Interference Mitigation Method for Millimeter-Wave Frequency-Modulation Continuous-Wave Radar Based on Outlier Detection and Variational Modal Decomposition

: Aiming at the problem of mutual interference between millimeter-wave frequency-modulation continuous-wave (FMCW) radars, an interference mitigation method based on out-lier detection and variational mode decomposition (VMD) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, by differential processing of the raw millimeter-wave FMCW radar data, combined with threshold detection, the interfered sample area is located. Adaptive amplitude limiting is applied to the interfered samples to achieve initial suppression of the interference. Then, based on the VMD algorithm, the processed data are adaptively decomposed to obtain multiple intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The Pearson correlation coefﬁcient between each IMF and the signal before decomposition is calculated, and the IMF with the maximum Pearson correlation coefﬁcient is extracted as the signal component to achieve the separation of the target signal from the interference and noise. The proposed method was validated based on simulation and experimental data. The results show that the proposed method achieves the best performance in terms of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), mean square error (MSE), and kurtosis in frequency (KF) compared with empirical mode decomposition (EMD), ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), and complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD). Further comparison was made with two typical methods, and the Range–Doppler (RD) map and SINR results showed that the proposed method exhibited certain performance advantages


Introduction
The development of millimeter-wave semiconductor technology in recent years has led to the increasing importance of millimeter-wave radar as a new type of sensor. Millimeterwave radar, with a wavelength between centimeter wave and light wave, offers all-weather capabilities, high accuracy, and good stability, making it superior to other types of sensors [1]. As a result, millimeter-wave radar has found wide application in fields such as autonomous driving [2], Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) [3], remote sensing [4], physiological feature monitoring [5], and structural health monitoring [6], etc. However, the growing number of millimeter-wave radars has led to a higher probability of mutual interference, which can seriously degrade detection performance and negatively impact the normal operating of millimeter-wave radars [7,8]. Therefore, mutual interference between millimeter-wave radars has become an issue of increasing concern.
Some research results have been achieved in the direction of interference mitigation for millimeter-wave FMCW radar. Frequency diversity among different radars can effectively avoid mutual interference, and the probability of mutual interference can be reduced by suitable frequency band division. However, this will occupy a large amount of spectrum In this paper, we propose an interference mitigation method based on outlier detection and VMD. Interfered samples of the millimeter-wave FMCW radar signal are first detected, and the amplitude is adaptively limited. Then, an adaptive filter bank is constructed based on the VMD algorithm, which adaptively decomposes the processed signal. Next, the IMF with the maximum Pearson correlation coefficient is extracted as the target echo component to achieve separation of the target echo from the interference and noise. The method was validated by simulations and real millimeter-wave data. The results show that the proposed method achieves the best performance in a number of metrics compared with several major methods, verifying that the proposed method has better interference mitigation performance.

Working Principle
The basic working process of millimeter-wave FMCW radar can be briefly described as follows: the modulation signal controls the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to generate the RF signal, which is radiated out through the transmitting antenna on one side and fed into the local mixer on the other. The echo signal received by the receiving antenna is passed through a low-noise amplifier (LNA) and then mixed with the local signal in the mixer. After passing through a low-pass filter (LPF), it is sampled by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and the required target information is extracted by a signal processing algorithm. The main working process of the millimeter-wave radar is shown in Figure 1.
In this paper, we propose an interference mitigation method based on outlier detection and VMD. Interfered samples of the millimeter-wave FMCW radar signal are first detected, and the amplitude is adaptively limited. Then, an adaptive filter bank is constructed based on the VMD algorithm, which adaptively decomposes the processed signal. Next, the IMF with the maximum Pearson correlation coefficient is extracted as the target echo component to achieve separation of the target echo from the interference and noise. The method was validated by simulations and real millimeter-wave data. The results show that the proposed method achieves the best performance in a number of metrics compared with several major methods, verifying that the proposed method has better interference mitigation performance.

Working Principle
The basic working process of millimeter-wave FMCW radar can be briefly described as follows: the modulation signal controls the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to generate the RF signal, which is radiated out through the transmitting antenna on one side and fed into the local mixer on the other. The echo signal received by the receiving antenna is passed through a low-noise amplifier (LNA) and then mixed with the local signal in the mixer. After passing through a low-pass filter (LPF), it is sampled by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and the required target information is extracted by a signal processing algorithm. The main working process of the millimeter-wave radar is shown in Figure 1. The transmitted signal ( ) t x t of the millimeter-wave radar can be expressed as where t A is the amplitude of the transmitted signal, 0 f is the initial frequency, m T is the modulation period,  is the FM slope, and n is the number of periods. The target echo signal ( ) r x t can be expressed as where  is the path time delay corresponding to the target distance, and r A is the target echo signal amplitude. After the dechirp processing, the beat frequency signal in a single modulation period can be expressed as  can be regarded as a constant in a single period. After fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing of the beat frequency signal in a single period, the main characteristics of a single target signal appear as a tone signal [33]. The transmitted signal x t (t) of the millimeter-wave radar can be expressed as where A t is the amplitude of the transmitted signal, f 0 is the initial frequency, T m is the modulation period, β is the FM slope, and n is the number of periods. The target echo signal x r (t) can be expressed as where τ is the path time delay corresponding to the target distance, and A r is the target echo signal amplitude. After the dechirp processing, the beat frequency signal x ∆ f (t) in a single modulation period can be expressed as τ can be regarded as a constant in a single period. After fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing of the beat frequency signal in a single period, the main characteristics of a single target signal appear as a tone signal [33].

Mutual Interference
A typical interference signal x i (t) can be expressed as where f i is the initial frequency of the interference signal, and T i is the period of the interference signal. After the dechirp processing, the beat frequency signal x ∆ f i (t) can be expressed as As shown in Figure 2, after low-pass filtering, the beat frequency ∆ f i of the interference signal that can enter the signal processing system should be where f LPF is the cutoff frequency of the LPF. The target echo signal x ∆ f (t) is represented as a straight line in the time-frequency domain, while the interference signal x ∆ f i (t) is represented as a broadband frequency modulation signal.
As shown in Figure 2, after low-pass filtering, the beat frequency i f  of the interference signal that can enter the signal processing system should be Mutual interference between millimeter-wave radars.
As shown in Figure 3, when the interferer radar signal enters the signal processing bandwidth of the victim radar, the beat frequency signal can be regarded as a segment of the broadband signal [34,35]. According to the radar equation, the target echo signal power t P and the interference signal power i P can be obtained from Equations (7) and (8) as follows: where T P is the transmission power of the victim radar, T G is the antenna gain of the victim radar, eT A is the effective aperture of the victim radar antenna,  is the target Figure 2. Mutual interference between millimeter-wave radars.
As shown in Figure 3, when the interferer radar signal enters the signal processing bandwidth of the victim radar, the beat frequency signal x ∆ f i (t) can be regarded as a segment of the broadband signal [34,35]. According to the radar equation, the target echo signal power P t and the interference signal power P i can be obtained from Equations (7) and (8) as follows: where P T is the transmission power of the victim radar, G T is the antenna gain of the victim radar, A eT is the effective aperture of the victim radar antenna, σ is the target reflection coefficient, and R is the distance from the target. Meanwhile, P Ti is the transmission power of the interferer radar, G Ti is the antenna gain of the interferer radar, A ei is the effective aperture of the interferer radar antenna, and R i is the distance from the victim radar.
As can be seen from the above equation, this form of interference has one-way propagation in the line-of-sight propagation, whereas the target echo has a two-way travel range [15]. Therefore, the power of the interference is generally much higher than the target signal, and its entry will significantly increase the noise floor and reduce the detection capability of the millimeter-wave radar for weak targets. As can be seen from the above equation, this form of interference has one-way propagation in the line-of-sight propagation, whereas the target echo has a two-way travel range [15]. Therefore, the power of the interference is generally much higher than the target signal, and its entry will significantly increase the noise floor and reduce the detection capability of the millimeter-wave radar for weak targets.

Variational Modal Decomposition
VMD is an adaptive signal decomposition method that can decompose a multicomponent signal into multiple IMFs. VMD turns the signal decomposition problem into a constrained optimization problem, and the optimal solution is the decomposed singlecomponent IMF. VMD can be written as an optimization problem with constraints as follows: where K is the number of IMFs, k is an index of an IMF,   t  denotes the impulse function, k u is the decomposed single-component signal, k w is the center frequency of each single-component signal, 2  is a squared L2 norm, and ( ) f t is the original signal before decomposition. Equation (9) can be converted from a constrained optimization problem to an unconstrained optimization problem by introducing a quadratic penalty function and a Lagrange multiplier term as follows:

Variational Modal Decomposition
VMD is an adaptive signal decomposition method that can decompose a multicomponent signal into multiple IMFs. VMD turns the signal decomposition problem into a constrained optimization problem, and the optimal solution is the decomposed singlecomponent IMF. VMD can be written as an optimization problem with constraints as follows: where K is the number of IMFs, k is an index of an IMF, δ(t) denotes the impulse function, u k is the decomposed single-component signal, w k is the center frequency of each single-component signal, · 2 is a squared L2 norm, and f (t) is the original signal before decomposition. Equation (9) can be converted from a constrained optimization problem to an unconstrained optimization problem by introducing a quadratic penalty function and a Lagrange multiplier term as follows: where α is the equilibrium parameter of the decomposition completeness, and λ(t) is the Lagrange multiplier. The solution of Equation (10) is the saddle point of the augmented Lagrangian L and the formula is given as By using the alternating-direction multiplier algorithm (ADMM), the original problem is equivalently decomposed into the sub-problem of alternately finding u k and w k as follows:û Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 3654 6 of 20 whereû n+1 k ,λ n+1 (w), andf (w) are the Fourier transforms of u n+1 k , λ n+1 (t), and f (t). The convergence condition of the cyclic iteration takes the ratio of the difference between the IMF before and after the update of each IMF and the IMF before the update as a factor until the stopping condition of the iteration is satisfied.
where e is the convergence tolerance level. In order to present the entire calculation process more clearly, the pseudocode of VMD is shown in Algorithm 1.

Algorithm 1:
The Main Process of VMD A more detailed description of the variational mode decomposition algorithm can be found in the literature [28]. By VMD, the original signal can be decomposed into multiple IMFs, thus achieving the separation of different signals.

Outlier Detection and Amplitude Limiting
The division of VMD modes depends on the dominant components in the frequency domain. When interference energy is strong, the spurious frequency components introduced by the interference become dominant components, and a larger number of decomposition modes are needed to obtain the appropriate single-frequency target signal component, which increases computational effort significantly. Therefore, we decrease the number of modes by detecting and limiting the interfered samples in the time domain. The original data are first subjected to first-order differential interference detection, and the new differential sequence x d can be obtained from where x i is the original data, and x d i is the differential data. The detection threshold is the average of the previous segment of data, as given by Equation (17): where x i is the original data sample. If the first-order differential data are larger than the detection threshold x, the data sample is marked as an interfered sample. The samples marked as interfered segment data will be limited, and the amplitude is determined by Equation (18) where x m is the maximum interfered sample, andx is the sample after the limiting process.
The signal x r i after preliminary suppression of interference can be obtained from After the outlier detection and limiting process, the signal will be further processed by VMD.

Pearson Correlation Coefficient
According to the previous analysis, when interference occurs, only the signal samples in the part near the intersection of the time-frequency trajectory of the interference signal and target signal are actually affected, and they exhibit the impulse response of a small number of samples in the time domain. The remaining samples still maintain the main characteristics of the target signal. In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient of two signals can be used to measure their correlation, and the larger its value, the higher the correlation of the two signals. The Pearson correlation coefficient is given by Equation (20): where u 1 , u 2 and σ 1 , σ 2 are the mean and variance of X and Y. In this paper, we use the Pearson correlation coefficient as an indicator to locate the position of the signal in the reconstructed IMF after processing by VMD. The IMF with the largest Pearson correlation coefficient is selected as the signal component.

The Main Process of the Proposed Method
The main processing steps of the method proposed in this paper are as follows: 1.
First, calculate the mean value of the input raw data and perform first-order differential processing; 2.
Perform outlier detection on the differenced data and mark the interfered samples; 3.
Limit the original data with an outlier marker and obtain the signal after amplitude repair; 4.
Set initial parameters of VMD and obtain multiple IMFs after VMD processing; 5.
Calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient of each IMF with the signal after amplitude repair; 6.
Select the IMF with the maximum Pearson correlation coefficient as the reconstructed signal component.
The main flow of the proposed method is shown in Figure 4.

The Main Process of the Proposed Method
The main processing steps of the method proposed in this paper are as follows: 1. First, calculate the mean value of the input raw data and perform first-order differential processing; 2. Perform outlier detection on the differenced data and mark the interfered samples; 3. Limit the original data with an outlier marker and obtain the signal after amplitude repair; 4. Set initial parameters of VMD and obtain multiple IMFs after VMD processing; 5. Calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient of each IMF with the signal after amplitude repair; 6. Select the IMF with the maximum Pearson correlation coefficient as the reconstructed signal component.
The main flow of the proposed method is shown in Figure 4.

Simulation Experiment Results
In this section, we evaluate the performance of the interference mitigation method proposed in this paper through numerical simulation experiments. The simulation environment was an AMD-5800X CPU with 16 Gb DDR4 RAM and MATLAB2022b. The main

Simulation Experiment Results
In this section, we evaluate the performance of the interference mitigation method proposed in this paper through numerical simulation experiments. The simulation environment was an AMD-5800X CPU with 16 Gb DDR4 RAM and MATLAB2022b. The main simulation parameters are shown in Table 1. The carrier frequency of both the victim radar and the interference radar was 77 GHz, and the chirp duration was 50 us. The bandwidth of the victim radar was 400 MHz, and the bandwidth of the interference radar was 500 MHz. The ADC sampling rate was 20 MHz, and the length of data processing was 1000 sample points. The target distance in the simulation was set to 9 m, and the simulation results are shown in Figure 5. Consistent with the previous analysis, when there is no interference, the target echo signal is relatively regular and there are no obvious abnormal peaks. When interference occurs, the interfered signal exhibits abnormal pulses in the time domain that are significantly higher than the signal energy level, which has adverse effects on the normal target detection process. The target distance in the simulation was set to 9 m, and the simulation results are shown in Figure 5. Consistent with the previous analysis, when there is no interference, the target echo signal is relatively regular and there are no obvious abnormal peaks. When interference occurs, the interfered signal exhibits abnormal pulses in the time domain that are significantly higher than the signal energy level, which has adverse effects on the normal target detection process. The target echo signal that was interfered was further detected by time-domain differential interference and processed by outlier limitation. The time-domain waveform of the interfered signal with amplitude repaired is shown in Figure 6. The initial number of decomposed modes was set to seven, the penalty factor was set to 1000, and VMD was used to perform adaptive decomposition of the modified signal. As shown in Figure 7, after VMD processing, the original signal was adaptively separated into different components, resulting in a series of frequency-band-separated IMFs, which could be extracted for further analysis as required. The target echo signal that was interfered was further detected by time-domain differential interference and processed by outlier limitation. The time-domain waveform of the interfered signal with amplitude repaired is shown in Figure 6. The initial number of decomposed modes was set to seven, the penalty factor was set to 1000, and VMD was used to perform adaptive decomposition of the modified signal. As shown in Figure 7, after VMD processing, the original signal was adaptively separated into different components, resulting in a series of frequency-band-separated IMFs, which could be extracted for further analysis as required. After obtaining the decomposition results, we further calculated the Pearson correlation coefficients of each IMF with the unaffected signal, and the results are shown in Table  2. The Pearson correlation coefficient of IMF7 is 0.9863, which is the maximum among all IMFs. Therefore, we selected IMF7 as the signal component. As shown in Figure 8, the waveform of IMF7 is quite smooth, and the energy is very concentrated, with the main feature of a single-tone signal in the frequency domain. After processing by the method proposed in this paper, not only was the separation of interference and signal achieved but also a good noise reduction effect. However, it should be noted that the limiting of the interfered samples will result in the loss of useful signal in the interfered region, and therefore it may cause a certain degree of performance loss when the number of interfered samples is large. After obtaining the decomposition results, we further calculated the Pearson correlation coefficients of each IMF with the unaffected signal, and the results are shown in Table 2. The Pearson correlation coefficient of IMF7 is 0.9863, which is the maximum among all IMFs. Therefore, we selected IMF7 as the signal component. As shown in Figure 8, the waveform of IMF7 is quite smooth, and the energy is very concentrated, with the main feature of a single-tone signal in the frequency domain. After processing by the method proposed in this paper, not only was the separation of interference and signal achieved but also a good noise reduction effect. However, it should be noted that the limiting of the interfered samples will result in the loss of useful signal in the interfered region, and therefore it may cause a certain degree of performance loss when the number of interfered samples is large.

Comparison with Other Methods
In order to verify the performance of the proposed method, three typical algorithms, EMD [36], EEMD [37], and CEEMD [38], were selected for comparison. The processing results of the three algorithms are shown in Figure 9. From Figure 9a, it can be seen that EMD has the limitation of modal mixing when facing intermittent components, which leads to the incomplete separation of interference and signal; as shown in Figure 9b, EEMD improves this problem by superimposing white noise, and achieves some mitigation effect, but it is still not ideal; and from Figure 9c, we can see that CEEMD can achieve a smoother waveform, but the individual samples still show large distortions in the amplitude.

IMF1
IMF2 As shown in Figure 8, the waveform of IMF7 is quite smooth, and the energy is very concentrated, with the main feature of a single-tone signal in the frequency domain. After processing by the method proposed in this paper, not only was the separation of interference and signal achieved but also a good noise reduction effect. However, it should be noted that the limiting of the interfered samples will result in the loss of useful signal in the interfered region, and therefore it may cause a certain degree of performance loss when the number of interfered samples is large.

Comparison with Other Methods
In order to verify the performance of the proposed method, three typical algorithms, EMD [36], EEMD [37], and CEEMD [38], were selected for comparison. The processing results of the three algorithms are shown in Figure 9. From Figure 9a, it can be seen that EMD has the limitation of modal mixing when facing intermittent components, which leads to the incomplete separation of interference and signal; as shown in Figure 9b, EEMD improves this problem by superimposing white noise, and achieves some mitigation effect, but it is still not ideal; and from Figure 9c, we can see that CEEMD can achieve a smoother waveform, but the individual samples still show large distortions in the amplitude. To further compare the computational efficiency of the different decomposition methods, we calculated the runtime for the four methods, and the results are shown in Table 3.  Table 3, EMD has the best computational efficiency, while EEMD requires the longest computation time. EEMD adds white noise to the signal multiple times to alleviate the problem of mode aliasing, so it has the maximum computational complexity. CEEMD greatly reduces the number of white noise additions by adding complementary noise pairs, so CEEMD requires much less computation time than EEMD, but is still significantly longer than VMD.
The Pearson correlation coefficients between the IMFs and the target signal were further calculated to determine the location of the signal components obtained by different decomposition methods. The calculation results are shown in Table 4.  To further compare the computational efficiency of the different decomposition methods, we calculated the runtime for the four methods, and the results are shown in Table 3. As shown in Table 3, EMD has the best computational efficiency, while EEMD requires the longest computation time. EEMD adds white noise to the signal multiple times to alleviate the problem of mode aliasing, so it has the maximum computational complexity. CEEMD greatly reduces the number of white noise additions by adding complementary noise pairs, so CEEMD requires much less computation time than EEMD, but is still significantly longer than VMD.
The Pearson correlation coefficients between the IMFs and the target signal were further calculated to determine the location of the signal components obtained by different decomposition methods. The calculation results are shown in Table 4. As shown in Table 4, IMF2, IMF4, and IMF4 are the target signal components obtained by EMD, EEMD, and CEEMD, respectively. The corresponding IMFs were extracted separately and compared with the undisturbed signals. The comparison results are shown in Figure 10. Table 4, IMF2, IMF4, and IMF4 are the target signal components obtained by EMD, EEMD, and CEEMD, respectively. The corresponding IMFs were extracted separately and compared with the undisturbed signals. The comparison results are shown in Figure 10. As shown in Figure 10, the decomposition results of EMD show significant modal aliasing, and the signal reconstruction effect is poor. The target signals obtained through EEMD and CEEMD decomposition have basically eliminated modal aliasing and successfully extracted the main features of the target signal. The decomposition result of VMD achieved the best visual effect, which is highly similar to the real target signal.

As shown in
To further quantify the performance of the four algorithms, three metrics, SINR, MSE, and KF, were selected for performance comparison. SINR refers to the ratio of the signal to the sum of interference and noise in the system and can be calculated from Equation (21): where i x is the mixed signal containing interference and noise, and re i x is the reconstructed target signal.
MSE is the deviation between the reconstructed value and the true value and can be obtained from Equation (22): KF can be used to measure the concentration of frequency components in a signal, and it can be calculated from Equation (23). The larger the value of KF, the more concentrated the frequency components are. As shown in Figure 10, the decomposition results of EMD show significant modal aliasing, and the signal reconstruction effect is poor. The target signals obtained through EEMD and CEEMD decomposition have basically eliminated modal aliasing and successfully extracted the main features of the target signal. The decomposition result of VMD achieved the best visual effect, which is highly similar to the real target signal.
To further quantify the performance of the four algorithms, three metrics, SINR, MSE, and KF, were selected for performance comparison. SINR refers to the ratio of the signal to the sum of interference and noise in the system and can be calculated from Equation (21): where x i is the mixed signal containing interference and noise, and x re i is the reconstructed target signal.
MSE is the deviation between the reconstructed value and the true value and can be obtained from Equation (22): KF can be used to measure the concentration of frequency components in a signal, and it can be calculated from Equation (23). The larger the value of KF, the more concentrated the frequency components are.
where f re i is the amplitude of each component of the reconstructed target signal in the frequency domain, f re is the average amplitude, and σ is the standard deviation.
A further 300 Monte Carlo experiments were carried out to calculate the three metrics for the target signal components obtained from the different decomposition methods, and the results obtained are shown in Table 5. As shown in Table 5, the target signal obtained after EMD processing had the worst performance in all three metrics. EMD is sensitive to intermittent signals and is prone to modal aliasing during the decomposition process, thus making it difficult to obtain correct signal decomposition results. VMD achieved the highest SINR value of 15.6063 dB, the highest KF value of 258.3158, and the lowest MSE value of 0.0028, indicating that VMD had the best interference mitigation performance. The decomposition results for EEMD and CEEMD were close, and both were significantly better than EMD, significantly improving the modal mixing in EMD. The above experimental results demonstrate the better interference suppression performance of the proposed method in this paper.
We further added two typical methods for comparison, the Brooker [39] and Xu [18] methods, and drew RD maps after processing with the different methods. The experimental results are shown in Figure 11.
As shown in Figure 11, when interference occurs, if no interference suppression measures are taken, the target will be covered by the false components generated by the interference, which may cause serious accidents. After adopting different interference mitigation methods, the overall noise level significantly reduced. The zeroing-based [39] method results in a lower target peak due to the loss of signal energy. The EMD method has a higher noise level than other methods due to the problem of modal aliasing. The VMD and optimization-based [18] methods provide the best visual interference suppression effect, with clear and visible targets.

Actual Measurement Experiment and Analysis
To further verify the effectiveness of the interference mitigation method proposed in this paper, an experimental validation was carried out, and the experimental scenario is shown in Figure 12. The IWR1443 mm wave radar from TI was used as the victim radar, and the self-developed radar prototype was used as the interference radar. The target was a metal plate, which was 10 m away from the victim radar. Millimeter-wave radar parameters were set as shown in Table 6.
where re i f is the amplitude of each component of the reconstructed target signal in the frequency domain, re f is the average amplitude, and  is the standard deviation.
A further 300 Monte Carlo experiments were carried out to calculate the three metrics for the target signal components obtained from the different decomposition methods, and the results obtained are shown in Table 5. As shown in Table 5, the target signal obtained after EMD processing had the worst performance in all three metrics. EMD is sensitive to intermittent signals and is prone to modal aliasing during the decomposition process, thus making it difficult to obtain correct signal decomposition results. VMD achieved the highest SINR value of 15.6063 dB, the highest KF value of 258.3158, and the lowest MSE value of 0.0028, indicating that VMD had the best interference mitigation performance. The decomposition results for EEMD and CEEMD were close, and both were significantly better than EMD, significantly improving the modal mixing in EMD. The above experimental results demonstrate the better interference suppression performance of the proposed method in this paper.
We further added two typical methods for comparison, the Brooker [39] and Xu [18] methods, and drew RD maps after processing with the different methods. The experimental results are shown in Figure 11.  [39]; (h) Xu [18].
As shown in Figure 11, when interference occurs, if no interference suppression measures are taken, the target will be covered by the false components generated by the interference, which may cause serious accidents. After adopting different interference mitigation methods, the overall noise level significantly reduced. The zeroing-based [39] method results in a lower target peak due to the loss of signal energy. The EMD method has a higher noise level than other methods due to the problem of modal aliasing. The VMD and optimization-based [18] methods provide the best visual interference suppression effect, with clear and visible targets.   As shown in Figure 13, the processing results of the measured data are consistent with those of the simulation data. The millimeter-wave radar echo target signals behave as smooth single-frequency signals, while interfered samples behave as anomalously high-amplitude pulses. Using the method proposed in this paper for processing, the target signal components obtained after decomposition by the different methods were extracted. The processing results of the different decomposition methods compared with the signal after outlier limiting processing are shown in Figure 14. As shown in Figure 13, the processing results of the measured data are consistent with those of the simulation data. The millimeter-wave radar echo target signals behave as smooth single-frequency signals, while interfered samples behave as anomalously highamplitude pulses. Using the method proposed in this paper for processing, the target signal components obtained after decomposition by the different methods were extracted. The processing results of the different decomposition methods compared with the signal after outlier limiting processing are shown in Figure 14. As shown in Figure 13, the processing results of the measured data are consistent with those of the simulation data. The millimeter-wave radar echo target signals behave as smooth single-frequency signals, while interfered samples behave as anomalously high-amplitude pulses. Using the method proposed in this paper for processing, the target signal components obtained after decomposition by the different methods were extracted. The processing results of the different decomposition methods compared with the signal after outlier limiting processing are shown in Figure 14. As shown in Figure 14a, EMD still shows modal aliasing in the measured signal, so the decomposition result is not satisfactory. As shown in Figure 14b,c, EEMD and CEEMD effectively suppress modal aliasing, but both show a certain degree of amplitude distortion on several samples. As shown in Figure 14d, the target signal obtained by VMD did not exhibit significant modal aliasing and amplitude distortion, achieving the best decom- As shown in Figure 14a, EMD still shows modal aliasing in the measured signal, so the decomposition result is not satisfactory. As shown in Figure 14b,c, EEMD and CEEMD effectively suppress modal aliasing, but both show a certain degree of amplitude distortion on several samples. As shown in Figure 14d, the target signal obtained by VMD did not exhibit significant modal aliasing and amplitude distortion, achieving the best decomposition results. We further calculated the mean values of the three indicators for the 200 sets of measured data processed by the different methods. The results of the calculations are shown in Table 7. As shown in Table 7, VMD still achieved the best performance in all three indicators on the measured millimeter-wave radar echo data, with an SINR of 6.5907 dB, MSE of only 0.0151, and KF of 275.2658, indicating the robustness of VMD to real data. EEMD and CEEMD also achieved good performance but still showed some amplitude distortion on several samples, resulting in worse performance in three indicators compared with VMD. EMD still had the worst performance, further validating its limitations in analyzing mixed signals with intermittent components. The above experimental results show that the proposed method can still achieve good interference suppression performance in the real measured data.
As shown in Figure 15, interference seriously affects the normal target detection results, and weak targets may not be detected under the influence of interference. Therefore, selecting appropriate interference suppression methods is crucial for ensuring the normal functioning of the automotive radar system. The EMD method still resulted in a high noise level. The EEMD and CEEMD methods effectively reduced the noise level, and the target was relatively clear. The zeroing-based [39] method resulted in high sidelobe and low target peaks. The VMD and optimization-based [18] methods still had the best interference suppression performance, further indicating that they have great application potential in real scenarios.

Computational Complexity
The zeroing-based method only replaces the part detected as interference with zero, thus has the lowest computational complexity, but it can bring significantly high sidelobe issues. The computational complexity of the adaptive decomposition process based on EMD is also at a low level, but it is prone to the problem of modal aliasing. The methods based on EEMD and CEEMD assist in the signal decomposition process by adding noise, reducing the problem of modal aliasing but significantly increasing computational complexity. The methods based on VMD and optimization both involve iterative optimization processes, and excessively high penalty coefficients may not only bring better interference suppression performance but also increase computational complexity. Therefore, appropriate parameter selection will achieve the most satisfactory results.

Performance under Different Noise Levels
To verify the applicability of the proposed method to different environments, we tested the interference mitigation performance of the different methods by artificially increasing different levels of noise. The results obtained are shown in Table 8.

Computational Complexity
The zeroing-based method only replaces the part detected as interference with zero, thus has the lowest computational complexity, but it can bring significantly high sidelobe issues. The computational complexity of the adaptive decomposition process based on EMD is also at a low level, but it is prone to the problem of modal aliasing. The methods based on EEMD and CEEMD assist in the signal decomposition process by adding noise, reducing the problem of modal aliasing but significantly increasing computational complexity. The methods based on VMD and optimization both involve iterative optimization processes, and excessively high penalty coefficients may not only bring better interference suppression performance but also increase computational complexity. Therefore, appropriate parameter selection will achieve the most satisfactory results.

Performance under Different Noise Levels
To verify the applicability of the proposed method to different environments, we tested the interference mitigation performance of the different methods by artificially increasing different levels of noise. The results obtained are shown in Table 8. Under different noise levels, the SINRs of the EMD and zeroing-based methods are low due to their inherent drawbacks. The SINRs of the methods based on EEMD and CEEMD improved to some extent, but they are still lower than the methods based on VMD and optimization. Due to the adaptive narrowband filtering characteristics, VMD-based methods consistently had good performance, especially under strong noise conditions. Satisfactory results were also obtained with the optimization method, with the SINR slightly higher than for the VMD method at low noise levels.

Conclusions
In this paper, we propose an interference mitigation method for mutual interference between millimeter-wave FMCW radars based on outlier detection and VMD. Based on the narrowband characteristics of the target signal, we first performed interference detection and limiting, and then performed adaptive decomposition of the signal by VMD. The IMF with the maximum Pearson correlation coefficient was selected as the reconstructed signal, and the separation of the target signal from the interference was successfully achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed method in interference mitigation was verified by simulation and experiment. The proposed method was compared with EMD, EEMD, and CEEMD and achieved the best results in terms of SINR, MSE, and KF, indicating that the proposed method has better interference mitigation performance. A further comparison was made with methods based on zeroing and optimization. From the RD mapping and SINR results, it can be seen that the VMD-and optimization-based methods achieved relatively better performance. Especially under strong noise conditions, the method proposed in this paper has a certain improvement in interference mitigation performance.
It should be noted that the initial decomposition mode number and penalty factor of VMD require artificial settings, and fixed values may be difficult to ensure the best results in different scenarios. Future research will investigate data-based adaptive setting methods. Furthermore, only the signal components with the maximum Pearson correlation coefficients are extracted, and the interference signal components can also be extracted for interference detection and identification, which will provide a reliable basis for reasonable and effective interference avoidance.