Dietary Diversity and the Risk of Fracture in Adults: A Prospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Assessment of Diet and Dietary Diversity Score
2.4. Ascertainment of Fracture
2.5. Assessment of Covariates
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Association between Dietary Diversity Score and Fracture
3.3. Case-Control Study in Women
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Men | Women |
---|---|---|
Number of participants | 4795 | 5397 |
DDS-CDG | 3.82 ± 0.98 | 3.81 ± 1.02 |
DDS-MDD-W | 4.41 ± 1.07 | 4.41 ± 1.12 |
Age at entry (years) | 51.4 ± 10.6 | 51.1 ± 10.7 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 23.5 ± 3.5 |
Region | ||
Southern China | 59.0 | 59.5 |
Northern China | 41.0 | 40.5 |
Residency | ||
Rural | 60.0 | 60.2 |
Urban | 40.0 | 39.8 |
Smoking status | ||
Smoker | 59.5 | 4.1 |
Non-smoker | 40.5 | 95.9 |
Physical activity level (MET-hours per week) | ||
<100 | 46.5 | 46.4 |
≥100 | 53.5 | 53.6 |
Education level | ||
Primary school and below | 39.1 | 56.9 |
Middle school | 31.4 | 23.2 |
High school and above | 29.5 | 19.9 |
Income | ||
Low | 30.3 | 30.7 |
Middle | 31.1 | 32.1 |
High | 38.6 | 37.2 |
Alcohol consumption 1 | ||
Regular drinker | 48.3 | 4.9 |
Non-regular drinker | 51.7 | 95.1 |
Previous diagnosis of diabetes | ||
No | 96.8 | 97.2 |
Yes | 3.2 | 2.8 |
DDS-CDG | DDS-MDD-W | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | ||
Men | Crude | 0.78 (0.65, 0.94) | 0.008 | 0.75 (0.63, 0.89) | <0.001 |
Adjusted | 0.70 (0.56, 0.88) | 0.002 | 0.67 (0.54, 0.82) | <0.001 | |
Women | Crude | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 0.905 | 0.97 (0.85, 1.11) | 0.628 |
Adjusted | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | 0.499 | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 0.371 |
Number of Cases | DDS-CDG | DDS-MDD-W | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
≤60 years | 143 | 0.74 (0.58, 0.95) | 0.018 | 0.76 (0.60, 0.95) | 0.016 |
>60 years | 108 | 1.10 (0.83, 1.46) | 0.495 | 1.00 (0.79, 1.27) | 0.994 |
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Zhang, J.; Liang, D.; Zhao, A. Dietary Diversity and the Risk of Fracture in Adults: A Prospective Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3655. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123655
Zhang J, Liang D, Zhao A. Dietary Diversity and the Risk of Fracture in Adults: A Prospective Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3655. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123655
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jian, Dong Liang, and Ai Zhao. 2020. "Dietary Diversity and the Risk of Fracture in Adults: A Prospective Study" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3655. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123655