Cognitive Sparse Imaging Method for MIMO Radar under Wideband Interference

: Target three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution imaging via multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar may suffer from a heavy sampling burden and complicated radio frequency interfer-ences. Considering a collocated two-dimensional wideband MIMO radar under dynamic wideband interference (WBI), this paper proposes a cognitive method to achieve a 3D high-resolution target image with a reduced sampling cost. Firstly, based on the known knowledge of the target and WBI, provided by previous measurements, optimal sparse sampling in the 3D signal domain is conducted to reduce the number of sub-pulses and transceiving antennas by solving an optimization problem. Then, the detection and removal of the interfered signal components are conducted to provide the WBI information for following measurements and the interference-free signal cube for the target imaging process. Finally, by using the tensor-based smoothed L0 algorithm, the 3D high-resolution image of the target is obtained, providing the target information for the next measurement. Based on these three steps, a cognitive sparse imaging loop is formed for MIMO radar under WBI situations. The simulation and experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed methods. f 1 = 200 Hz, β 2 = 7.5 × 10 3 , ϕ 2 = π /2, f 2 = 350 Hz, β 3 = 10 × 10 3 , ϕ 3 = π , and f 3 = 500 Hz. It can be seen from Figure 2 that the WBI will pollute some frequency bands of the radar signal, thus affecting the process of some sub-pulses. In the following, the inﬂuences of WBI on target imaging will be analyzed in detail.


Introduction
High-resolution radar images of stationary or moving targets have been widely used in both civil and military applications for target classification and recognition purposes. Rather than a two-dimensional (2D) image, a three-dimensional (3D) image is more desired to achieve more detailed target information. Owing to its flexibility and efficiency, the collocated wideband 2D MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) radar has been well developed for target 3D high-resolution imaging in the last decade [1,2]. However, to achieve high imaging resolution, the MIMO radar system may have heavy sampling costs. For example, high angular resolution comes at the price of a large number of transceiving antennas and high range resolution comes at the cost of wide signal bandwidth. Besides, a wide signal bandwidth means there is a high probability for the radar system to be seriously affected by the radio frequency environment, especially by wideband interference (WBI) due to its wide frequency band occupation, strong emitting power, and time-varying properties [3,4].
To reduce the sampling cost of MIMO radar, sparse sampling (SS) methods have been proposed, aiming to achieve a similar or the same performance with reduced sub-pulses (frequencies) and antennas. For example, a spatial compressed sensing (CS)-based method for MIMO radar target localization with limited randomly located antennas was proposed in [5], a matrix completion (MC)-based method for MIMO radar target imaging with a sparse planar array was presented in [6], a tensor CS-based method for wideband 2D MIMO radar target imaging with random frequencies and antenna positions was proposed in [7], and a sub-Nyquist MIMO radar system with randomly reduced antennas and temporal samples was developed in [8]. Besides, different from the random SS (RSS) approach used in the above studies, the cognitive SS (CSS) approach, i.e., selecting antennas or sub-pulses (frequencies) based on the known information of the target or environment, has been shown to enjoy a higher performance. For example, a cognitive sparse antenna selection method has been proposed for MIMO radar target imaging in [9] and the sub-Nyquist MIMO radar system presented in [8] has been extended to a cognitive one in [10] by adapting the transmitted spectrum to the sub-bands that the receiver samples and processes. Beyond the sampling cost, for multi-task MIMO radar, SS can also help to save more radar resources for other tasks, e.g., monitoring and tracking, rather than imaging.
On the other hand, although the interfering principles are the same, the WBI problem has not been well studied for MIMO radar target imaging but has been widely discussed for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) target imaging. For example, an efficient narrowband and wideband radio frequency interference suppression algorithm via an alternating projection scheme for real SAR data has been presented in [11], an iterative adaptive approach and orthogonal subspace projection-based WBI mitigation method has been utilized in [12], a complex tensor robust principal component analysis method based on a 3D range-azimuth-space tensor model has been proposed in [13], a complex reweighted tensor factorization algorithm based on a smoothing multiview tensor model in the rangeazimuth-space domain has been used in [14], and a WBI mitigation algorithm based on variational Bayesian inference has been proposed in [15]. Although these methods may well reduce the influences of WBI and obtain the actual target echoed signal for the following process, the WBI cannot be avoided in the data sampling step. In other words, these methods mainly attempt to process the fully sampled and interfered radar signal via some advanced signal processing algorithms. On the contrary, by adjusting the radar system parameters to avoid sampling the interference signal from the beginning, some cognitive methods have emerged in recent years, e.g., the methods proposed in [16][17][18][19], showing a promising prospect for radar target imaging under WBI situations.
In this paper, in the framework of CSS, we consider simultaneously reducing the system sampling burden and the influence of WBI for wideband 2D MIMO radar target 3D high-resolution imaging. In general, given a collocated 2D MIMO imaging radar using the frequency-stepped narrow-band orthogonal signal, the main contributions of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) Given the information of the target and WBI, obtained from previous measurements (in this study, a measurement means a data sampling process of all selected sub-pulses and antennas), the sub-pulses and transceiving antennas are optimally sparse-selected by solving a discrete optimization problem via the greedy algorithm [20,21], based on the idea to minimize a tight surrogate of the estimation mean-squared -error (MSE) of the target parameters [22,23].
(2) Considering the time-varying property of WBI, a simple method is proposed to detect and remove the interfered signal components in the sparse-sampled signal cube based on the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) technique [24], providing the WBI information for the following measurements.
(3) With the 3D signal cube obtained from the previous two steps and considering the sparsity of the target, the tensor-based smoothed L0 (TSL0) algorithm [25,26] is adopted to obtain the 3D high-resolution image of the target, hence providing target information for the next measurement.
Based on these three steps, a cognitive sparse imaging loop can be formed for MIMO radar, helping to achieve the 3D high-resolution target image in the presence of WBI with a reduced system sampling cost. Different from existing cognitive radar imaging methods [9,10], the proposed method can save more radar resources as 3D sparse sampling is conducted and can work well under WBI situations as the WBI information is exploited in the cognitive processing loop. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces some basics of this study. In Section 3, the cognitive sparse imaging method and three main modules of the cognitive Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 5294 3 of 36 loop are presented in detail. Sections 4 and 5 give some simulation and experiment results to show the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed methods. Section 6 concludes this paper.

Theoretical Basics
In this Section, we provide some theoretical basics for the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method, including signal model, WBI influences, and sparse sampling.

Signal Model
As shown in Figure 1, this paper considers a collocated 2D MIMO radar system formed by two orthogonal uniform linear arrays with M transmitting antennas (the m-th one is denoted as T m and the antenna spacing is d t ) and N receiving antennas (the n-th one is denoted as R n and the antenna spacing is d r ), respectively. Let e t and e r denote the unitary direction vectors of the transmitting and receiving array, respectively. The target is seen as a set of P scattering centers with the p-th one denoted as L p , whose scattering coefficient is ξ p . The reference point for target imaging is denoted as O, whose coordinate is (x o , y o , z o ) at the initial time. The unitary direction vector from O to L p is denoted as p = (x p , y p , z p ) with x p, y p , and z p as the 3D positions of the p-th scattering center relative to the reference point. The target is assumed to move with a constant velocity (v x , v y , v z ) and the target scattering is assumed to be unchanged with time.
conducted and can work well under WBI situations as the WBI information is exploited in the cognitive processing loop. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces some basics of this study. In Section 3, the cognitive sparse imaging method and three main modules of the cognitive loop are presented in detail. Sections 4 and 5 give some simulation and experiment re sults to show the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed methods. Section 6 con cludes this paper.

Theoretical Basics
In this Section, we provide some theoretical basics for the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method, including signal model, WBI influences, and sparse sampling.

Signal Model
As shown in Figure 1, this paper considers a collocated 2D MIMO radar system formed by two orthogonal uniform linear arrays with M transmitting antennas (the m-th one is denoted as Tm and the antenna spacing is dt) and N receiving antennas (the n-th one is denoted as Rn and the antenna spacing is dr), respectively. Let et and er denote the uni tary direction vectors of the transmitting and receiving array, respectively. The target is seen as a set of P scattering centers with the p-th one denoted as Lp, whose scattering co efficient is p ξ . The reference point for target imaging is denoted as O, whose coordinate is (xo, yo, zo) at the initial time. The unitary direction vector from O to Lp is denoted as p = (xp, yp, zp) with xp, yp, and zp as the 3D positions of the p-th scattering center relative to the reference point. The target is assumed to move with a constant velocity (vx, vy, vz) and the target scattering is assumed to be unchanged with time. To get high range resolution and fulfill the requirement of cognitive suppression o WBI, the frequency-stepped narrow-band orthogonal signal is adopted by each trans mitting antenna, which can also help to avoid the use of high-speed analog to digita converters. For the q-th frequency (sub-pulse) and the m-th transmitting antenna, the transmitted signal can be expressed as To get high range resolution and fulfill the requirement of cognitive suppression of WBI, the frequency-stepped narrow-band orthogonal signal is adopted by each transmitting antenna, which can also help to avoid the use of high-speed analog to digital converters. For the q-th frequency (sub-pulse) and the m-th transmitting antenna, the transmitted signal can be expressed as s m,q where t ∈ [0, T w ], T w is the signal duration, m = 1, 2, . . . , M, q = 1, 2, . . . , Q, Q is the number of sub-pulses, rect[·] is the rectangle function, t r ∈ [0, T r ], T r is the duration of each sub-pulse, f q = f 0 + (q − 1)∆ f is the q-th frequency, f 0 is the starting frequency, ∆ f is the frequency step, and ϕ m (t r ) is the modulation phase of the m-th transmitting antenna. After being backscattered from the target, the signal received by the n-th receiving antenna can be expressed as s n,q where n = 1, 2, . . . , N, τ q m,n,p = ( T m L p q + L p R n q )/c is the delay of the p-th scattering center at the q-th sub-pulse with the reference point at ( , c is the speed of light, T m L p q and L p R n q are the distances from the m-th transmitting antenna and the n-th receiving antenna to the p-th scattering center at the q-th sub-pulse, respectively. Then, corresponding to the m-th transmitting antenna and the n-th receiving antenna, the received signal in (2) can be down-converted by mixing with a reference signal [27], giving where τ q m,n,O = ( T m O q +|OR n q )/c is the delay of the reference point with respect to the m-th transmitting antenna and the n-th receiving antenna at the q-th sub-pulse (here, it is assumed that the target velocities v x , v y , and v z can be estimated with a high accuracy), ∆R q m 0 ,m,n,p = T m 0 L p q + L p R n q − T m O q − OR n q , and τ q m 0 ,n,p = ( T m 0 L p q +|L p R n q )/c . As the transmitted signal in each sub-pulse is narrow-band, the down-converted signal can go through a low-pass filter to suppress the out-band interference and then be digitally sampled by using a relatively low data sampling rate f s to get s m,n,q LS (k) with k = f s t r = 0, 1, . . . , K − 1 and K = f s T r . Then, matched filtering (MF) based method [28] can be used to reduce the influences of the signal components from other transmitting antennas, giving s m,n,q where k = 0, 1, . . . , K − 1, ρ m (k ) denotes the auto-correlation function of the modulation phase of the m-th transmitting signal, whose peak is set as one in the following derivation without loss of generality, and ∆R q m,n,p = T m L p q + L p R n q − T m O q − OR n q .
Since the bandwidth of each sub-pulse is small, all the scattering centers of the target will locate at the same range cell. Hence, by selecting the peak of (4), a 3D signal cube can be obtained, whose m-n-q-th element is given by In (5), ∆R q m,n,p can be approximated by ∆R q m,n,p α p λ c (m − 1) + β p λ c (n − 1) + χ p c/∆ f with [27]. Therefore, letting f c = f 0 + (Q − 1)∆ f /2 denote the center frequency and λ c = c/ f c , (5) can be rewritten as where ψ m,n,p, It can be observed that the first three exponential terms in (7) are decoupled and form the basis of the 3D Fourier transform (FT), while the last exponential term is space-frequency coupled and makes the process of the 3D signal cube difficult. Fortunately, according to [29], if ψ m,n,p,q ≤ π/2 , the influence of this exponential term on target imaging can be ignored. To make sure ψ m,n,p,q become always smaller than π/2, we can simply set its maximum to be smaller than π/2, i.e., Therefore, by setting the system parameters to make the condition in (10) always satisfied, we can get the 3D signal cube used for target imaging in this study, as given in (11).

WBI Influences
WBI is a generalized term for the interference that occupies a wide frequency band. Since the radio frequency environment becomes more and more crowded, the source of WBI may be complicated, such as the communication/broadcasting signal, the non-cooperative radar signal, the intentional jamming signal, and many others, leading to the complexity of WBI. According to [4,14], the WBI existing in the environment has two typical forms, i.e., chirp-modulated WBI (CM-WBI) and sinusoidal-modulated WBI (SM-WBI). In this study, to reflect its dynamic property, the WBI is modeled by simultaneously considering these two typical WBIs, expressed as s WBI (t) = s CM-WBI (t) + s SM-WBI (t) (12) Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 5294 where T CM denotes the period of the CM-WBI, f CM and f SM denote the carrier frequencies, µ denotes the chirp rate, β g , f g , and ϕ g denote the amplitude, frequency, and phase of the g-th (g = 1, 2, . . . , G) sinusoidal signal of the SM-WBI with G as the number of sinusoids, A CM (t) and A SM (t) denote the modulation amplitudes, modeled as bandpassed Gaussian noise signals with standard deviations of I CM and I SM that are determined by the interference-to-signal-ratios (ISRs).
To give an impression about the WBI, Figure 2 shows the time-frequency spectrum (TFS) diagrams of the transmitting signal and the WBI. For the transmitting signal, we set T w = 7.2 ms, T r = 0.1 ms, ∆f = 2 MHz, Q = 72, and the starting frequency is set as f 0 = −71 MHz to make the center frequency 0. For the WBI, we set the ISRs of CW-WBI and SM-WBI as 70 dB, f CM = −40 MHz (i.e., the carrier frequency of CM-WBI is 40 MHz lower than the center frequency of the transmitting signal), µ = 5 MHz/ms, T CM = 4 ms (i.e., the bandwidth of the CM-WBI is about 20 MHz), f SM = 20 MHz (i.e., the carrier frequency of SM-WBI is 20 MHz higher than the center frequency of the transmitting signal), G = 3, β 1 = 5 × 10 3 , ϕ 1 = 0, f 1 = 200 Hz, β 2 = 7.5 × 10 3 , ϕ 2 = π/2, f 2 = 350 Hz, β 3 = 10 × 10 3 , ϕ 3 = π, and f 3 = 500 Hz. It can be seen from Figure 2 that the WBI will pollute some frequency bands of the radar signal, thus affecting the process of some sub-pulses. In the following, the influences of WBI on target imaging will be analyzed in detail. To give an impression about the WBI, Figure 2 shows the time-frequency spectrum (TFS) diagrams of the transmitting signal and the WBI. For the transmitting signal, we set Tw = 7.2 ms, Tr = 0.1 ms, Δf = 2 MHz, Q = 72, and the starting frequency is set as f0 = −71 MHz to make the center frequency 0. For the WBI, we set the ISRs of CW-WBI and SM-WBI as 70 dB, fCM = −40 MHz (i.e., the carrier frequency of CM-WBI is 40 MHz lower than the center frequency of the transmitting signal), μ = 5 MHz/ms, TCM = 4 ms (i.e., the bandwidth of the CM-WBI is about 20 MHz), fSM = 20 MHz (i.e., the carrier frequency of SM-WBI is 20 MHz higher than the center frequency of the transmitting signal), G = 3, β1 = 5 × 10 3 , φ1 = 0, f1 = 200 Hz, β2 = 7.5 × 10 3 , φ2 = π/2, f2 = 350 Hz, β3 = 10 × 10 3 , φ3 = π, and f3 = 500 Hz. It can be seen from Figure 2 that the WBI will pollute some frequency bands of the radar signal, thus affecting the process of some sub-pulses. In the following, the influences of WBI on target imaging will be analyzed in detail. For the frequency-stepped narrow-band orthogonal signal used in this paper, its wide bandwidth is obtained by changing the carrier frequencies of the radar signal in different sub-pulses. For each sub-pulse, its instantaneous bandwidth is limited. Hence, the WBI will not pollute the signal frequency band completely in each measurement. In other words, as given in (3), the received signal will be down-converted and then be low-pass filtered, resulting in the fragmentized WBI segments that only affect partial sub-pulses that work in the WBI occupied bands, as illustrated in Figure 3. For the frequency-stepped narrow-band orthogonal signal used in this paper, its wide bandwidth is obtained by changing the carrier frequencies of the radar signal in different sub-pulses. For each sub-pulse, its instantaneous bandwidth is limited. Hence, the WBI will not pollute the signal frequency band completely in each measurement. In other words, as given in (3), the received signal will be down-converted and then be low-pass filtered, resulting in the fragmentized WBI segments that only affect partial sub-pulses that work in the WBI occupied bands, as illustrated in Figure 3.  As a consequence, the MF-based process, as given in (4), will be destroyed only for the sub-pulses that are affected by the WBI segments. As shown in Figure 4, for the non-interfered sub-pulse, the peak of (4) can still be easily identified; thus, the following process can be normally conducted, while, for the interfered sub-pulse, the strong WBI segment will make the MF-based process fail.  Therefore, considering the influences of WBI, the 3D signal cube given in (11) should be changed to

 
where the signal component corresponding to the sub-pulse indexed by C I q will be un- As a consequence, the MF-based process, as given in (4), will be destroyed only for the sub-pulses that are affected by the WBI segments. As shown in Figure 4, for the noninterfered sub-pulse, the peak of (4) can still be easily identified; thus, the following process can be normally conducted, while, for the interfered sub-pulse, the strong WBI segment will make the MF-based process fail.  As a consequence, the MF-based process, as given in (4), will be destroyed only for the sub-pulses that are affected by the WBI segments. As shown in Figure 4, for the non-interfered sub-pulse, the peak of (4) can still be easily identified; thus, the following process can be normally conducted, while, for the interfered sub-pulse, the strong WBI segment will make the MF-based process fail.  Therefore, considering the influences of WBI, the 3D signal cube given in (11) should be changed to where the signal component corresponding to the sub-pulse indexed by C I q will be un- Therefore, considering the influences of WBI, the 3D signal cube given in (11) should be changed to where the signal component corresponding to the sub-pulse indexed by q C I will be unusable and Γ C I is the index set of all the WBI-interfered sub-pulses in the current measurement. It should be noted that, considering the time-varying property of the WBI, Γ C I may vary for different measurements with an interval of the signal duration T w . In such a case, we may need several measurements to obtain the complete information of WBI, i.e., to get a full index set Γ I to represent the frequency bands occupied by the WBI and all the sub-pulses that may be affected by the WBI. Hence, in each measurement, Γ C I should be determined and then combined with those obtained from previous measurements. Besides, Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 5294 8 of 36 (14) also indicates that conventional methods, e.g., 3D IFFT, cannot be directly used for target imaging when WBI exists and thus some advanced methods should be exploited.

Sparse Sampling (SS)
For MIMO radar applications, SS can be seen as the selection of a sub-dataset from all the available spatial and temporal (frequency) samples. Compared to the full sampling method, SS is able to save radar resources and get similar performance by using some advanced processing methods that exploit the data structure and the target properties (e.g., the target sparsity in the imaging scene). In general, there are many types of SS, e.g., global SS, partially separable SS, and separable SS (SSS) [31]. In this study, SSS is adopted for MIMO radar target 3D imaging due to its lowest sampling cost. In such a case, the 3D signal cube in (11) should be expressed as where m S ∈ U t , n S ∈ U r , q S ∈ U f , U t , U r , and U f are the sampling index subsets of transmitting antennas, receiving antennas, and sub-pulses, respectively. The sizes of the subsets, i.e., the numbers of samples in different domains, are |U t |= M S , |U r |= N S , and U f = Q S , respectively. There are two ways to determine the sampling index subsets, i.e., the RSS method that selects U t , U r , and U f randomly from the full index sets L t = [1, 2, . . . , M], L r = [1, 2, . . . , N], and L f = [1, 2, . . . , Q], and the CSS method that obtains U t , U r , and U f from L t , L r , and L f based on the knowledge of the target and the environment with the help of optimization. In general, the CSS method can achieve higher performance than the RSS method. In the following, we will give a brief analysis of this statement and introduce the basic idea of the proposed cognitive imaging method under SS and WBI.
According to (14), in the current measurement, the structure of the 3D signal cube is shown in Figure 5a, where the black blocks denote the unusable signal components interfered by the WBI and the blue ones denote the non-interfered components. In the framework of RSS, the structure of the signal cube given in (15) is shown in Figure 5b, where the interstitial spaces denote the unsampled signal components. It can be seen that the signal cube still includes some unusable blocks interfered by the WBI. If some methods are used to detect and then remove these blocks, we can get a signal cube shown in Figure 5c, where the translucent blocks denote the removed signal components. On the contrary, in the framework of CSS, with the same numbers of selected antennas and sub-pulses, the structure of the 3D signal cube given (15) is shown in Figure 5d. It can be seen that, as the sampling index subsets are determined by exploiting the information of the target and the WBI, provided by previous measurements, the number of unusable signal blocks, i.e., the interfered signal components, is much reduced, leaving only a few unusable blocks caused by the time-varying property of the WBI. Similarly, by detecting and removing these blocks, we can get the signal cube shown in Figure 5e. At last, by exploiting the sparsity of the target, we can use some advanced methods, e.g., the TSL0 algorithm, to process the sparse signal cube and obtain the 3D high-resolution target image, as shown in Figure 5f.
Since the sampling index subsets are more fitted for target imaging and there are more usable signal components, as can be learned by comparing Figures 5c and 5e, the imaging performance of CSS will be higher than RSS if the same imaging method is used. Thus, the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method is mainly realized based on the above-mentioned CSS, WBI-interfered signal component detection and removal (WDR), and 3D high-resolution imaging (HRI), which will be presented in the next Section. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure 5. The schematic diagram that shows the advantage of CSS over RSS and the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method. (a) The structure of the 3D signal the structure of the 3D signal cube in (15) obtained by RSS, (c) the structure of th obtained by RSS and unusable block removal, (d) the structure of the 3D signal tained by CSS, (e) the structure of the 3D signal cube obtained by CSS and unusabl and (f) the 3D high-resolution target image obtained by exploiting the target spars

Cognitive Loop
According to the analysis in Section 2, the proposed imaging meth radar under SS and WBI is based on a cognitive loop that mainly inclu shown in Figure 6.

Cognitive Loop
According to the analysis in Section 2, the proposed imaging method for MIMO radar under SS and WBI is based on a cognitive loop that mainly includes 4 steps, as shown in Figure 6.

Step 1: Initial Sparse Sampling
In the initial measurement, assuming there is no knowledge of the target and the WBI, in order to reduce the sampling cost, the RSS method will be used to select limited transceiving antennas and sub-pulses for target imaging, giving where s n,q WBI (t) denotes the WBI signal for the q-th sub-pulse and the n-th receiving antenna, s n,q n,p ), and the subscript WS denotes SS in the presence of WBI. Equation (16) indicates that, when q = q S ∈ U f and n = n S ∈ U r , the signal will be sampled according to |U t |= M S transmitting antennas. Otherwise, no signal will be sampled.

Cognitive Loop
According to the analysis in Section 2, the proposed imaging m radar under SS and WBI is based on a cognitive loop that mainly inc shown in Figure 6.

Step 2: Signal Pre-Processing
(1) Down-converting, low-pass filtering, and digital sampling Corresponding to the m S -th selected transmitting antenna, the n S -th selected receiving antenna, and the q S -th selected sub-pulses, s n S ,q S WS,R (t) will be down-converted to where τ q S m S ,n S ,O denotes the delay of the reference point. Then, low-pass filtering and digital sampling will be conducted to suppress the out-band WBI and get s m S ,n S ,q S WS,LS (k).
(2) WBI-interfered component detection and removal (WDR) The signal array s WS,LS includes some components that are interfered by WBI, which should be detected and removed (i.e., set to 0), expressed as The index set Γ C I that includes all the detected q C I in the current measurement will be saved into the full WBI index set Γ I for the CSS process in the following measurements. In this study, the averaged amplitude (AA) will be used as the indicator for WBI-interfered signal component detection.
(3) MF-based process and peak selection For q S = q C I , to reduce the influences from other transmitting antennas, MF process will be conducted, giving which denotes the signal components that will be used for the following process. 3.1.3.
Step 3: 3D High-Resolution Imaging (HRI) After signal pre-processing given in (17)- (20), we can get a 3D signal cube whose m-n-q-th element can be expressed as Compared to the signal cube given in (11), the signal cube given in (21) cannot be directly applied for target imaging by conventional methods. Hence, we will use the TSL0 algorithm to get the 3D high-resolution image of the target considering the effectiveness and wide application of the SL0 algorithm in radar imaging [2,19,26,28,31], which will also provide target information for the next measurement. In this study, the target information is obtained by extracting the target parameter α,β,χ = {[α 1 , . . . ,αp], [β 1 , . . . ,βp], χ 1 , . . . ,χp]} , wherê P is the number of strong points in the target image whose coefficients are higher than a given threshold.

Step 4: Cognitive Sparse Sampling (CSS)
The CSS can be regarded as a dynamic interaction with the target and the WBI to select the optimal sampling index subsets U t , U r , and U f for the next measurement by exploiting the information provided by α,β,χ and Γ I . In general, the target information is exploited to get the best sampling strategy and the WBI information is exploited to avoid the negative influences of the WBI on target imaging. In this study, the CSS will be realized by solving a discrete optimization problem by the greedy algorithm.
After CSS, the signal will be processed based on Step 2 and Step 3 to get the cognitive 3D HRI result of the target, and then CSS will be conducted again for the next measurement. In the following, three main modules of the cognitive loop, i.e., WDR, HRI, and CSS, will be detailed.

WDR Module
The WDR is the first important module of the cognitive sparse imaging method to provide: (1) the WBI information for the CSS in the following measurements and (2) the useful signal components for the HRI process. It will be conducted based on s WS,LS , a four-dimension signal array, to find the set Γ C I to indicate the WBI-interfered sub-pulses. For each pair of transceiving antennas, since the WBI is normally much stronger than the target echoes, the amplitude of data samples in the interfered sub-pulses will be much higher than those in the regular sub-pulses. Therefore, we can get Γ C I by using a simple indicator, i.e., the AA of the data samples of each sub-pulse, whose m S -n S -q S -th element is defined by Based on (22), the WBI-interfered sub-pulse can be detected if AA is higher than a threshold, expressed as where q C I (m S , n S ) denotes the WBI-interfered sub-pulse index for the m S -th selected transmitting antenna and the n S -th selected receiving antenna. The detection threshold can be set as a fixed value in advance empirically or be determined adaptively by some efficient techniques, e.g., the cell-averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR) technique or the smallest-of CFAR (SO-CFAR) technique [24].
In principle, for different pairs of transceiving antennas, the interfered sub-pulses should be the same, i.e., q C I (m S , n S ) = q C I , ∀m S ∈ U t , ∀n S ∈ U r . Hence, in order to get better detection performance without missing any interfered sub-pulses, we get the sub-pulse index set Γ C I by After detection, according to (18), the signal components indexed by q C I ∈ Γ C I should be removed, i.e., set to 0, and Γ C I should be merged into Γ I for CSS, i.e., Γ I ← Γ I ∪ Γ C I .

HRI Module
Based on the CS theory, and considering there are only a few strong scattering centers of the target, we solve the following problem for 3D HRI with the sparse signal cube S WS 0 [26].
where X ∈ C M 0 ×N 0 ×Q 0 denotes the 3D image of the target, || · || 0 denotes the number of nonzero elements in a tensor, ε denotes the noise level, ×κ denotes the mode-κ tensor by matrix product, with M 0 ≥ M, N 0 ≥ N, and Q 0 ≥ Q as the imaging grid numbers.
Since directly solving (25) is difficult, we use the TSL0 algorithm to solve (25) in this study. Firstly, according to [26], a function is formulated to measure the sparsity of the target image as where σ is an auxiliary variable and X m 0 ,n 0 ,q 0 is the m 0 -n 0 -q 0 -th element of X . It is clear that lim σ→0 exp(−|X m 0 ,n 0 ,q 0 | 2 /2σ 2 ) = 0, X m 0 ,n 0 ,q 0 = 0 1, X m 0 ,n 0 ,q 0 = 0 (28) which indicates that, when σ is close to 0, G σ (X ) will approximate the L0 norm of X . Therefore, solving (25) is similar to solving the following minimization problem, For the TSL0 algorithm, (29) is solved iteratively by setting a decreasing sequence of σ and, for each σ, the steepest descent algorithm followed by the projection onto the feasible set is used to get X . The details of the TSL0 algorithm are shown in Algorithm 1.
(3) Minimize the cost function G σ (X ) on the feasible set using H iterations of the steepest descent algorithm (followed by the projection onto the feasible set) as shown in the following and then go to (4).

CSS Module
The aim of CSS is to use the obtained WBI index set Γ I and the target parameter (α,β,χ) as the known information to achieve the optimal selection of given-number transceiving antennas and sub-pulses. Similar to the cognitive antenna selection method used for MIMO radar target 2D imaging [9], with the help of the sub-modularity concept [32], the CSS used in this study is realized by solving a discrete optimization problem whose cost function is defined as the MSE of the target parameter estimated by using only partial transceiving antennas and sub-pulses.
Since MSE is not submodular in general, the frame potential (FP) [22,23] is used as a tight surrogate of the MSE, expressed as where tr[·] denotes the trace of a matrix, (·) H denotes the conjugate transpose process, with denoting the Khatri-Rao product between two matrices, V 1 = e −j2π[0,1,...,M−1] Tα , and Φ 3 ∈ R Q S ×Q as the row-sampling matrices according to U t , U r , and U f , respectively.
It should be noted that, in (31), the target information (α,β,χ) is contained in V 1 (U t ), V 2 (U r ), and V 3 (U f ), and the WBI information is exploited by setting U f ∩ Γ I = ∅ (when WBI exists, some of the sub-pulses selected by the CSS method that only considers the target information may be polluted, resulting in performance degradation, and, to solve this problem, a natural idea is to leave the WBI-interfered sub-pulse indexes out when conducting CSS, i.e., setting U f ∩ Γ I = ∅).
According to the property of the Khatri-Rao product, the Grammian matrix T(U ) and the FP can be rewritten as [9] and where • denotes the Hadamard product between two matrices, T 1 (U t ), T 2 (U r ), and T 3 (U f ) denote the Grammian matrices corresponding to the transmitting antennas, receiving antennas, and sub-pulses, respectively. As indicated in [20], since FP(U ) in (33) is not a monotone non-decreasing, normalized, and submodular set function, it cannot be directly used as the cost function to meet the expected performance guarantee. Hence, the cost function is redefined by modifying FP(U ) to [33] J where U = L\U is the complement set of U that denotes the index sets of non-selected transceiving antennas and sub-pulses, L = L t ∪ L r ∪ (L f \Γ I ) denotes the index set of all available antennas and sub-pulses with the size of |L|= M + N + Q−|Γ I |, and it should be noted that the WBI information, i.e., Γ I , is thus contained in L by setting U f ⊂ L f \Γ I . Therefore, the proposed CSS method conducted via the minimization of MSE is reformulated as the maximization of J(U ), expressed as [23] max U ⊂L J(U ) s.t. U ∈ I u ∩ I p where I u ∩ I p is the truncated partition matroid constraint to ensure T(U ) as a non-singular matrix with I u = U ⊆ L : U ≤ L −M S − N S − Q S and I p = {U ⊆ L : (35) is a submodular discrete optimization problem that can be solved via the convex optimization algorithm [34] or the greedy algorithm [20,21]. Considering its higher efficiency, the greedy algorithm is used in this study, as given in Algorithm 2.
After solving (35), the optimal SS index sets, and thus the corresponding 3D signal cube, can be obtained. Hence, limited transceiving antennas and sub-pulses can be used for HRI with a reduced sampling cost and more radar resources can be reserved for other tasks.

Complexity Analysis
Without considering down-converting, low-pass filtering, and digital sampling, which are implemented in the data measurement stage, the computing complexity of the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method in each loop mainly comes from WDR, MF, HRI, and CSS (or RSS in the first loop, whose complexity can be ignored).
For WDR, if an empirical threshold is used, the complexity is ignorable, i.e., C WDR 0; if the CFAR technique is used, the complexity in terms of multiplications is C WDR = (Q re f + 1)M S N S Q S , where Q re f denotes the number of reference cells. For MF conducted via FFT and IFFT, the complexity is . For HRI using the TSL0 algorithm shown in Algorithm 1, the complexity of the initialization step is C Init and the complexity of each iteration is C Iter . Thus, the complexity of HRI is C HRI = C Init HRI + WH · C Iter HRI . For CSS using the greedy algorithm shown in Algorithm 2, the complexity depends on the evaluation of J(U ∪ u) in L =|L|−M S − N S − Q S iterations. According to (32) and (33) (2) evaluate FP(L l \u r ) over each receiving antenna index u r ∈ L l r , giving a complexity of . Based on above analysis, the computing complexity of the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method can be expressed as C = C WDR + C MF + C HRI in the first loop and C = C WDR + C MF + C HRI + C CSS from the second loop. In general, the HRI has the dominant complexity in the proposed method, higher than other steps. Besides, compared to the sparse imaging method with only RSS, MF, and HRI, the additional complexities C WDR and C CSS are relatively low.

Simulation Results
In this Section, various simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method. First, without SS, we show the influence of WBI on target imaging and the performance of WDR and HRI. Then, we show the advantage of CSS over RSS on target imaging in the absence of WBI. Lastly, we show the performance of the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method considering WBI and SS simultaneously. It should be noted that, to be more practical, all the simulations are conducted based on the received signal modeled in (2) or (16). Therefore, the influences of down-converting, low-pass filtering, and MF-based process on target imaging are included.
Simulation parameters are set as: center frequency f c = 10 GHz, frequency step ∆f = 2 MHz, sub-pulse number Q = 72, sub-pulse duration T r = 0.1 ms, antenna number M = N = 36, antenna spacing d t = d r = 8 m. Transmitting antennas are set along the x-axis and receiving antennas are set along the y-axis. A random polyphase coding method is used to set the modulation phases of different transmitting antennas. The reference point is set as the coordinate origin and its distance to the radar system is set as 10 km at the initial time. The target velocity is set as (150, 150, 0) m/s and there are P = 47 scattering centers whose 3D positions relative to the reference point are shown in Figure 7. Based on (6), the target parameters {α, β, χ} can be obtained, as shown in Figure 8. In the following, we use Figure 8 as the ground-truth X 0 for target imaging without changing {α, β, χ} back to {x, y, z}.
The target velocity is set as (150, 150, 0) m/s and there are P = 47 scattering centers whose 3D positions relative to the reference point are shown in Figure 7. Based on (6), the target parameters { , , } α β χ can be obtained, as shown in Figure 8. In the following, we use    3D positions relative to the reference point are shown in Figure 7. Based on (6), the target parameters { , , } α β χ can be obtained, as shown in Figure 8. In the following, we use    With the above system parameters and target model, the feasibility of the approximations used to establish the signal model in this study is first validated. For all sub-pulses, transmitting antennas, receiving antennas, and target-scattering centers, the maximal difference between the phase terms of (5) and (11) is about 0.48 π, smaller than π/2. Moreover, at the lowest frequency f 1 , highest frequency f 72 , and close-center frequencies f 36 and f 37 , the maximal phase differences of all target-scattering centers for different transceiving antennas are shown in Figure 9. It can thus be concluded that the signal model given in (11) is reasonable for MIMO radar target 3D imaging. maximal difference between the phase terms of (5) and (11) is about 0.48 π, smaller than π/2. Moreover, at the lowest frequency f1, highest frequency f72, and close-center frequencies f36 and f37, the maximal phase differences of all target-scattering centers for different transceiving antennas are shown in Figure 9. It can thus be concluded that the signal model given in (11) is reasonable for MIMO radar target 3D imaging. To assess the imaging performance of different methods in different conditions, normalized mean square error (NMSE) and image contrast (IC) are applied to quantitatively evaluate the imaging results. Target image with higher quality will have lower NMSE and higher IC. The two indicators are defined as

Imaging Results under WBI
For the receiving signal that only contains target echoes, we can perform down-converting, low-pass filtering, digital sampling, and MF to obtain the signal cube as modeled in (5). Then, according to the model in (11), we can simply use the 3D IFFT to get the target image, as shown in Figure 10, where the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is set as 0 dB in each sub-pulse. According to (11), the imaging resolutions of the target parameters α, β, and γ obtained by the simple 3D IFFT method are given by To assess the imaging performance of different methods in different conditions, normalized mean square error (NMSE) and image contrast (IC) are applied to quantitatively evaluate the imaging results. Target image with higher quality will have lower NMSE and higher IC. The two indicators are defined as where X i denotes the target image obtained by different methods in the i-th Monte Carlo trial, Ave{·} denotes the averaging operations of all image elements, and I denotes the number of Monte Carlo trials.

Imaging Results under WBI
For the receiving signal that only contains target echoes, we can perform downconverting, low-pass filtering, digital sampling, and MF to obtain the signal cube as modeled in (5). Then, according to the model in (11), we can simply use the 3D IFFT to get the target image, as shown in Figure 10, where the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is set as 0 dB in each sub-pulse. According to (11), the imaging resolutions of the target parameters α, β, and γ obtained by the simple 3D IFFT method are given by ∆α = 1/M, ∆β = 1/N, and ∆γ = 1/Q. Then, according to (6) and considering the sizes of both the target and the MIMO array are far less than the distance between the MIMO array and the target, the imaging resolutions of the target positions x, y, and z can be derived as ∆x = λ c r T ∆α/d t = λ c r T /(Md t ), ∆y = λ c r R ∆β/d r = λ c r R /(Nd r ), and ∆z c∆γ/(2∆ f ) = c/(2Q∆ f ). It can be seen from Figure 10 that all the scattering centers of the target are well focused, corresponding to the ground-truth. However, when WBI exists, the target image quality will be seriously degraded, as shown in Figure 11, where the WBI parameters are the same as those used in Figure 2 . It can be seen from Figure 10 that all the scattering centers of the target are well focused, corresponding to the ground-truth. However, when WBI exists, the target image quality will be seriously degraded, as shown in Figure 11, where the WBI parameters are the same as those used in Figure 2 except that fCM = fc − 40 MHz and fSM = fc + 20 MHz here.  Assuming the WBI parameters are randomly selected in the ranges given in Table 1 and the ISRs of SM-WBI and CM-WBI are equivalent, the NMSEs and ICs of the target images obtained by the 3D IFFT under different ISRs are shown in Figure 12, where 1000 Monte Carlo trials are conducted for each ISR. It can be seen that, with the increase in the ISR, the NMSE becomes higher and the IC becomes lower. Therefore, when the WBI is strong (e.g., the ISR is higher than 50 dB), which is normally the case in practice, some advanced methods should be developed to improve the target imaging performance, i.e., to reduce the negative influence of WBI.
. It can be seen from Figure 10 that all the scattering centers of the target are well focused, corresponding to the ground-truth. However, when WBI exists, the target image quality will be seriously degraded, as shown in Figure 11, where the WBI parameters are the same as those used in Figure 2 except that fCM = fc − 40 MHz and fSM = fc + 20 MHz here.  Assuming the WBI parameters are randomly selected in the ranges given in Table 1 and the ISRs of SM-WBI and CM-WBI are equivalent, the NMSEs and ICs of the target images obtained by the 3D IFFT under different ISRs are shown in Figure 12, where 1000 Monte Carlo trials are conducted for each ISR. It can be seen that, with the increase in the ISR, the NMSE becomes higher and the IC becomes lower. Therefore, when the WBI is strong (e.g., the ISR is higher than 50 dB), which is normally the case in practice, some advanced methods should be developed to improve the target imaging performance, i.e., to reduce the negative influence of WBI.  Assuming the WBI parameters are randomly selected in the ranges given in Table 1 and the ISRs of SM-WBI and CM-WBI are equivalent, the NMSEs and ICs of the target images obtained by the 3D IFFT under different ISRs are shown in Figure 12, where 1000 Monte Carlo trials are conducted for each ISR. It can be seen that, with the increase in the ISR, the NMSE becomes higher and the IC becomes lower. Therefore, when the WBI is strong (e.g., the ISR is higher than 50 dB), which is normally the case in practice, some advanced methods should be developed to improve the target imaging performance, i.e., to reduce the negative influence of WBI.   Figure 11, for the first transmitting antenna, the AAs different sub-pulses and receiving antennas are shown by the red surfa can be seen that the WBI-interfered sub-pulses are clearly indicated b Hence, either based on an empirical threshold or an adaptive threshold ily obtained, as shown in Figure 13, where the SO-CFAR algorithm w number of 4, a false alert rate of 10 −3 , and a reference cell number of 8 is u the detection threshold (i.e., the blue surface). After getting C I Γ , i.e., after WBI detection, as shown in (18), th sub-pulses can be removed and the TSL0 algorithm given in Algorithm get the 3D HRI result, as shown in Figure 14, where, for the TSL0 algorith   Figures 10, 11, an Figure 15, from which it can be seen that the proposed method can obtai resolution and lower sidelobe level. For the proposed cognitive imaging method, WDR is used to provide the WBI information, i.e., to get Γ C I . As mentioned in Section 3, after performing down-converting, low-pass filtering, and digital sampling on the receiving signal, the AA of the signal array s WS,LS can be used as the indicator to get Γ C I . With the SNR as 0 dB and the same WBI parameters as Figure 11, for the first transmitting antenna, the AAs corresponding to different sub-pulses and receiving antennas are shown by the red surface in Figure 13. It can be seen that the WBI-interfered sub-pulses are clearly indicated by the AA values. Hence, either based on an empirical threshold or an adaptive threshold, Γ C I can be easily obtained, as shown in Figure 13, where the SO-CFAR algorithm with a guard cell number of 4, a false alert rate of 10 −3 , and a reference cell number of 8 is used to determine the detection threshold (i.e., the blue surface). For the proposed cognitive imaging method, WDR is used to provide t formation, i.e., to get C I Γ . As mentioned in Section 3, after performing downlow-pass filtering, and digital sampling on the receiving signal, the AA of the s , WS LS s can be used as the indicator to get C I Γ . With the SNR as 0 dB and the parameters as Figure 11, for the first transmitting antenna, the AAs corres different sub-pulses and receiving antennas are shown by the red surface in F can be seen that the WBI-interfered sub-pulses are clearly indicated by the Hence, either based on an empirical threshold or an adaptive threshold, C I Γ ily obtained, as shown in Figure 13, where the SO-CFAR algorithm with a number of 4, a false alert rate of 10 −3 , and a reference cell number of 8 is used to the detection threshold (i.e., the blue surface). After getting C I Γ , i.e., after WBI detection, as shown in (18), the WB sub-pulses can be removed and the TSL0 algorithm given in Algorithm 1 can get the 3D HRI result, as shown in Figure 14, where, for the TSL0 algorithm, W  Figures 10, 11, and 14 a Figure 15, from which it can be seen that the proposed method can obtain high resolution and lower sidelobe level. After getting Γ C I , i.e., after WBI detection, as shown in (18), the WBI-interfered subpulses can be removed and the TSL0 algorithm given in Algorithm 1 can be used to get the 3D HRI result, as shown in Figure 14, where, for the TSL0 algorithm, W = 11,    Figure 16. It can be seen that, with various ISRs, small NMSEs and high ICs can always be achieved, verifying the imaging performance of the proposed method. It should be mentioned that the slight performance decrease along with the ISR increase is caused by the WBI leakages to all sub-pulses after low-pass filtering.

Imaging Results under SS
Sparse sampling can help to save radar resources and reduce sampling ceiving antennas and sub-pulses). However, when the signal cube is sparse conventional imaging methods cannot be used to obtain a high-quality target example, by using the RSS scheme and setting SNR = 0 dB and S S S M N Q = = target image obtained by the zero-padded 3D IFFT is shown in Figure 17, w high-level artifacts are generated. In such a case, we can use the CS-based method to obtain a well-focused age. By using the TSL0 algorithm, we obtain the 3D HRI result shown in

Imaging Results under SS
Sparse sampling can help to save radar resources and reduce sampling cost (transceiving antennas and sub-pulses). However, when the signal cube is sparsely sampled, conventional imaging methods cannot be used to obtain a high-quality target image. For example, by using the RSS scheme and setting SNR = 0 dB and M S = N S = Q S /2 = 24, the target image obtained by the zero-padded 3D IFFT is shown in Figure 17, where many high-level artifacts are generated.

Imaging Results under SS
Sparse sampling can help to save radar resources and reduce sampling cost (transceiving antennas and sub-pulses). However, when the signal cube is sparsely sampled, conventional imaging methods cannot be used to obtain a high-quality target image. For example, by using the RSS scheme and setting SNR = 0 dB and / 2 24  In such a case, we can use the CS-based method to obtain a well-focused target image. By using the TSL0 algorithm, we obtain the 3D HRI result shown in Figure 18 with the same data as Figure 17. Here, 3 un F is constructed by setting C I Γ = ∅ as no WBI is considered. It can be seen from Figure 18 that, even with the sparsely sampled signal, the TSL0 algorithm can still obtain a 3D high-resolution target image, better than that ob- In such a case, we can use the CS-based method to obtain a well-focused target image. By using the TSL0 algorithm, we obtain the 3D HRI result shown in Figure 18 with the same data as Figure 17. Here, F 3 un is constructed by setting Γ C I = ∅ as no WBI is considered. It can be seen from Figure 18 that, even with the sparsely sampled signal, the TSL0 algorithm can still obtain a 3D high-resolution target image, better than that obtained by the zero-padded 3D IFFT.  It should be noted that Figure 18 only shows one imaging example of the RSS method. Considering its randomness, the RSS method can actually obtain higher imaging performance than that shown in Figure 18. In order to fairly compare the RSS method and the CSS method, two additional simulations are conducted.  However, RSS does not exploit the target information for imaging. On the contrary, the CSS method proposed in this study exploits the target information to get higher imaging performance. For example, based on the greedy algorithm shown in Algorithm 2 with Γ I = ∅ (as no WBI is considered here) and (α,β,χ) = (α, β, χ), we can obtain the optimal sparse selection of transceiving antennas and sub-pulses, giving the 3D HRI result shown in Figure 19. It can be seen that the image is more focused than Figure 18; the NMSEs of the target images shown in Figures 18 and 19 are −4.93 dB and −9.24 dB, respectively, indicating the superiority of the CSS method.  It should be noted that Figure 18 only shows one imaging example of the RSS method. Considering its randomness, the RSS method can actually obtain higher imaging performance than that shown in Figure 18. In order to fairly compare the RSS method and the CSS method, two additional simulations are conducted. It should be noted that Figure 18 only shows one imaging example of the RSS method. Considering its randomness, the RSS method can actually obtain higher imaging performance than that shown in Figure 18. In order to fairly compare the RSS method and the CSS method, two additional simulations are conducted.

Cognitive Imaging under SS and WBI
In the previous two sub-Sections, we show the performance of WBI detection without SS, HRI by TSL0 with WBI, HRI by TSL0 with SS, and CSS without WBI; i.e., main modules of the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method have been verified It can be learned from Figures 20 and 21 that, under different conditions, the CSS method can always achieve the almost-smallest NMSEs, indicating the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method in the condition without WBI.

Cognitive Imaging under SS and WBI
In the previous two sub-Sections, we show the performance of WBI detection without SS, HRI by TSL0 with WBI, HRI by TSL0 with SS, and CSS without WBI; i.e., main modules of the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method have been verified separately. In this sub-Section, we show the performance of the cognitive sparse imaging method under SS and WBI at the same time. To verify the proposed method in different loops, we set M S = N S = Q S /2 = 24 and the number of measurements (loops) as 10 (i.e., the total measurement duration is 48 ms). For CSS in each loop, the target information (α,β,χ) is obtained by setting the normalized amplitude threshold as −25 dB, i.e., δ = 10 −2.5 X max and the WBI information is obtained by WBI detection and Γ I ← Γ I ∪ Γ C I . Firstly, we show the WBI detection performance of the proposed method under different conditions. Three WBIs are generated, as shown in the left subfigures of Figure 22, where the white vertical lines indicate the starting/ending time of different measurements (i.e., loops). The left-top subfigure of Figure 22 is obtained by using the same WBI parameters as those used for Figure 11, while the WBI parameters for generating left-middle and left-bottom subfigures of Figure 22 are randomly selected in the ranges given in Table 1 with the ISRs of CM-WBI and SM-WBI randomly selected from [50 dB, 80 dB]. It can be seen from the right subfigures of Figure 22 that, under different conditions, the complete WBI information, i.e., the frequency bands occupied by the WBI and the sub-pulses that may be affected by WBI, can be well obtained with the increase in loop number, verifying the WBI detection performance of the proposed method. It should be mentioned that, due to the randomness of the initial SS step in the proposed method (i.e., the randomness in the first loop), Figure 22 only shows some examples of WBI detection and the identified WBI-interfered sub-pulses may become unchanged from various loops.
Secondly, we show the imaging performance and running time of the proposed method under SS and WBI by using the same WBI parameters as those used for Figure 22. Figure 23 shows the NMSEs of the target images obtained by the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method at different loops. For comparison purposes, the NMSEs obtained by the RSS method are also shown. Here, 10 Monte Carlo trials are conducted and the averaged value is obtained. For the RSS method, in each loop and each Monte Carlo trial, 1000 RSSs are conducted and the maximal, minimal, and mean NMSEs are obtained. For the initial SS of the proposed method (i.e., the first loop), in each Monte Carlo trial, 1000 RSSs are conducted and the maximal, minimal, and mean NMSEs of different loops are obtained. It can be seen that, apart from the first loop, where RSS is used, the proposed method can always achieve almost-smallest NMSEs from the second loop, indicating its advantage over RSS. It should be explained that, although the complete WBI information can be obtained after several loops, the TSL0 algorithm can always work well when the size of U f \Γ C I is slightly smaller than Q S ; thus, the proposed method can obtain high imaging performance just from the second loop. Figure 24 shows the running time of the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method at different loops. Table 2 shows the running time of different steps of the proposed method at different loops under the first WBI. It can be seen that: (1) as RSS is conducted instead of CSS, the complexity of the first loop is lower than other loops; (2) as CSS starts to be conducted, the complexity of the second loop is the highest; (3) as the size of Γ I becomes larger and then unchanged, the running time of the proposed method decreases from the third loop and then becomes stable, which can be derived according to the CSS complexity analysis in Section 3.5; (4) as the WBI bandwidth is widest and thus the size of Γ C I is generally large, the complexity under the first WBI is lower than those under the other two WBIs, which can be derived according to the MF and HRI complexity analysis in Section 3.5; (5) compared to the running time obtained with only RSS, MF, and HRI, the complexity of the proposed method with additional WDR and CSS does not increase too much, consistent with the analysis in Section 3.5.
the sub-pulses that may be affected by WBI, can be well obtained with the increase in loop number, verifying the WBI detection performance of the proposed method. It should be mentioned that, due to the randomness of the initial SS step in the proposed method (i.e., the randomness in the first loop), Figure 22 only shows some examples of WBI detection and the identified WBI-interfered sub-pulses may become unchanged from various loops. Secondly, we show the imaging performance and running time of the proposed method under SS and WBI by using the same WBI parameters as those used for Figure  22. Figure 23 shows the NMSEs of the target images obtained by the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method at different loops. For comparison purposes, the NMSEs obtained by the RSS method are also shown. Here, 10 Monte Carlo trials are conducted and the averaged value is obtained. For the RSS method, in each loop and each Monte Carlo information can be obtained after several loops, the TSL0 algorithm can always work well when the size of \ C f I Γ U is slightly smaller than S Q ; thus, the proposed method can obtain high imaging performance just from the second loop.  Figure 24 shows the running time of the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method at different loops. Table 2 shows the running time of different steps of the proposed method at different loops under the first WBI. It can be seen that: (1) as RSS is conducted instead of CSS, the complexity of the first loop is lower than other loops; (2) as CSS starts to be conducted, the complexity of the second loop is the highest; (3) as the size of I Γ becomes larger and then unchanged, the running time of the proposed method decreases from the third loop and then becomes stable, which can be derived according to the CSS complexity analysis in Section 3.5; (4) as the WBI bandwidth is widest and thus the size of C I Γ is generally large, the complexity under the first WBI is lower than those under the other two WBIs, which can be derived according to the MF and HRI complexity analysis in Section 3.5; (5) compared to the running time obtained with only RSS, MF, and HRI, the complexity of the proposed method with additional WDR and CSS does not increase too much, consistent with the analysis in Section 3.5.    Thirdly, we show the imaging performance of the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method under different ISRs. Given the WBI parameters randomly selected from the ranges in Table 1 and assuming the ISRs of SM-WBI and CM-WBI are equivalent, the NMSEs of the target images obtained by the proposed method and the RSS method at different loops are shown in Figure 25 with different ISRs, where 100 Monte Carlo trials are conducted for each ISR. For the RSS method and the first loop of the proposed method, in each Monte Carlo trial and each ISR, 100 RSSs are conducted and the maximal, minimal, and mean NMSEs are obtained. It can be seen that, under different loops and ISRs, the proposed method can always work well and its performance is higher than the RSS method.  Thirdly, we show the imaging performance of the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method under different ISRs. Given the WBI parameters randomly selected from the ranges in Table 1 and assuming the ISRs of SM-WBI and CM-WBI are equivalent, the NMSEs of the target images obtained by the proposed method and the RSS method at different loops are shown in Figure 25 with different ISRs, where 100 Monte Carlo trials are conducted for each ISR. For the RSS method and the first loop of the proposed method, in each Monte Carlo trial and each ISR, 100 RSSs are conducted and the maximal, minimal, and mean NMSEs are obtained. It can be seen that, under different loops and ISRs, the proposed method can always work well and its performance is higher than the RSS method. Finally, similar to Figures 12 and 16, the NMSEs and ICs of the target images obtained at the different loops of the proposed method under different ISRs are shown in Figure 26. It can be seen that, with various ISRs, small NMSEs and high ICs can always be achieved, verifying the imaging performance of the proposed method under SS and WBI at the same time. Finally, similar to Figures 12 and 16, the NMSEs and ICs of the target images obtained at the different loops of the proposed method under different ISRs are shown in Figure 26. It can be seen that, with various ISRs, small NMSEs and high ICs can always be achieved, verifying the imaging performance of the proposed method under SS and WBI at the same time.
Finally, similar to Figures 12 and 16, the NMSEs and ICs of the target tained at the different loops of the proposed method under different ISRs ar Figure 26. It can be seen that, with various ISRs, small NMSEs and high ICs ca achieved, verifying the imaging performance of the proposed method under at the same time.

Experiment Results
To assess the performance of the proposed method in practice, a field was conducted by a software-defined radio (SDR)-implemented 8 × 8 MIMO tem, as shown in Figure 27. In the imaging scene, several strong reflections trihedral corner reflector (CR) and multiple concrete walls, acting as point ta dicated by the three red rectangles in Figure 27. Stepped frequency continuou is employed by the SDR-MIMO radar system with the center frequency of fc = frequency step selected as Δf = 2 MHz, and the frequency number selected as guarantee the waveform orthogonality, two 1×8 switches are used to time-divided signal transceiving. More details of the SDR-MIMO radar syst field experiment can be found in [35].

Experiment Results
To assess the performance of the proposed method in practice, a field experiment was conducted by a software-defined radio (SDR)-implemented 8 × 8 MIMO radar system, as shown in Figure 27. In the imaging scene, several strong reflections exist, e.g., a trihedral corner reflector (CR) and multiple concrete walls, acting as point targets, as indicated by the three red rectangles in Figure 27. Stepped frequency continuous waveform is employed by the SDR-MIMO radar system with the center frequency of f c = 5 GHz, the frequency step selected as ∆f = 2 MHz, and the frequency number selected as Q = 72. To guarantee the waveform orthogonality, two 1×8 switches are used to realize the time-divided signal transceiving. More details of the SDR-MIMO radar system and the field experiment can be found in [35].   Given W = 15 and H = 5, the imaging result obtained by the TSL0 algorithm is shown in Figure 31. It can be seen that a high-quality target image with a higher imaging resolution and a lower sidelobe level can be obtained. The targets shown in Figure 31 can be more easily distinguished than those given in Figure 30. Hence, in the following, Figure 31 is used as the ground-truth to assess different results.
Adding the simulated WBI used for Figures 11 and 14 to the pre-processed signal in (39), the target imaging results obtained by 3D IFFT and TSL0 after WDR are shown in Figure 32. Besides, similar to Figures 12 and 16, with 1000 Monte Carlo trials, the NMSEs (with respect to the result given in Figure 31) and ICs of the target images obtained by TSL0 after WDR under different ISRs are shown in Figure 33 Given W = 15 and H = 5, the imaging result obtained by the TSL0 algorithm is shown in Figure 31. It can be seen that a high-quality target image with a higher imaging resolution and a lower sidelobe level can be obtained. The targets shown in Figure 31 can be more easily distinguished than those given in Figure 30. Hence, in the following, Figure  31 is used as the ground-truth to assess different results. Adding the simulated WBI used for Figures 11 and 14 to the pre-processed signal in  Given W = 15 and H = 5, the imaging result obtained by the TSL0 algorithm is shown in Figure 31. It can be seen that a high-quality target image with a higher imaging resolution and a lower sidelobe level can be obtained. The targets shown in Figure 31 can be more easily distinguished than those given in Figure 30. Hence, in the following, Figure  31 is used as the ground-truth to assess different results. Adding the simulated WBI used for Figures 11 and 14 to the pre-processed signal in (39), the target imaging results obtained by 3D IFFT and TSL0 after WDR are shown in Figure 32. Besides, similar to Figures 12 and 16, with 1000 Monte Carlo trials, the NMSEs (with respect to the result given in Figure 31) and ICs of the target images obtained by TSL0 after WDR under different ISRs are shown in Figure 33. High quality of the bottom sub-figure of Figure 32, low NMSEs, and high ICs indicate the performance of the proposed method under WBI in practice.  = , the NMSEs of the obtained target images under RSS and CSS with the number of the selected frequencies QS changing from 40 to 60 with a step of 2 is shown in Figure 35. Higher quality of the bottom subfigure of Figure 34 and smaller NMSEs in Figure 35 validate the   Given M S = N S = 6, Q S = 48, and the target parameter (α,β,χ) obtained from Figure 31 with the normalized amplitude threshold as −25 dB, the target images obtained by TSL0 under RSS and CSS are shown in Figure 34. Besides, keeping M S = N S = 6, the NMSEs of the obtained target images under RSS and CSS with the number of the selected frequencies Q S changing from 40 to 60 with a step of 2 is shown in Figure 35. Higher quality of the bottom subfigure of Figure 34 and smaller NMSEs in Figure 35 validate the advantage of the proposed cognitive imaging method in practice.
x FOR PEER REVIEW 32 of 35    Lastly, given M S = N S = 6 and Q S = 48, the NMSEs of the target images obtained by the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method and the RSS method in different loops under the three different WBIs shown in Figure 22 are presented in Figure 36. It can be seen that, under WBI and SS simultaneously, the proposed method can always achieve a higher imaging performance in practice. Figure 35. NMSEs of the real target images obtained under RSS and CSS against the numbers of selected frequencies (sub-pulses).

Conclusions
In this paper, to reduce the sampling burden and the negative influence of WBI at the same time, a cognitive method was proposed for target 3D high-resolution imaging by a collocated wideband MIMO radar system using a frequency-stepped narrow-band orthogonal signal and the sparse sampling approach. In the proposed method, the WBI information was obtained by the WDR process via the CFAR technique and the target information was obtained by the HRI process via the TSL0 algorithm. By solving an optimization problem, the information of the target and WBI was exploited by the CSS process to obtain optimal selection of transceiving antennas and sub-pulses (frequencies) Figure 36. NMSEs of the real target images obtained by the proposed cognitive sparse imaging method and the RSS method against the processing loops under three different WBIs.

Conclusions
In this paper, to reduce the sampling burden and the negative influence of WBI at the same time, a cognitive method was proposed for target 3D high-resolution imaging by a collocated wideband MIMO radar system using a frequency-stepped narrowband orthogonal signal and the sparse sampling approach. In the proposed method, the WBI information was obtained by the WDR process via the CFAR technique and the target information was obtained by the HRI process via the TSL0 algorithm. By solving