); for [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING, the type of plastic tray, plastic type 05, and a sealing film to cover, plastic type 07, are specified in the remarks section.[H0367] = SALT ADDED (for one item).For [H0765] = HAM ADDED has been specified in remarks section of three products the type of ham: cooked ham; for [H0117] = FLAVORING OR TASTE INGREDIENT ADDED has been specified in two items that mayonnaise was added, whereas in another item, that mayonnaise and mustard were added; for [H0153] = SEAFOOD ADDED, the type of seafood added has been specified: in one item, the seafood was tuna, whereas in the other, it was salmon; for [H0362] = FRUIT JUICE ADDED, the specification refers to lemon juice added; for [H0143] = CHEESE ADDED, it has been specified that the type of cheese added was mozzarella.
The descriptor [J0131] = PRESERVED BY CHILLING is added to all items belonging to this category to indicate the preservation method used.
The following facet [M] descriptors were used: [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING (for four items) and [M0166] = PLASTIC BAG OR POUCH (for one item).
The descriptor [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING is used to indicate that the container is presented as a plastic tray composed of a plastic film as a sealing element.In the remarks, there are different types of plastic for these components stated.In another case, the product was inside a box, which was a package with a lid that was part of the box itself.There was no film actually present, but there was a plastic element that closed.

Fruit and Derivatives
The following combination of [H0212] = VEGETABLE ADDED and [H0147] = FRUIT ADDED have been used.For [H0212] = VEGETABLE ADDED, it has been specified in the remarks section that carrots were added.For [H0147] = FRUIT ADDED, the type of fruits added was specified: a mix of apple, banana, lemon, and grapes, all blended together (in smoothies) and introduced alongside the primary ingredient, oranges.
The following facet [J] descriptors are used: [J0131] = PRESERVED BY CHILLING (for three items), and [J0160] = STERILIZED BY ULTRA HIGH PRESSURE (for one item).
The following facet [M] container/wrapping descriptors are used: [M0124] =PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING (for three items), [M0430] = POLYETHY-LENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) CONTAINER (for two items), [M0214] = BOTTLE (for one item), [M0237] = PLASTIC SCREW CAP OR LID (for one item).The descriptor [M0124] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN, PLASTIC COVER OR WRAPPING is used for three items.In the remarks section, it was clarified once that it refers to a plastic tray covered by a plastic film as a sealing element.In other instances, it is paired with [M0430] = POLYETHY-LENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) CONTAINER, which already indicates the material type, so no remarks were made about the material, since it was already stated explicitly that a box with a lid was included in the structure.Additional details were not needed, as the lid is part of the tray structure and is also made of PET.For [M0214] = BOTTLE, it was specified that the bottle is made of PET material.Likewise, for [M0237] = PLASTIC SCREW CAP OR LID, it was specified that the cap is made of HDPE-2, the specific plastic material.

Application of FoodEx2
Table S3 (see Supplementary Materials) reports the FoodEx2 codes of the 50 products.As already anticipated for FoodEx2, returning a shorter code presents implicit information inside it, which from the code can be traced.In the Hierarchy drop-down menu, the Exposure Hierarchy list was chosen to address the coding work that is supported by adding facets.The facets are 32 in total.The descriptors used for coding the fifty ready-to-eat products belong to the following facet: F.28 process; F.04 ingredient; F.18 packaging-format; F.19 packaging-material.
The approach adopted in this research to insert ingredients using a code was to add only the most representative ones, with a maximum of five presences per product when it was possible and satisfactory.The thought approach, including the choice of limited facets, has been designed to minimize the length of the resulting code.Being composite dishes, a complex matrix is coded, rich in added ingredients and with high presence of other elements.The resulting code string will display A042C#F28.A07KP$F04.A00LE$F04.A00LN$F04.A02ZQ$F04.A014R$F04.A00HY$F18.A0F2D$F19.A16RP$F19.A07PR.
The code always starts with the base term, which is in our example Mixed green salad with term code [A042C], followed by a hash (#) to separate the base term from the next facet; this can be seen in the example A042C#F28.A07KP$, where F28 is the facet related to the process and [A07KP] is the term code equivalent to Chilling.Facets are separated by the dollar sign ($).At the end of the code, there are no symbols.After the process descriptors, the ingredients, facet F04, appear.All the facets are separated by a dollar sign, always.Follow F18 (packaging-format) and F19 (packaging-material) descriptors."F04", "F28" as well as "F18" and "F19", are followed by a point (.) separating them from the corresponding term code.
Words such as Chilling, Escaroles, or, for example, Plastic, are called the term name.The corresponding alphanumeric code is the Term code.
F28 (process), F04 (ingredients), F18 (packaging-format), and F19 (packaging-material) are called Facets.The alphanumeric code at the top of the code is called the base term, which corresponds to the question "WHAT TYPE OF FOOD IS THIS?".
For all items, Chilling [F28.A07KP] (under F.28 process), describes storage at refrigeration temperature (keeping the product at a temperature higher than that relative to the freezing point).
Additional comments and specific details were inserted in the remarks field.As instance, for the facet F.04 ingredient, details were added for Table olives ready for consumption [F04.A01BQ]: for one product, to specify that table olives were black and pitted green olives, and for the other one, to specify that table olives were pitted green olives alone.
Additional remarks were used to explain the type of plastic material of the packaging.The following are examples of the products concerned.The product that presents as applied descriptors: PACKAGING-FORMAT = Bag, sack, or pouch [F18.A07NK]; PACKAGING-FORMAT = Tray [F18.A0F2D]; PACKAGING-MATERIAL = Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET, PETE) [F19.A16RP], PACKAGING-MATERIAL = Polypropylene (PP) [F19.A16RX] saw the use of following remark: the material indicated as PET is related to Bag, sack, or pouch, while the material indicated as polypropylene is related to the tray.
For another product, presenting as packaging descriptors applied: PACKAGING-FORMAT = Tray [F18.A0F2D], PACKAGING-MATERIAL = Plastic [F19.A07PR], this part of the code will appear as follows [...$F18.A0F2D$F19.A07PR. ..]. PACKAGING-MATERIAL = Plastic has been chosen because the category of plastic has not been made explicit, and in the remark, it was mentioned that it corresponds to both the PACKAGING-FORMAT = Tray but also to the plastic film that is present as the sealing element of the tray.Since the specification of the plastic category used is not present, the descriptor PACKAGING-MATERIAL = Plastic was considered relevant.The other two products have seen explicitly that the PET material is related to the tray and that the plastic material refers instead to the tray film as a sealing element.

Side Dishes
The side dishes category counts a total of nineteen products, classified by base term as follows: Vegetable-based dishes , it has been specified in the remarks section that draining occurred.For Broiling/grilling [F28.A07GZ], it has been specified that it is related to the grilling process.
The descriptors under facet [F04] are used for describing ingredients and specifies added in the remarks section.
For the packaging-format, the descriptor Tray [F18.A0F2D] was used for twelve items, and the descriptor Bag, sack, or pouch [F28.A07NK] for seven items.
For the packaging-material, the descriptor Plastic [F19.A07PR] was used for nineteen items, and the descriptor Polypropylene (PP) [F19.A16RX] for eight items.Eight times, we find the combination: PACKAGING-MATERIAL = Polypropylene (PP) [F19.A16RX], PACKAGING-MATERIAL = Plastic [F19.A07PR], PACKAGING-FORMAT = Tray [F18.A0F2D].Moreover, in the remarks, it has been specified that the polypropylene material refers to tray (tray, facet F18 belonging to the packaging-format), while the material "plastic" is referred to the tray's film, intended as a sealing element.The film is type 07, composed of mixed plastic identified under the code "07".For the other seven items, the following combination of descriptors is applied: descriptor PACKAGING-FORMAT = Bag, sack, or pouch [F18.A07NK] and PACKAGING-MATERIAL = Plastic [F19.A07PR].It is pointed out in the remarks that it was type 07 plastic, but in these cases in the code, we have it that the format is the bag.In four cases, we have it that the plastic material [F19.A07PR] belongs to both the tray [F18.A0F2D] and its film used as a sealing element; this is because the type of plastic is unknown to us.In two cases, remarks were not made, and this is explained as follows: the plastic descriptor satisfied the coding work because the type of plastic is unknown to us, and having only one format in the code, the correlation is evident.For all items under Second courses, the descriptor inherent to the facet of the Process, Chilling [F28.A07KP] is used.Being that six of these products are sliced, the descriptor Slicing [F28.A07KV] is used.Four of these products are marinated, one of which is smoked, so Marinating [F28.A07JT] and Smoking [F28.A07JV] were chosen as descriptors.The descriptors listed below were also used: Broiling/grilling [F28.A07GZ], Deep Frying [F28.A07GV], Steaming [F28.A07GP], Breading [F28.A07HK], Baking [F28.A07GX].Moreover, for the descriptor Baking [F28.A07GX] has been specified in the remarks section that this process took place at low temperatures.

Second Courses
For indicating ingredients for the products under Second courses, descriptors under facet F04 ingredients are used.

First Courses
For the First courses the following sub-categories: Pasta, Soups, and Cereal salad.The descriptor PACKAGING-FORMAT = Tray [F18.A0F2D] is used for both products.In the remarks, it has been specified that a film is used as a sealing element.For both products, the following two descriptors for packaging-materials, Polypropylene (PP) [F19.A16RX] and Plastic [F19.A07PR], are applied, and in the remarks section, it has been specified that Polypropylene is the material of the tray, and the plastic material refers to the film of tray, intended as a sealing element.The third product, presented as plastic [F19.A07PR] material, commented on the fact that they were bioplastics, such as Mater-Bi for the tray and PLA for the sealing film.Having been used in the various remarks of this work, the descriptor plastic was used to describe and classify those products in mixed plastic (type 07) or unknown plastic (because the manufacturer did not report it) types, and bioplastics also belonged to this category, which is the descriptor that has been chosen for the classification.

First Courses, Cereal Salads
The base term Cereal-based dishes (other than pasta and rice) [A18PS] was used for classifying items under this category because it takes into account cereals, but excludes pasta and rice, which are not present in this product as main ingredients.
The descriptor Steaming [F28.A07GP] is used to indicate the cooking method of four products; for the other product, Boiling [F28.A07GL] is used for indicating the cooking method and Chilling [F28.A07KP] for indicating storage at a refrigeration temperature.Note that products subjected to steaming do not include storage at refrigeration temperature.They are in fact products belonging to the "ambient" category.Moreover, in the remark section for Boiling [F28.A07GL], it is indicated that draining occurred.
The descriptors under Facet F04 are used for indicating ingredients and details specified in remarks.
For packaging-format, the descriptor Bag, sack, or pouch [F18.A07NK] is applied for four products; for another product packaged in a tray, the descriptor Tray [F18.A0F2D] is applied.For packaging-material, the descriptor Plastic [F19.A07PR] is applied for four products and the descriptor Polypropylene (PP) [F19.A16RX] for one product.Details on packaging-format and packaging-material are added in the remarks section.For packaging-format , the descriptor Tray [F18.A0F2D] is used for four products, and the descriptor Bag, sack, or pouch [F18.A07NK] is used for one product, whereas for packaging-material, the descriptor Plastic [F19.A07PR] is used for all products.Comments are added in the remarks for the four products to specify the type of plastic.

Fruit and Derivatives
In the last category, we find the one related to fruit and its derivatives.Out of a total of four products, two are fruit salads, classified by the base term Fruit salad [A01QG].The other two products are, respectively, Fruit smoothies [A03DF] and Fruit or fruit-vegetable puree [A01QJ].
The descriptor Chilling [F28.A07KP] is applied to all items.All categories require a cold chain as a method of preservation.For one product, the descriptor Dicing and stripe-cutting [F28.A07KX] is also added to indicate the cutting process in the form of cubes; for another ) reports the LanguaL TM codes of the 50 products.The following facet scheme has been set and configured for LanguaL TM encoding: [A] = PRODUCT TYPE; [B] = FOOD SOURCE; [C] = PART OF PLANT OR ANI-MAL; [E] = PHYSICAL STATE, SHAPE OR FORM; [F] = EXTENT OF HEAT TREAT-MENT; [G] = COOKING METHOD; [H] = TREATMENT APPLIED; [J] = PRESERVATION METHOD; [M] = CONTAINER OR WRAPPING; [P] = CONSUMER GROUP/DIETARY USE/LABEL CLAIM.The descriptors considered for facet [A] were always chosen from those within "EUROFIR FOOD CLASSIFICATION [A0777]" and "PRODUCT TYPE, U.S. CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, TITLE 21 [A1270]" as the second alternative.
[M0126] = PLASTIC TRAY OR PAN; [M0166] = PLASTIC BAG OR POUCH.Let us now analyze the useful remarks to explicitly state what the use of certain descriptors employed to classify and describe the products clustered as salads actually served.

First
Courses, Pasta [A1204] = PASTA DISH (EUROFIR) and [A0220] = PASTA DISH (US CFR) are used for describing the type of product for the two products in this category.For both products, the descriptors [B1079] = DURUM WHEAT; [C0208] = SEED, SKIN REMOVED, GERM REMOVED (ENDOSPERM); [E0134] = SEMISOLID WITH SOLID PIECES, are used for indicating, respectively, the main food source, the related part of plant or animal, or the physical state, shape, or form.The descriptor [F0023] = HEAT-TREATED, MULTIPLE COMPONENTS, DIFFER-ENT DEGREES OF TREATMENT is used to indicate the presence of several different components, each of which may have had a different extent of heat treatment.The descriptor [G0015] = BOILED AND DRAINED is used for both products for indicating the boiling and draining of pasta.For one product, an additional facet, [G0027] = SAUTEED, has been used.The [F] descriptors common to both products are: [H0212] = VEGETABLE ADDED; [H0341] = OLIVE OIL ADDED, whereas the other ones used are: [H0180] = FOOD ADDED; [H0151] = SPICE OR HERB ADDED; [H0347] = SAFFLOWER OR SUNFLOWER OIL ADDED; [H0349] = ONION ADDED; [H0367] = SALT ADDED; [H0759] = MEAT PROD-UCT ADDED.

A
total of eight products are within the Second courses category: five products are fish-based dishes, of which four are classified with base term Fish and seafood-based dishes [A03XJ], and one with the base term Prepared fish salad [A03XP].The remaining three products under Second courses are meat-based dishes and are classified with base term Meat-based dishes [A03VV].

First
Courses, Pasta There are two products in this category.The base term used for the two items is Pasta-based dishes, cooked [A040N].F.28 is the facet inherent in the process.For one product the following process descriptors are used: PROCESS = Boiling [F28.A07GL], PROCESS = Chilling [F28.A07KP].The other product present an additional process, and the following process descriptors are used: PROCESS = Boiling [F28.A07GL], PROCESS = Pan Frying/shallow frying [F28.A07GS], PROCESS = Chilling [F28.A07KP].Moreover, for Boiling [F28.A07GL], it has been specified that draining occurred.F.04 is the facet inherent in the ingredients.For one product, the descriptors of the main ingredients used are as follows: INGREDIENT = French beans (with pods) [F04.A00PG], INGRE-DIENT = Potatoes [F04.A00ZT], INGREDIENT = Pesto [F04.A044V], INGREDIENT = Olive oil, virgin or extra virgin [F04.A036Q].For the other product, the descriptors are as follows: INGREDIENT = Broccoli [F04.A00FN], INGREDIENT = Italian-style sausage [F04.A024H], IN-GREDIENT = Olive oil, virgin or extra virgin [F04.A036Q].The two products share extra-virgin olive oil as an ingredient.The other ingredients are different.Moreover, for Pesto [F04.A044V] indicated as an added ingredient, the composition of the same has been explained in the remark, below: sunflower seed oil, basil, Grana Padano PDO.Moreover, for Olive oil, virgin or extra-virgin [F04.A036Q], the type of oil: extra-virgin type, has been specified.

3. 2
.5.Sandwiches The base terms used for classifying the items under Sandwiches are: Sandwich with processed meat topping/filling [A03ZB]; Sandwich with fish topping/filling [A03ZC]; Sandwich and sandwich-like dishes [A03YZ] The descriptor PROCESS = Chilling [F28.A07KP] is used for all products.The descriptors used for indicating the type of bread used as a main ingredient are as follows: INGREDI-ENT = Wheat bread and rolls [F04.A004X] for four products, and INGREDIENT = Unleavened or flat bread and similar [F04.A04KZ] for one product that is made of a flat, thin bread.Descriptors used for indicating other ingredients are as follows: Cooked pork ham [F04.A023K] (for three items), Mayonnaise sauce [F04.A044X] (for three items), Tuna [F04.A02DX] (for one item); Cheese, edam [F04.A02TV] (for one item); Smoked salmon [F04.A02KF] (for one item), and Mozzarella [F04.A02QJ] (for one item).