Effects of Unfiltered Coffee and Bioactive Coffee Compounds on the Development of Metabolic Syndrome Components in a High-Fat-/High-Fructose-Fed Rat Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Model
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Immunoassay Analyses
2.5. Histological Examinations
2.6. Hyperpolarized-[1-13C]-Pyruvate MR Spectroscopy
2.7. 1H MR Spectroscopy
2.8. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Food Intake and Body Weight
3.2. Plasma Glucose and Insulin Resistance
3.3. Plasma Lipid Profile
3.4. Hepatic Steatosis
3.5. In Vivo Hyperpolarized-[1-13C]-Pyruvate Metabolic Examinations
3.6. Urine 1H-MR Spectroscopy.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Ingredients | Gram Percent |
---|---|
Casein, 30 Mesh | 25.84 |
L-Cystine | 0.39 |
Corn Starch | 0.00 |
Maltodextrin 10 | 16.15 |
Sucrose | 8.89 |
Cellulose | 6.46 |
Soybean Oil | 32.53 |
Lard | 31.66 |
Mineral Mix S10026 | 1.29 |
DiCalcium Phosphate | 1.68 |
Calcium Carbonate | 0.71 |
Potassium Citrate, 1 H2O | 2.13 |
Vitamin Mix V10001 | 1.29 |
Choline Bitartrate | 0.26 |
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Mean (SD) | Control | Coffee | Nutraceuticals | Between Group p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | ||||
Baseline | 7.69 (0.75) | 7.35 (0.42) | 7.60 (0.82) | 0.588 |
Week 4 | 8.24 (1.09) | 7.93 (1.03) | 8.43 (0.63) | 0.560 |
Week 10 | 8.17 (1.92) | 7.51 (0.61) | 7.70 (0.92) | 0.588 |
Week 14 | 10.00 (1.48) | 9.09 (1.50) | 9.46 (1.55) | 0.491 |
Glycated hemoglobin (mM/M) | ||||
Week 14 | 22.88 (1.25) | 21.25 (1.04) * | 23.67 (2.16) †† | 0.018 |
Fasting plasma Insulin (mU/L) | ||||
Baseline | 24.47 (8.79) | 23.50 (7.88) | 26.94 (5.58) | 0.647 |
Week 4 | 52.55 (21.29) | 34.26 (13.49) | 52.85 (23.56) | 0.126 |
Week 10 | 41.21 (13.82) | 26.49 (6.14) | 43.31 (8.88) †† | 0.008 |
Week 14 | 80.73 (33.83) | 53.11 (29.25) | 76.07 (27.91) | 0.211 |
AUC | 146.38 (49.54) | 100.79 (34.09) * | 133.16 (41.80) † | 0.049 |
Mean (SD) | Control Group | Coffee Group | Chemicals Group | Between Group p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma | ||||
Lipids (mmol/L) | ||||
Total Cholesterol | 1.650 (0.118) | 1.728 (0.099) | 1.558 (0.125) | 0.604 |
NonHDL-C | 0.544 (0.045) | 0.535 (0.092) | 0.488 (0.029) | 0.588 |
LDL-C | 0.250 (0.023) | 0.336 (0.036) | 0.257 (0.011) | 0.156 |
HDL-C | 1.106 (0.085) | 1.193 (0.098) | 1.080 (0.104) | 0.690 |
Triglycerides | 0.649 (0.041) | 0.380 (0.053) ** | 0.535 (0.082) | 0.010 |
Nonesterified fatty acids | 0.279 (0.039) | 0.295 (0.025) | 0.288 (0.039) | 0.941 |
Adiponectine (μg/mL) | 5.694 (0.371) | 5.188 (0.618) | 4.701 (0.573) | 0.474 |
Total antioxidant capacity (Trolox equivalent, mmol/L) | 102.323 (1.743) | 97.228 (2.168) | 102.272 (2.344) | 0.152 |
Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 18.838 (1.280) | 19.875 (1.612) | 17.983 (1.061) | 0.718 |
Liver triglycerides content (mmol/L) | 2.806 (0.384) | 1.379 (0.108) **,† | 2.386 (0.432) | 0.010 |
Urine (relative units) | ||||
Trigonelline | 0.0002 (0.000) | 0.038 (0.015) | 0.025 (0.019) | 0.597 ¥ |
Ethanol | 1.355 (0.829) | 1.378 (0.257) | 1.404 (0.262) | 0.991 |
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Shokouh, P.; Jeppesen, P.B.; Hermansen, K.; Laustsen, C.; Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H.; Hamilton-Dutoit, S.J.; Søndergaard Schmedes, M.; Qi, H.; Stokholm Nørlinger, T.; Gregersen, S. Effects of Unfiltered Coffee and Bioactive Coffee Compounds on the Development of Metabolic Syndrome Components in a High-Fat-/High-Fructose-Fed Rat Model. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101547
Shokouh P, Jeppesen PB, Hermansen K, Laustsen C, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Søndergaard Schmedes M, Qi H, Stokholm Nørlinger T, Gregersen S. Effects of Unfiltered Coffee and Bioactive Coffee Compounds on the Development of Metabolic Syndrome Components in a High-Fat-/High-Fructose-Fed Rat Model. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101547
Chicago/Turabian StyleShokouh, Pedram, Per Bendix Jeppesen, Kjeld Hermansen, Christoffer Laustsen, Hans Stødkilde-Jørgensen, Stephen Jacques Hamilton-Dutoit, Mette Søndergaard Schmedes, Haiyun Qi, Thomas Stokholm Nørlinger, and Søren Gregersen. 2018. "Effects of Unfiltered Coffee and Bioactive Coffee Compounds on the Development of Metabolic Syndrome Components in a High-Fat-/High-Fructose-Fed Rat Model" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101547