Resistance Exercise and Creatine Supplementation on Fat Mass in Adults < 50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Data Extraction and Risk of Bias
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search
3.2. Creatine Supplementation and Body Fat Changes
3.3. Risk of Bias Assessment
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First Author, Year | Population | Supplement Dose | Fat Mass Assessment Tool | Duration | RT Protocol | Baseline Measures | Follow-Up Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arciero et al. 2001 [13] | N = 30; healthy males (21 ± 3 year) | CR: 20 g/day (5 g 4 × daily) for 5 days and then 10 g/day (5 g 2 × daily) for the remainder; PLA: same dosing as CR (dextrose) | DEXA | 28 days | RT 3x/week; 2 sets of 10 at 70% 1RM and 1 set performed to failure. | Intervention %BF: 16.4 ± 4.9 Fat Mass (kg): 12.8 ± 4.7 FFM (kg): 63.0 ± 2.8 Control %BF: 16.3 ± 6.4 Fat Mass (kg): 12.9 ± 7.0 FFM (kg): 62.3 ± 6.5 | Intervention %BF: 16.4 ± 4.6 Fat Mass (kg): 13.1 ± 4.4 FFM (kg): 64.7 ± 3.6 Control %BF: 16.4 ± 6.8 Fat Mass (kg): 13.1 ± 7.6 FFM (kg): 62.5 ± 6.5 |
Becque et al. 2000 [14] | N = 23; healthy males with at least 1 y weight training experience (CR: n = 10; PLA: n = 13); age: 21.5 ± 2.7 year | CR: 20 g/day (5 g 4 × daily) for 5 days and then 2 g/day for the remainder; PLA: same dosing as CR (sucrose) | Hydrodensitometry | 6 weeks | RT 2x/week (arm flexor: preacher curl) | Intervention %BF: 17.8 ± 6.9 Fat Mass (kg): 15.6 ± 9.0 FFM (kg): 71.2 ± 10 Control %BF: 16 ± 5.5 Fat Mass (kg): 13.1 ± 5.0 FFM (kg): 68.6 ± 5.8 | Intervention %BF: 17.7 ± 5.6 Fat Mass (kg): 15.7 ± 6.7 FFM (kg): 72.8 ± 10.1 Control %BF: 16.5 ± 5.2 Fat Mass (kg): 13.6 ± 4.8 FFM (kg): 68.5 ± 5.9 |
Bemben et al. 2001 [27] | N = 25 NCAA Division 1 football athletes; (PLA: n = 8; CR: n = 9; control: n = 8); age: 18–22 year | CR: 20 g/day (4 equal doses) for 5 d followed by 5 g/day; PLA: same dose (sodium phosphate) | Hydrodensitometry | 9 weeks | RT 4x/week split routine | Intervention %BF: 12.6 ± 1.9 LBM (kg): 77.1 ± 4.2 Control %BF: 13.9 ± 2.5 LBM (kg): 78.2 ± 2.2 | Intervention %BF: 12.2 ± 1.6 LBM (kg): 80.0 ± 5.0 Control %BF: 14.9 ± 2.5 LBM (kg): 78.0 ± 2.2 |
Ferguson and Syrotuik 2006 [16] | N = 26 healthy recreational strength-trained women; age: 18–35 year | CR: 0.3 g/kg/day for 7 days and then 0.03 g/kg/day for the remainder or PLA | DEXA | 10 weeks | RT 4x/week split routine | Intervention %BF: 30.9 ± 8.0 LBM (kg): 42.8 ± 4.153 Control %BF: 29.5 ± 8.6 LBM (kg): 43.83 ± 4.153 | Intervention %BF: 30.2 ± 7.8 LBM (kg): 43.88 ± 4.003 Control %BF: 28.1 ± 8.9 LBM (kg): 44.75 ± 4.695 |
Hoffman et al. 2006 [17] | N = 33 male strength power athletes; age: not reported | CR: 10.5 g/day or PLA: Dextrose | DEXA | 10 weeks | RT 4x/week split routine | - | Intervention Δ%BF: −1.21 ± 1.12 ΔLBM (kg): 1.74 ± 1.72 Control Δ%BF: 0.25 ± 1.53 ΔLBM (kg): −0.44 ± 1.62 |
Kreider et al. 1998 [18] | N = 25 NCAA Division 1 football athletes; age: 19.9 ± 0.3 year | CR: 15.75 g/day or PLA | DEXA | 28 days | RT: 4x/week + agility/sprint training 3x/week | Intervention %BF: 17.0 ± 6.8 Fat Mass (kg): 16.2 ± 10.06 Control %BF: 18.0 ± 8.0 Fat Mass (kg): 17.25 ± 10.27 | Intervention %BF: 16.2 ± 7.0 Fat Mass (kg): 15.94 ± 11.86 Control %BF: 17.3 ± 7.7 Fat Mass (kg): 16.67 ± 9.86 |
Kutz and Gunter 2003 [20] | N = 17 active males; age: 22.9 ± 4.9 year | CR: 30 g/day for 2 weeks followed by 15 g/day for the remainder or PLA (dextrose) | Hydrodensitometry | 4 weeks | RT: 2x/week lower body only | Intervention %BF: 14.32 ± 4.58 Control %BF: 15.45 ± 9.35 | Intervention %BF: 13.97 ± 4.00 Control %BF: 15.12 ± 9.83 |
Pakulak et al. 2022 [19] | N = 28 resistance-trained males and females (CR: n = 7; PLA: n = 6); age: 18–38 year | CR: 0.1 g/kg/day or PLA (maltodextrin) | Air displacement plethysmography | 6 weeks | RT: 5–6x/week split routine | Intervention Fat Mass (kg): 16.8 ± 3.4 FFM (kg): 59.1 ± 9.9 Control Fat Mass (kg): 14.3 ± 7.7 FFM (kg): 60.7 ± 13.8 | Intervention ΔFat Mass (kg): 0.68 ± 0.81 ΔFFM (kg): 1.28 ± 0.69 Control ΔFat Mass (kg): 1.48 ± 1.18 ΔFFM (kg): 0.78 ± 1.23 |
Sakkas et al. 2009 [21] | N = 40 HIV-positive men | CR: 20 g/day for 5 days followed by 4.8 g/day for the remainder or PLA | DEXA | 14 weeks | RT: 3x/week | Intervention Fat Mass (kg): 13.7 ± 6.4 LBM (kg): 56.0 ± 7.3 Control Fat Mass (kg): 11.8 ± 4.8 LBM (kg): 57.4 ± 6.6 | Intervention ΔFat Mass (kg): 0.3 ± 1.8 Δ LBM (kg): 2.3 ± 1.4 Control ΔFat Mass (kg): 0.4 ± 2.0 Δ LBM (kg): 0.9 ± 1.4 |
Volek et al. 2003 [22] | N = 17 healthy males; age: 21 ± 3 year | CR: 0.3 g/kg/day for 7 days followed by 0.05 g/kg/day for the remainder or PLA (cellulose) | DEXA | 4 weeks | RT: 5x/week | Intervention %BF: 17.4 ± 9.2 Fat Mass (kg): 16.5 ± 12.1 LBM (kg): 67.2 ± 5.6 Control %BF: 20.2 ± 8.8 Fat Mass (kg): 18.8 ± 10.4 LBM (kg): 66.9 ± 5.4 | Intervention %BF: 16.1 ± 9.5 Fat Mass (kg): 15.8 ± 12.5 LBM (kg): 70.6 ± 5.8 Control %BF: 19.3 ± 8.6 Fat Mass (kg): 18.1 ± 9.9 LBM (kg): 68.9 ± 6.0 |
Wang et al. 2018 [23] | N = 30 male athletes (baseball, basketball, tchoukball); age: 20 ± 2 year | CR: 20 g/day for 6 days followed by 2 g/day for the remainder or PLA (cellulose) | Bioelectrical impedance analysis | 4 weeks | RT: Complex training including heavy resistance training and plyometrics 3x/week | Intervention %BF: 15.78 ± 4.18 FFM (kg): 57.07 ± 4.84 Control %BF: 13.67 ± 4.37 FFM (kg): 60.47 ± 9.55 | Intervention %BF: 13.77 ± 4.01 FFM (kg): 58.97 ± 5.18 Control %BF: 12.76 ± 3.13 FFM (kg): 61.58 ± 9.17 |
Wilder et al. 2001 [24] | N = 25 division 1A collegiate football players; age: 20 ± 2 year | CR: 20 g/day for 6 days followed by 5 g/day for the remainder or 3 g/day or PLA (cellulose) | Hydrodensitometry | 4 weeks | RT: Complex training including heavy resistance training and plyometrics 3x/week | Intervention %BF: 14.85 ± 5.92 FFM (kg): 81.67 ± 10.88 Control %BF: 13.75 ± 5.85 FFM (kg): 81.53 ± 8.63 | Intervention %BF: 15.81 ± 5.28 FFM (kg): 84.64 ± 9.79 Control %BF: 14.53 ± 5.08 FFM (kg): 82.59 ± 7.29 |
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Candow, D.G.; Prokopidis, K.; Forbes, S.C.; Rusterholz, F.; Campbell, B.I.; Ostojic, S.M. Resistance Exercise and Creatine Supplementation on Fat Mass in Adults < 50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4343. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204343
Candow DG, Prokopidis K, Forbes SC, Rusterholz F, Campbell BI, Ostojic SM. Resistance Exercise and Creatine Supplementation on Fat Mass in Adults < 50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2023; 15(20):4343. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204343
Chicago/Turabian StyleCandow, Darren G., Konstantinos Prokopidis, Scott C. Forbes, Flavia Rusterholz, Bill I. Campbell, and Sergej M. Ostojic. 2023. "Resistance Exercise and Creatine Supplementation on Fat Mass in Adults < 50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Nutrients 15, no. 20: 4343. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204343