Non-IgE/Mixed Food Allergies and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder: A Common Thread between Childhood and Adulthood

Adverse food reactions (AFRs) are abnormal clinical responses related to food or the ingestion of a food component, including drinks, food additives, and dietary supplements [...].

Looking at pediatric practices, an interesting review published by Calvani et al. in Nutrients [6] thoroughly describes gastrointestinal non-IgE-mediated and mixed FAs in infancy and early childhood. They provide an updated and detailed overview on the different clinical pictures, possible diagnostic tools, and pediatric clinical scores (with recognized strict limitations and uncertainties) of non-IgE and mixed gastrointestinal FAs in the first years of life, embracing food-protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP), foodprotein-induced enteropathy (FPE), food-protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID), such as eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE), and eosinophilic colitis (EC).
The clinical scenario of non-IgE and mixed allergies in both the pediatric and particularly the adult population is not limited to the six thoroughly described diseases presented in the paper by Calvani [6], which are just the tip of the iceberg. Clinicians know that in clinical practice several patients ask for help, struggling with both intestinal and extraintestinal symptomatology claimed to be related to some food hypersensitivity. For decades these kinds of patients, characterized by the absence of "classic" IgE-mediated mechanisms and normal endoscopic findings, were relegated to the broad area of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia (FD), etc.) [7,8].
In recent years, recent advances in FGIDs have demonstrated micro-organic alterations at the biopsy level with different characteristics from organic intestinal diseases (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn's, etc.), which pathologists often do not recognize in a routine examination, thus labeling them as "normal mucosa" or "mucosa with non-specific chronic inflammatory infiltrate". An increase in eosinophil and mast cell count was demonstrated in a subgroup of patients with FGIDs along with local and systemic cytokine changes [9][10][11][12][13]. Moreover, cellular immune activation with increased small bowel homing T cells has been demonstrated to be possible key factors in the clinical manifestations of IBS and FD [14]. Intestinal barrier impairment and microbiota changes (i.e., leaky gut-dysbiosis syndrome) have been documented in patients with FGIDs, and this could allow the penetration of microbial and food allergens into the mucosa, triggering a local inflammatory response that in some cases could spread at the systemic level, predisposing one to a loss of tolerance for self-(autoimmunity) and non-self-innocuous antigens (allergy) [15]. Intriguingly, food antigens/allergens might induce acute changes in intestinal permeability, as demonstrated using a confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) analysis in a population labeled as affected by IBS [16]. More than 50% of these "IBS patients" could suffer from a sort of "non-IgE-mediated food allergy", with the immediate disruption of the intestinal barrier upon exposure to food antigens (wheat, milk, and soy). An increased activation and degranulation of eosinophil also characterized the same cohort of patients, thus confirming a non-IgE-mediated allergic mechanism [16]. Interestingly, most IBS patients challenged with food during CLE analysis reacted to wheat, thus objectively confirming the existence of non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) [16][17][18][19][20]. In this line, some food hypersensitivities, such as NCWS, have clearly demonstrated the immune system's involvement and, in this line, they should be classified as part of the vast bag of non-IgE allergies rather than as FGIDs [21,22]. Last but not least, a link between allergic disease in infancy and the future development of FGIDs in late childhood-adolescence has been recently established, implicating a possible shared pathophysiology among these disorders and possibly a sort of "new allergy march" parallel to the well-known "classic atopic march" [23,24].
These insights fuel a contagious enthusiasm in the scientific community. Eliminating some key food allergens, demonstrated to be involved in acute microorganic changes in intestinal barrier function via CLE analysis, could be a way to manage patients more effectively in the future. Researchers should approach this intriguing topic by leaving behind the confines of classic allergology and gastroenterology "dogmas" and preconceptions, and a joint effort involving allergists, gastroenterologists, and immunologists on these topics is needed.
Funding: Fondi Ateneo Ricerca 2020 from the University of Ferrara (FAR 2020).

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest:
The author declares no conflict of interest.