Lactobacillus plantarum Strain Ln4 Attenuates Diet-Induced Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Changes in Hepatic mRNA Levels Associated with Glucose and Lipid Metabolism

The prevalence of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease, is rapidly becoming a severe global health problem. Recent reports have suggested that the alteration of the gut ecosystem through the consumption of probiotics and fermented foods, such as yogurt and Kimchi, can significantly impact obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2D)-related biomarkers. In this study, we screened over 400 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that were isolated from fermented foods to identify potent anti-obesogenic and diabetic probiotics in vitro. Of the strains tested, Lactobacillus plantarum Ln4 (Ln4), which was obtained from napa cabbage kimchi, significantly reduced lipid accumulation and stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Oral administration of Ln4 reduced weight gain and epididymal fat mass in mice fed on a high-fat diet (HFD). Total plasma triglyceride level was significantly lower in mice that were treated Ln4 as compared with mice fed HFD. The protein levels of adipokines such as C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-3 (IGFBP-3), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) decreased in white adipose tissues of Ln4-treated mice. Furthermore, these mice exhibited a significant reduction of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and the improvement of glucose tolerance (OGTT) and insulin response (ITT) following Ln4 administration. This was associated with changes in several hepatic gene expressions (increased mRNA levels of IRS2, Akt2, AMPK, LPL, and reduced CD36) that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Taken together, these results indicate that in vitro and in vivo Ln4 treatment attenuates diet-induced obesity and T2D biomarkers, highlighting the potential of Ln4 as a therapeutic probiotic agent for metabolic disorders.


Introduction
The prevalence of obesity has risen steeply over the past two decades, and it has become a significant global health issue [1]. The proper management of obesity is critical to prevent the LAB, Lactobacillus plantarum strain Ln4 having inhibitory effect on adipocyte differentiation and the stimulatory ability on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. The inhibitory effect of Ln4 administration on obesity and insulin resistance was confirmed in high-fat diet fed mice, highlighting the potential of Ln4 that was isolated from Kimchi as a potential therapeutic probiotic agent for obesity and related metabolic disorders.
Cell culture and differentiation. 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and grown in Dulbecco  [32]. To compare the effect of 22 strains on lipid accumulation, 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were seeded in 96-well plate. Microphotographs were obtained from differentiated adipocytes seeded in a six-well plate by optical microscopy (×200).
Animals. Male C57BL/6J mice were purchased from Japan SLC Inc. (Shizuoka, Japan) and housed under controlled temperature (23 • C) and lighting ( Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA) at libitum for five weeks. For Ln4 group, 5 × 10 8 CFU (colony forming unit) of live Ln4 was daily administrated by oral gavage in 0.2 mL of distilled water (DW) and concurrently fed HFD. Control and HFD groups also consumed 0.2 mL of vehicle (DW) by oral gavage. After four weeks of treatment, plasma was obtained from tail vein of mice fasted overnight to measure plasma lipid and glucose tolerance (OGTT). Three days afterward, mice were fasted again for 5 h to perform insulin tolerance test (ITT) and to measure plasma glucose and insulin. During the experiment, body weight and food intake were measured weekly. After the end of the experiment at five weeks, mice were sacrificed and taken tissues (epididymal fat, brown adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, and heart) under anesthesia. Tissues were frozen at −70 • C or fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution.
Plasma analysis. After four weeks of HFD feeding, mice were fasted overnight and were bled by their tail vein into a heparinized tube. Plasma was obtained after centrifugation at 10,000× g for 10 min from blood and used for the measurement of total triglycerides (TG), high density lipoproteins (HDL)-cholesterol, and low density lipoproteins (LDL)-cholesterol. To determine plasma glucose and insulin levels, mice were fasted for 5 h, and then bled by their tail vein into a heparinized tube. Plasma glucose was measured by the glucometer (Accu-Chek Performa, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA). Plasma insulin levels were determined by ELISA (ALPCO, Salem, NH, USA), and the total TG was measured using a serum triglyceride determination kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). HDL-and LDL-cholesterol (Biovision Inc., Milpitas, CA, USA) were analyzed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Measurement of insulin resistance in mice. To analyze insulin resistance in live mice, HOMA-IR calculation, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and an insulin tolerance test (ITT) were carried out in mice after four weeks of treatment. HOMA-IR was calculated using the following equation [33]; HOMA-IR = fasting glucose (mg/dL) × fasting insulin (µU/mL)/405. To carry out the OGTT assay, mice were fasted overnight and were orally administered by 1 g/kg of glucose. The plasma glucose levels were measured at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mins from the tail vein by glucometer. For ITT experiments, mice were fasted for 5 h in the early morning and were administered with 0.75 IU/kg of insulin by intraperitoneal injection. Plasma glucose levels were also measured at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 mins from the tail vein.
H&E staining. Liver tissues from mice were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution overnight and were embedded in paraffin. The sections (5 µm thick) on silane-coated slides were deparaffinized twice with xylene and dehydrated through a graded alcohol chamber. After hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, slides were washed and mounted with coverslip. The representative pictures were taken from 5-7 individual liver samples in each group (×200 magnification) using microscopy (Olympus BX-43, Olympus Optical, Tokyo, Japan).
Protein array analysis. 300 mg of epidydimal fat tissues from mice were used in a mouse adipokine array (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Analysis and quantification of the array membrane was completed using Alliance Mini HD9 (UVITEC, Cambridge, UK) and Image J software (1.49v, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA), respectively. All of the quantified data were normalized by intensity of reference spots in each membrane, as followed by manufacturer's instruction.
Quantitative real-time PCR. Liver tissue samples from mice were extracted using the TRIzol method (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and synthesized cDNA from 2 µg of total RNA via iScript TM cDNA synthesis kit (Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA). As shown in Table 1, the mRNA levels that were related to glucose and lipid metabolism were determined using specific primers and real-time PCR was performed using a Fast SYBR green Master Mix kit (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) on a StepOne plus instrument (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). For normalization and heatmap analysis of raw data, ExpressionSuite software (v.1.0.3, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) was used.  Statistical analysis. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. The data from adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake assay were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett's test (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 vs. MDI). In vivo experiments were analyzed by one-way or two-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test. For statistical significance, a probability value of p < 0.05 was used and marked as * (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 vs. Control) or # (#, p < 0.05; ##, p < 0.01; ###, p < 0.001 vs. HFD). All of the analyses were performed using Statistical Analysis Software (version 9.2, SAS Inc., Cary, NC, USA).

Results
L. plantarum Ln4 inhibits adipogenesis and stimulates glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To identify potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that were isolated from traditional fermented food, in vitro screening assays were performed using 462 strains that were tested for tolerance to artificial gastric acid and bile salts. Of the strain tested, 69 strains exhibited resistance to artificial gastric acid (0.3% pepsin, pH 2.5) and bile salts (0.3% Oxgall), defined as having a survival rate of over 80%. These were sequentially tested for the non-productivity of β-glucuronidase, adhesiveness to intestinal epithelial cells in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma (>1%), cell cytotoxicity in MRC-5 human fibroblast cells (>20%), and susceptibility to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and doxycycline. Only 22 strains, including Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Leuconostoc lactis, Lactobacillus buchneri, Leuconostoc citreum, and Pediococcus pentosaceus were qualified ( Figure 1). To determine the effect of these 22 strains on lipid accumulation in vitro, 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were treated with heat-killed cells ( Figure 1A) and freeze-dried broth ( Figure 1B). After differentiation, lipid contents was measured by Oil Red O (ORO) staining, and was found to be significantly increased in differentiated cells (labeled MDI) when compared to non-differentiated (ND) cells. The three strains of LAB, including L. brevis B151 (a), L. fermentum KCCM200060 (b), and L. plantarum Ln4 (d) exhibited reduced lipid accumulation by both heat-killed cells and freeze-dried broth. Glucose uptake assays in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes showed that there was significant stimulation of intracellular glucose absorption in adipocytes in the presence of heat-killed  Figure 1C) and freeze-dried broth ( Figure 1D) of L. plantarum Ln4 (Ln4). Through these results, Ln4 was eventually selected as a candidate probiotic LAB with anti-obesity and diabetic potential. epidydimal fat, liver, and brown adipose tissue by HFD feeding also resulted in significant reductions following Ln4 administration ( Figure 2C), while the averaged weights of the heart and pancreas were not influenced by Ln4 treatment. The levels of plasma insulin and total triglyceride (TG) were significantly decreased in the Ln4 group when compared to the HFD group (Table 2). 5-h fasted plasma glucose levels showed a slight decreasing tendency in the Ln4 group, but statistical significance was weak (p = 0.063). Through histological examinations of H&E stained liver sections, we confirmed that mice fed HFD for five weeks developed a fatty liver phenotype showing morphological changes that were caused by lipid deposition ( Figure 2D). Ln4 administration also alleviated fatty liver, indicating the inhibitory effect of Ln4 on hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed HFD. These results show that Ln4 attenuates HFD-induced weight gain and hyperlipidemia in a mouse model.

Administration of Ln4 inhibits diet-induced weight gain and lipid accumulation in mice.
To investigate the effect of Ln4 on diet-induced obesity in vivo, C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups. They were fed on a chow diet (control group) or HFD with daily oral treatment of 5 × 10 8 live Ln4 cells (Ln4 group) or vehicle (HFD group). After five weeks of feeding and treatment, the average body weight of the mice in the HFD group was significantly increased when compared to the controls (Figure 2A). By oral gavage of live Ln4, increased body weight by HFD feeding was reduced without changes in energy intake ( Figure 2B). The increased organ weights, including epidydimal fat, liver, and brown adipose tissue by HFD feeding also resulted in significant reductions following Ln4 administration ( Figure 2C), while the averaged weights of the heart and pancreas were not influenced by Ln4 treatment. The levels of plasma insulin and total triglyceride (TG) were significantly decreased in the Ln4 group when compared to the HFD group (Table 2). 5-h fasted plasma glucose levels showed a slight decreasing tendency in the Ln4 group, but statistical significance was weak (p = 0.063). Through histological examinations of H&E stained liver sections, we confirmed that mice fed HFD for five weeks developed a fatty liver phenotype showing morphological changes that were caused by lipid deposition ( Figure 2D). Ln4 administration also alleviated fatty liver, indicating the inhibitory effect of Ln4 on hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed HFD. These results show that Ln4 attenuates HFD-induced weight gain and hyperlipidemia in a mouse model.
Ln4 treatment causes changes in adipokine profile of adipose tissue. To determine the mechanistic effect of Ln4 on obesity, we performed a protein array analysis that was focused on adipokine levels using white adipose tissue samples (epidydimal fat) from mice in the HFD and Ln4 groups ( Figure 3). The results showed the suppression of several adipokine proteins, including ANGPT-L3, C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, lipocalin-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), as a result of Ln4 treatment. Especially, HFD feeding caused ã 4-fold increase in the protein levels of IGFBP-3 and MCP-1 that was associated with glucose utilization and insulin resistance in adipose tissues. It almost restored to normal protein levels that were similar to control group by Ln4 administration. Thus, Ln4 administration alleviates HFD-induced abnormal adipokine parameters, and may potentially improve insulin sensitivity.    Ln4 administration attenuates HFD-induced insulin resistance in mice. To verify the improvement in insulin sensitivity by Ln4, we measured insulin resistance index and conducted oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and insulin tolerance tests (ITT) in mice. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) is calculated by fasting glucose and insulin levels, and it was highly elevated in response to HFD feeding, up to 3.9-fold when compared to the control group ( Figure 4A). Ln4 administration induced a 40.6% reduction to the increased HOMA-IR index resulting from HFD feeding. In Figure 4B, a rapid rise within 0.5 h and a gradual decline over 2 h for plasma glucose levels following the oral injection of glucose solution in mice was generally lowered by Ln4 administration as compared to the HFD group. Averaged area under curve (AUC) values for the OGTT data also showed upregulation by HFD feeding when compared to the control group, and it was significantly reduced by an oral gavage of Ln4. Moreover, reduced plasma glucose levels by intraperitoneal injection of insulin was blunted by HFD feeding, which was also recovered by Ln4 treatment ( Figure 4C). AUC data from ITT also indicated statistical significance between the HFD-and Ln4-treated groups. Taken together, these results suggest that Ln4 administration improves glucose and insulin tolerance, and it attenuates HFD-induced insulin resistance in mice.
The exposure of Ln4 influences in the alteration of mRNA levels related glucose and lipid metabolism in liver. A decrease in the protein levels that were involved in nutrient metabolism and insulin signaling pathway and by HFD feeding in insulin-responsive organs including the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle can lead to the development of insulin resistance. The restoration of the function of these proteins is strongly associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity. Especially, glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity, hepatic steatosis, and whole-body insulin resistance [34]. As shown in Table 2, the specific primers for quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the mRNA levels that were involved in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism ( Figure 5). In the liver, metabolic factors that are associated with glucose and lipid metabolism, including IRS2, Akt2, and AMPK were significantly elevated by Ln4 treatment, while in HFD-fed mice, the hepatic mRNA levels of IRS2 and AMPK were reduced. CD36 plays a critical role in the development of fatty liver and showed greater mRNA level in the livers of HFD-fed mice than in the control group. The reduced mRNA level of CD36 in the liver was detected in the Ln4 group, consistent with improved fatty liver by Ln4 administration in mice fed HFD ( Figure 2D). Also, the mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of plasma TG, was significantly increased in the livers of the Ln4 group. Taken together, our results suggest that Ln4 administration attenuates HFD-induced weight gain, hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance by the regulating mRNA levels that are associated with glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. It further suggests the possibility that Ln4 could be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Ln4 treatment causes changes in adipokine profile of adipose tissue. To determine the mechanistic effect of Ln4 on obesity, we performed a protein array analysis that was focused on adipokine levels using white adipose tissue samples (epidydimal fat) from mice in the HFD and Ln4 groups ( Figure  3). The results showed the suppression of several adipokine proteins, including ANGPT-L3, Creactive protein (CRP), leptin, lipocalin-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and insulinlike growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), as a result of Ln4 treatment. Especially, HFD feeding caused a ~4-fold increase in the protein levels of IGFBP-3 and MCP-1 that was associated with glucose utilization and insulin resistance in adipose tissues. It almost restored to normal protein levels that were similar to control group by Ln4 administration. Thus, Ln4 administration alleviates HFDinduced abnormal adipokine parameters, and may potentially improve insulin sensitivity.  Representative proteins identified are marked as square, and each number presents different proteins described in the table on the right side. (B) Protein array membranes were quantified using Image J software. Selected proteins showing statistical group difference between HFD and HFD+Ln4 (#, p < 0.05; ##, p < 0.01; ###, p < 0.001, ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test) are presented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, significant differences compared with Control. ANGPTL3, angiopoietin-like 3; CD26, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP, IGF-binding protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1.  ) is presented by bar graph (mean ± SEM) (C) Insulin tolerance test was conducted in 5-h fasted mice by measuring plasma glucose levels during i.p. insulin. AUC (right) is presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test and is shown with asterisks (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 vs. Control) or # (#, p < 0.05; ###, p < 0.001 vs. HFD).

The exposure of Ln4 influences in the alteration of mRNA levels related glucose and lipid metabolism in liver.
A decrease in the protein levels that were involved in nutrient metabolism and insulin signaling pathway and by HFD feeding in insulin-responsive organs including the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle can lead to the development of insulin resistance. The restoration of the function of these proteins is strongly associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity. Especially, glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity, hepatic steatosis, and whole-body insulin resistance [34]. As shown in Table 2, the specific primers for quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the mRNA levels that were involved in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism ( Figure 5). In the liver, metabolic factors that are associated with glucose and lipid metabolism, including IRS2, Akt2, and AMPK were significantly elevated by Ln4 Area under curve (AUC, right) is presented by bar graph (mean ± SEM) (C) Insulin tolerance test was conducted in 5-h fasted mice by measuring plasma glucose levels during i.p. insulin. AUC (right) is presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test and is shown with asterisks (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 vs. Control) or # (#, p < 0.05; ##, p < 0.01 vs. HFD). Table 2. Effect of Ln4 administration on HFD-induced dyslipidemia in serum isolated from mice. Five biological replicates were used in each group and represent average ± SEM. The statistical difference was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance compared with Control (p < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively). #, and ## means statistical difference between HFD and HFD+Ln4 (p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Total TG, total triglyceride; HDL, the high-density lipoprotein; LDL, the low-density lipoprotein.  . Also, the mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of plasma TG, was significantly increased in the livers of the Ln4 group. Taken together, our results suggest that Ln4 administration attenuates HFD-induced weight gain, hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance by the regulating mRNA levels that are associated with glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. It further suggests the possibility that Ln4 could be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.

Discussion
In recent years, probiotics have become an emerging platform for therapeutic and preventive agents against metabolic syndrome. Findings from experimental and clinical studies have supported the utility of probiotics against obesity and diabetes [35,36]. Despite the potential of probiotics and fermented foods that are enriched with them, there are limitations in its discovery and the development of preventive and therapeutic agents for obesity and metabolic syndrome. The microorganisms exhibit species-, and even strain-specific effects and different mechanistic actions, and this complexity requires efficient validation processes. In this study, we excluded 95% of total candidate probiotics isolated from fermented foods by primary in vitro screening and finally selected Ln4 by adipogenesis and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 to development of probiotics having anti-obesity and diabetic effect. Of course, the failed LABs in this screening may show an anti-obesity effect in vivo. This is because in vitro experiments only test a very small part of the systemic mechanisms that control obesity. We conducted the additional in vitro experiments (assays for glycerol release and α-glucosidase inhibition), which are widely used for obesity, but we did not obtain meaningful results because of the relatively low discrimination between probiotics (data not shown). Instead, we found that both heat-killed and freeze-dried broth of Ln4 significantly reduced lipid accumulation and stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Live Ln4 administration orally in HFD-fed mice strongly attenuated weight gain and insulin resistance. Recent studies have suggested that even dead probiotic cells or their cell components containing metabolites can be beneficial for host health [37][38][39]. In addition, heat-killed LAB or freeze-dried broth has previously exhibited an inhibitory effect on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells [40,41]. These results support the availability of using 3T3-L1 as an in vitro tool for the selection of probiotics with an anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effect.
In mice, Ln4 administration altered the mRNA levels that are associated with glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin-responsive signaling pathway. The data from adipokine array analysis in Figure 3 showed the increased the level of several adipokines such as IGFBPs, leptin, lipocalin-2, and MCP1 which are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance by HFD feeding. IGFBP-3 is highly expressed by hyperinsulinemia in obese subjects, and its infusion reduces glucose utilization and glycogen synthesis, which suggests an association between insulin resistance and high levels of IGFBP-3 [42,43]. Leptin and lipocalin-2, which are mainly produced in adipose tissues, are up-regulated in obesity and lead to the development of insulin resistance [44,45]. In addition, the adipocyte-specific overexpression of MCP-1 in mice induces the increased macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance [46]. In this study, the increased protein levels of IGFBP-3, leptin, lipocalin-2, and MCP-1 by HFD feeding were significantly reduced in the adipose tissues of Ln4-administrated mice. These data indicate that Ln4 attenuates diet-induced obesity and the abnormal protein levels in adipose tissues that are associated with insulin action, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism.
In the liver, the alteration in glucose and lipid metabolism is linked to the pathogenesis of obesity, hepatic steatosis, and whole-body insulin resistance. IRS2/PI3K/Akt2 signaling plays an important role in insulin action to regulate glucose transport and lipid/glycogen synthesis, and AMPK is amaster regulator of lipid and protein synthesis and glucose transport [47]. These pathways are blunted by HFD feeding, which suggests that restoring the pathways is a critical strategy for insulin sensitivity. We confirmed that Ln4 administration induced the up-regulation of hepatic mRNA levels, including IRS2, Akt2, and AMPK, and these results correspond to the data of improving systemic insulin resistance in Ln4-treated mice. CD36 is directly associated with the development of fatty liver and insulin resistance by modulating lipid uptake in hepatocytes. Our data showed the 5.3-fold higher mRNA level of CD36 in the HFD group than in the Control group, and a~50% of reduction by Ln4 administration. In addition, we found reduced liver weight, morphological recovery from fatty liver, and improved insulin sensitivity in Ln4-administrated mice, which correspond to the result from mRNA level of CD36.
Taken together, we have shown that Ln4 attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in vitro and in vivo. It also regulates hepatic mRNA levels that are associated with glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin response signaling. Further studies to explore the specific mechanistic actions of Ln4 by analyzing changes of microbiota composition should be helpful in better understanding the potential benefits of Ln4, and clinical trials are also needed for developing them into commercial probiotic agent.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that Lactobacillus plantarum Ln4 that were isolated from Kimchi have the outstanding ability to attenuate diet-induced weight gain and insulin resistance among hundreds of LABs that were isolated from fermented foods. This beneficial effect of Ln4 on obesity and insulin resistance results in recovery of the associated proteins that controlled glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, Ln4 administration contributes alleviation of fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, and abnormal hepatic mRNA levels that are associated with glucose and lipid metabolism by HFD feeding. Thus, Ln4 has the potential for development as therapeutic probiotics for obesity and type 2 diabetes.