A Multi-Objective Quantum Genetic Algorithm for MIMO Radar Waveform Design

: Aiming at maximizing waveform diversity gain when designing a phase-coded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar waveform set, it is desirable that all waveforms are orthogonal to each other. Hence, the lowest possible peak cross-correlation ratio ( PCCR ) is expected. Meanwhile, low peak auto-correlation side-lobe ratio ( PASR ) is needed for good detection performance. However, it is difﬁcult to obtain a closed form solution to the waveform set from the expected values of the PASR and PCCR . In this paper, the waveform set design problem is modeled as a multi-objective, NP-hard constrained optimization problem. Unlike conventional approaches that design the waveform set through optimizing a weighted sum objective function, the proposed optimization model evaluates the performance of multi-objective functions based on Pareto level and obtains a set of Pareto non-dominated solutions. That means that the MIMO radar system can trade off each objective function for different requirements. To solve this problem, this paper presents a multi-objective quantum genetic algorithm (MoQGA) based on the framework of quantum genetic algorithm. A new population update strategy for the MoQGA is designed based on the proposed model. Compared to the state-of-the-art methods, like BiST and Multi-CAN, the PASR and PCCR metrics of the waveform set are 0.95–3.91 dB lower with the parameters of the numerical simulation. The MoQGA is able to minimize PASR and PCCR of the MIMO radar waveform set simultaneously.


Introduction
Radar transmits electromagnetic waves [1][2][3] and receives echoes to get information about the targets.Radar waveforms determine the modulation of electromagnetic waves transmitted by radar systems.Strictly speaking, designing a radar waveform should properly consider the electromagnetic wave Doppler effects, propagation effects, clutters, etc.However, sometimes the actual electromagnetic environment is complex and changeable [4][5][6].Considering all of these factors makes waveform design complicated in the case of MIMO radar.Appropriate MIMO radar waveform models and designing methods are worth studying.
MIMO radar transmits a set of waveforms at multiple transmitters and processes the echo signals received at multiple receivers using a bank of matched filters.The input signal to each matched filter is the superimposed echoes of all transmit signals.Except for the echo of the associated transmit signal that matches the filter, the echoes of the remaining transmit signals are considered as clutters.The essence of pulse radar matched filtering is aperiodic correlation operation.If any two transmit signals are ideally orthogonal, the peak amplitude of the cross-correlation function is zero.Consequently, the waveforms after the matched filtering are perfectly separated, and the MIMO radar waveform diversity gain is maximized.Otherwise, the matched filter bank will not be able to completely separate the waveforms, which will decrease the MIMO radar waveform diversity gain.The ideal orthogonality of the waveform set cannot be realized since the pulse length and bandwidth of an actual radar system are limited [7,8].Another important performance metric of a MIMO radar waveform set is the peak of auto-correlation function side-lobe, which measures the radar detection performance and is critical for low probability of intercept (LPI) [9][10][11].In short, a good MIMO radar waveform set design should have the lowest possible auto-correlation side-lobe peak and cross-correlation peak [12][13][14].
The transmit signals modulated by constant modulus phase code sequences are the most suitable waveforms for MIMO radar applications.Sarwate [15] and Welch [16] proposed the lower bounds of its correlation functions.Current research on MIMO radar phase-coded waveform design focuses on meeting the lower bounds [17].Although it is impossible to solve the reverse problem of MIMO waveform design directly from the required correlation functions, many studies have constructed code sequence sets that are close to the lower bound of the periodic cross-correlation peak, which are called CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-correlation Code).However, the sequence sets meeting the lower bound of the aperiodic cross-correlation peak have not been found thus far.Some researchers evaluate aperiodic correlation functions of the CAZAC sequence set [18,19] with the results showing that the performance of the aperiodic cross-correlation function of the CAZAC sequence set is relatively good but it is also far from the bound.
Aiming at achieving good LPI performance and high MIMO diversity gain simultaneously, the peak auto-correlation side-lobe ratio (PASR), the peak cross-correlation ratio (PCCR), and the integrated side-lobe level (ISL) should be minimized.Meanwhile, due to the conflict between PASR, PCCR and ISL, the MIMO radar waveform set design problem is modeled as a Pareto optimization problem involving multiple objective functions.The problem is difficult because it is NP-hard with non-convex multiple objective functions.
There are lot of works on designing phase code sequence set for MIMO radar using specially designed numerical optimization algorithms [20][21][22][23][24][25][26], including the popular Multi-CAN [20], MM-Corr [21], and ISL-New [22] algorithms.These algorithms in general reformulate the original multi-objective optimization problem into relaxed single objective problem with good local convergence properties that are easily solvable via iterative algorithms.Those iterative algorithms almost all reach the lower bound of the ISL.However, none of them could reach the lower bound of PASR and PCCR.The new BiST [27] algorithm outstrips all the above algorithms under some sequence lengths and set sizes, but its performance is also not good enough when optimizing the PCCR.In particular, the BiST algorithm models its objective function as an adjustable weighted sum of the multi-objective functions, which cannot decrease the values of each objective function strictly.
In contrast to the abovementioned methods, evolutionary algorithms are highly robust and widely applicable to global search problems [28][29][30][31][32].They are capable of solving highdimensional optimization problems [33][34][35] and have been applied to waveform design problems [36][37][38][39][40].There are few works on MIMO radar waveform set design using a multiobjective evolutionary model.QGA can converge faster while ensuring good population diversity, improving the search efficiency.However, there is no universal multi-objective QGA algorithm framework, which is different for different applications [41][42][43][44].Quantum chromosome encoding, quantum rotation and the population update strategy of the QGA are not suitable for multi-objective optimization problems because the optimal solution at the end of each generation is replaced by a set of non-dominated solutions.
This paper develops a multi-objective quantum genetic algorithm (MoQGA), based on the framework of quantum genetic algorithm (QGA) [31], to solve the above-mentioned Pareto optimization problem.In this paper, a quantum chromosome encoding and decoding for the waveform set is constructed.This paper designs a quantum rotation targets selection strategy based on Pareto dominance.After designing all the sub-steps of the MoQGA properly, the population update strategy is constructed.
The values of the PASR and PCCR metrics obtained by the proposed method are 0.95-3.91dB lower than the state-of-the-art methods like Multi-CAN [20] and BiST [27].
The obtained ISL metric values are close to the lower bound.Furthermore, a large number of trials prove that the stability of the MoQGA is good.The MoQGA is able to design a MIMO radar phase-coded waveform set with low correlation functions stably.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows.Section 2 states the MIMO radar waveform set design problem.Section 3 shows the implementation of the MoQGA.Section 4 shows some numerical results.Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.

MIMO Radar Phase-Coded Waveform Set
Consider a MIMO radar waveform set with M transmit signals showed in Figure 1.The transmitted waveform set S(t) can be expressed as where s m (t), m = 1, 2, . . ., M is the m-th transmit signal.
above-mentioned Pareto optimization problem.In this paper, a quantum chromosome encoding and decoding for the waveform set is constructed.This paper designs a quantum rotation targets selection strategy based on Pareto dominance.After designing all the sub-steps of the MoQGA properly, the population update strategy is constructed.
The values of the PASR and PCCR metrics obtained by the proposed method are 0.95-3.91dB lower than the state-of-the-art methods like Multi-CAN [20] and BiST [27].The obtained ISL metric values are close to the lower bound.Furthermore, a large number of trials prove that the stability of the MoQGA is good.The MoQGA is able to design a MIMO radar phase-coded waveform set with low correlation functions stably.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows.Section 2 states the MIMO radar waveform set design problem.Section 3 shows the implementation of the MoQGA.Section 4 shows some numerical results.Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.

Problem Statement
where xn is the phase code sequence and U(t) is the radio frequency carrier signal.Normally, the phase value is set to one of K constant values between 0 and  2 .Then the phase values set  can be defined as where K is a positive integer no smaller than 2. The phase code matrix X can be defined as follow, which is made up by M phase code sequences.In this paper, only phase-coded waveform set is discussed.Phase-coded waveform has constant amplitude and RF frequency in the pulse duration, and the signal within the pulse duration is modulated by a phase code sequence.The sequence length N represent the number of sub-pulses (chips).The pulse length is τ and sub-pluses length is τ c .They satisfy the condition τ = Nτ c .The analog signal of the waveform can be expressed as where is the phase code sequence and U(t) is the radio frequency carrier signal.Normally, the phase value is set to one of K constant values between 0 and 2π.Then the phase values set Ψ can be defined as where K is a positive integer no smaller than 2. The phase code matrix X can be defined as follow, which is made up by M phase code sequences. where X is exactly the decision variable for the MIMO radar phase-coded waveform set optimization design problem.The solution space is the set of all possible phase code matrix X.So, the solution space Ω can be described as

Performance Evaluation Metrics
According to the signal model of the waveform set S(t), the phase-coded waveform set S(t) is jointly determined by the phase code matrix X mentioned above, carrier frequency, pulse length, etc.Compared to carrier frequency, pulse length and other hardware parameters, phase code matrix X is the key factor that determines the performance of correlation functions of MIMO waveform set [45].Specifically, the aperiodic auto-and cross-correlation function between the phase-coded sequences are defined as where k is an integer with −N < k < N, (•)* is complex conjugate.When k = 0, the aperiodic auto-correlation function takes the peak value, which is also called the main-lobe peak.Since the amplitude of the phase code sequences is a constant, it is obvious that r AP i [0] = N, i ∈ {1, 2, . . . ,M}.When k = 0, the rest part of the auto-correlation function is called the side-lobe.The following three metrics are defined to evaluate the performance of the auto-and cross-correlation function.
where PCCR means peak cross-correlation ratio, PASR means peak auto-correlation sidelobe ratio and ISL means integrated side-lobe level.Since this paper does not discuss the periodic correlation functions, PCCR measures the degree of mutual interference between the different transmit signals.PASR measures the ratio between the side-lobe peak and the main-lobe after the pulse compression.ISL measures the summation of the auto-correlation function side-lobe and the cross-correlation function.The lower the values of these three metrics, the better the MIMO radar waveform set performance.
Because of the limited pulse length and bandwidth, these metrics cannot be infinitely small.Sarwate [15] and Welch [16] deduced the lower bounds for PCCR, PASR and ISL.In their derivation, PCCR and PASR were combined into one metric called peak side-lobe level, PSL = max{PCCR, PASR}.The lower bounds of the PSL and ISL under periodic and aperiodic conditions are shown as follows.

Multi-Objective Optimization Model
PSL is the most widely used metric for the MIMO radar waveform set design.However, when PSL reach the optimal value, there is no guarantee that PASR and PCCR will reach the optimal values.Actually, PASR and PCCR are two conflicting metrics.Moreover, the ISL measures the overall performance of the auto-and cross-correlation functions.Hence, modeling the MIMO radar phase-coded waveform set design problem as a multi-objective Pareto optimization problem is a more rigorous way.Based on the definition of the solution space Ω in (6), the multi-objective functions are shown as follows.
In summary, the MIMO phase-coded waveform set design problem can be modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem.According to the definition of the solution space and three objective functions, the optimization problem can be formulated as min where f k (X) (k = 1, 2, 3) are the objective functions, X the decision variable, Ω the solution space of X, and K represents the phase-coded waveform set is modulated by sequences with K phases.

Multi-Objective Quantum Genetic Algorithm
Observing the multi-objective optimization problem model described in (15)-(18), the matrix dimension of X is large.For the parameters M, N, K, there are a total of K MN different phase code matrices, and it is impossible to traverse all the possible solutions.According to the expressions of the three objective functions, it is not difficult to discover that every objective function is non-convex.Hence, designing the phase-coded waveform set is a NP-hard non-convex optimization problem.Current mature convex optimization algorithms are difficult to be applied to this problem.From another point of view, the problem can also be seen as a minimax problem.However, due to the complexity and non-linear characteristics of the objective functions, the existing algorithms against the minimax problem do not work well either [46].
Consider the nature of this multi-objective optimization problem, using evolutionary algorithms is a straightforward yet effective way to solve it.Evolutionary algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) [47] and genetic algorithm have no special requirements for the objective function.The randomness and diversity of the population reduce the possibility of the algorithm falling into a local optimum.Under the framework of multi-objective evolutionary optimization, Pareto dominance [28] is used to evaluate objective functions.Although the evolutionary algorithm is robust and suitable for solving complex multi-objective optimization problems, its convergence speed is slow.Learning from quantum genetic algorithm (QGA) [31], using quantum chromosome to encode the phase code matrix may improve the algorithm execution speed.Moreover, because of the implicit parallelism, the quantum evolutionary algorithm is easy to be implemented on parallel computer system.
In order to solve the problem of designing the constant modulus waveform set, this paper proposes a multi-objective quantum genetic algorithm (MoQGA) based on the framework of multi-objective optimization and QGA.In particular, this paper has designed the quantum chromosome encoding of the phase code matrix.Using quantum-rotating gate, a novel rotating targets selection strategy is designed for MoQGA.Based on the quantum chromosome and Pareto dominance, the population update strategy is developed.
The block diagram of MoQGA is shown in Figure 2. In addition, the specific execution steps are summarized as follows.

Quantum Chromosome Encoding
Quantum chromosomes use qubit encoding.A system with k qubits is described as where  i and  i are two complex numbers, which represent the probability ampli- tude of the i-th qubit.Their modulus satisfies the normalization condition  +=  Step 1 Generate phase code matrix of the size M × N using random numbers.
Step 2 Initialize the first-generation population, encode the phase code matrix into quantum chromosomes (the population size is set to 100).Step 3 Use fast Pareto non-dominated sorting (Fast-NS) algorithm [29] to evaluate the first-generation population generated by Step 2. The output of the algorithm is the Pareto level of each individual in the population.Record the Pareto dominance relationship between any two individuals.
Step 4 According to the sorting result of Step 3, update the population and obtain the offspring population using quantum rotate gate.
Step 5 Combine the parent and offspring population, and use the Fast-NS algorithm to sort the combined population.
Step 6 According to the result of Step 5, select appropriate number of elite individuals to form new parent population.
Step 7 Perform quantum mutation operation on the new parent population to increase population diversity.
Step 8 Check whether the maximum genetic generation is reached, if yes, output the elite population and decode it into the phase code matrices, otherwise jump to Step 3 and continue execution.

Quantum Chromosome Encoding
Quantum chromosomes use qubit encoding.A system with k qubits is described as where α i and β i are two complex numbers, which represent the probability amplitude of the i-th qubit.Their modulus satisfies the normalization condition The |α i | 2 is the probability of discovery |0 during one measurement, and the |β i | 2 is the probability of discovery |1 .Before calculating the values of multi-objective functions and Pareto level, MoQGA needs to measure the quantum chromosome at first.Then decode the measured binary result into decision variables.Finally, calculate the value of the multiobjective function using the decision variables.When the MoQGA is executed to a certain preset maximum generation or the probability amplitude α i , After the decision variable of the optimization problem is encoded into a quantum chromosome, the update and mutation of the population can be completed using quantum rotate gates and quantum mutation operations.For the MIMO radar phase-coded waveform set design problem described in (18), the decision variable of the MoQGA is a K-phase encoded phase matrix.Therefore, any element of the phase code matrix needs to be encoded with log 2 K qubits.Therefore, a code matrix of size M × N can be encoded as a quantum chromosome containing M × N × log 2 K qubits.The quantum chromosome X qubit corresponding to the phase code matrix X can be expressed as follow.
when the probability amplitude has converged, the measured result of X qubit is shown in (21).Because the M × N × log 2 K values are binary number 0 or 1, every log 2 K bits are convert to decimal number to obtain the phase values.

Pareto Level of Population
For multi-objective functions, MoQGA uses Pareto level as the evaluation criterion for the merits of individuals in the population.Before defining the Pareto level of the finite population, Pareto optimal solution and Pareto front of the solution space are introduced firstly.Let Ω be the solution space, and n is the number of the objective functions.For any two solutions X a and X b from Ω, if the following two conditions are true, and then X a dominates X b , denoted as X a X b . ( If a certain solution X * ∈ Ω satisfies:X * dominates all other feasible solutions in Ω, then X * is called non-dominated solution or Pareto optimal solution.Any two Pareto optimal solutions do not dominate each other, and the set of all Pareto optimal solutions is denoted as P * .
Pareto front PF * is the front surface of the objective function vectors corresponding to all Pareto optimal solutions, which can be expressed as Let S = {X 1 , X 2 , . . . ,X P } be the population of each generation in MoQGA, where P is the number of individuals in each generation population.Similar to the Pareto front of Ω, there is also a Pareto front, denoted by PF S defined on the population S.
The purpose of multi-objective optimization is to make PF S as close as possible to PF * .Ideally, the Pareto front of the elite population finally obtained by MoQGA algorithm is located on the Pareto front of solution space Ω, denoted by PF * S .That means PF * S is a subset of PF * .Take two objective functions as an example for better visualization.As shown in Figure 3  Because the number of solutions in the population S is finite, the Pareto levels can be defined among every solution in S. The set of individuals whose Pareto level are 1 is actually the Pareto front of S.
In (25), P1 represents the set of individuals whose Pareto level is 1.Remove the individuals of P1 from the population S, and the Pareto front of the remaining population − 1 SP are defined as P2.
Similarly, the Pareto levels of all solutions in this population can be obtained, and Because the number of solutions in the population S is finite, the Pareto levels can be defined among every solution in S. The set of individuals whose Pareto level are 1 is actually the Pareto front of S.
In (25), P 1 represents the set of individuals whose Pareto level is 1.Remove the individuals of P 1 from the population S, and the Pareto front of the remaining population S − P 1 are defined as P 2 .
P 2 = PF S−P 1 (26) Similarly, the Pareto levels of all solutions in this population can be obtained, and the recurrence relationship is shown as follows.
In ( 27) and ( 28 MoQGA needs to calculate Pareto levels for each generation of the population.In order to improve the execution speed of the algorithm, we use the fast Pareto non-dominated sorting algorithm in NSGA-II [29]   Put q X into set Step 4: =+ 1 level level ; Jump to Step 3 to execute; if all the population levels are divided, jump out of the loop and end.MoQGA needs to calculate Pareto levels for each generation of the population.In order to improve the execution speed of the algorithm, we use the fast Pareto nondominated sorting algorithm in NSGA-II [29] to divide the Pareto level.For population S = X 1 , X 2 , . . ., X p , . . ., X P and objective functions F (X) = ( f 1 (X), f 2 (X), . . ., f n (X)), the steps of fast non-dominated sorting algorithm for MoQGA are shown in Algorithm 1.

Population Update Strategy Based on Pareto Levels
Algorithm 1: Fast non-dominated sorting algorithm for MoQGA Step 3: For every individual X p ∈ P level For every individual X q ∈ U p n q = n q − 1; If n q = 0 Put X q into set P level+1 ; Step 4: level = level + 1; Jump to Step 3 to execute; if all the population levels are divided, jump out of the loop and end.

Population Update Strategy Based on Pareto Levels
The population update strategy of the MoQGA is described as follows.Firstly, combine the offspring population and its parent population when the offspring population is generated.Secondly, select the same number of elite individuals as parent population from the combined population, according to the Pareto level of combined population.And the new parent population is obtained.Thirdly, use quantum rotate gate to update all individuals in the parent population (the rotation strategy is shown later in this paper).Finally, the new offspring population is obtained after quantum mutation operation.
The schematic diagram of the selection strategy is shown in Figure 5, where F g is the parent population, S g is the offspring population, P is the population size, and g represents the current generation.Firstly, combine F g and S g into population C.Then, execute the fast Pareto non-dominated sorting algorithm on population C, and the Pareto levels of all individuals are obtained.Next, according to the order of Pareto levels from low to high, put the individuals into the new parent population F g+1 .Finally, when a certain layer of individuals cannot be completely put into the parent population F g+1 , randomly select individuals from this layer to fill up the new parent population F g+1 .

Offspring Population Creation Using Quantum Rotate Gate
MoQGA uses quantum rotate gates to update each individual in the parent population Fg+1.The rotation strategy is based on the Pareto dominance relationship obtained by the fast Pareto non-dominated sorting algorithm.
Quantum gates are used to change the probability amplitude of each qubit.Widely used quantum gates include: NOT gates, XOR gates, controlled XOR gates and rotate gates [48].The generation of the offspring population is based on quantum rotate gates in MoQGA.For the quantum chromosome shown in (20), the quantum rotate gate  () U with a rotation angle  can be expressed as follow.
One qubit in quantum chromosome is x , and the process of quantum rotation is where x is the qubit after the quantum rotation.As known from (30), the direction and size of the rotation angle  need to be determined before performing the quantum rotation operation.This paper proposes a rotation strategy based on the Pareto dominance of the population.Determine the individual's rotation target at first, and then calculation the direction and size of rotation angle.Quantum gates are used to change the probability amplitude of each qubit.Widely used quantum gates include: NOT gates, XOR gates, controlled XOR gates and rotate gates [48].The generation of the offspring population is based on quantum rotate gates in MoQGA.For the quantum chromosome shown in (20), the quantum rotate gate U(θ) with a rotation angle θ can be expressed as follow.
One qubit in quantum chromosome is x i = (α i , β i ) T , and the process of quantum rotation is where x i = α i β i T is the qubit after the quantum rotation.As known from (30), the direction and size of the rotation angle θ need to be determined before performing the quantum rotation operation.This paper proposes a rotation strategy based on the Pareto dominance of the population.Determine the individual's rotation target at first, and then calculation the direction and size of rotation angle.Figure 6 shows how to determine the rotation target.The hollow dots in this figure represent the individuals other than Pareto front.The star represents the individual X need to be rotated.P 1 in this figure represents Pareto front of the current population, and PF* represents Pareto front of the solution space.The p 1 , p 2 , p 3 in Figure 6 are the available rotating targets of X.They meet two conditions, one is that they all dominate X, and the other is that they are all located on the Pareto front.The set of available rotate targets can be expressed as B X = {p|p X, p ∈ P 1 }.Any element of B X is non-dominated with each other.So, MoQGA randomly selects an individual from it as the rotating target of X, denoted as b(X).
Remote Sens. 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 23 Then, perform a measurement on the quantum chromosome of the individual X and its rotating target b(X).The measured result is expressed as where the value of xi and bi is 0 or 1.The direction and size of rotation angle s can be determined according to the measurement result, where  , ii are the probability amplitude of the quantum chromosome in (20).The size of the rotation angle is a constant, named rotation step   i .The direction of the rotation angle is controlled by ( ) , whose available values are {−1, 0, 1}.They correspond to counterclockwise rotation, no rotation and clockwise rotation respectively.Table 1 describes how to determine the rotation angle. (0, 2 ) represents the value of rotation step.Use a small  will reduce the convergence speed but may obtain better solutions.Because obtaining waveform set with better metrics have a higher priority, we set  =0.1 in this paper.
Table 1.Rotation angle selection strategy.

Quantum Mutation
The last step to generate the offspring population is quantum mutation.Quantum mutation can improve the diversity of the population and enhance the local search ability of MoQGA.In this paper, a quantum mutation operation is designed based on the quantum NOT gate.The steps are as follows.
Step 1 Select several individuals from the population based on a certain probability Pm.
Step 2 Determine several qubits for the selected individuals according to a certain probability Pb.
Step 3 Perform quantum NOT gate operation on the selected qubits.Then, perform a measurement on the quantum chromosome of the individual X and its rotating target b(X).The measured result is expressed as where the value of x i and b i is 0 or 1.The direction and size of rotation angle θ i = s(α i , β i ) • ∆θ i can be determined according to the measurement result, where α i , β i are the probability amplitude of the quantum chromosome in (20).The size of the rotation angle is a constant, named rotation step ∆θ i .The direction of the rotation angle is controlled by s(α i , β i ), whose available values are {−1, 0, 1}.They correspond to counterclockwise rotation, no rotation and clockwise rotation respectively.Table 1 describes how to determine the rotation angle.δ ∈ (0, 2π) represents the value of rotation step.Use a small δ will reduce the convergence speed but may obtain better solutions.Because obtaining waveform set with better metrics have a higher priority, we set δ = 0.1π in this paper.

Quantum Mutation
The last step to generate the offspring population is quantum mutation.Quantum mutation can improve the diversity of the population and enhance the local search ability of MoQGA.In this paper, a quantum mutation operation is designed based on the quantum NOT gate.The steps are as follows.
Step 1 Select several individuals from the population based on a certain probability P m .
Step 2 Determine several qubits for the selected individuals according to a certain probability P b .Step 3 Perform quantum NOT gate operation on the selected qubits.Among them, P m is the individual mutation probability; P b is the qubit mutation probability.They are both constants.The operation of the quantum NOT gate in Step 3 can be expressed by the following formula.
where x i = (α i , β i ) T represents a qubit on the chromosome before mutation, and x i = α i , β i T represents the qubit after mutation.The quantum mutation operation actually changes the state of the superposition of the qubit state, so that when the qubit is measured, the original tendency to collapse to the state |1 becomes the tendency to collapse to the state |0 , or vice versa.

Numerical Results and Discussions
This section presents case study results to demonstrate the performance of the proposed MoQGA.In order to facilitate the evaluation of the waveform set, the objective functions PCCR, PASR, and ISL are expressed in dB.

Quaternary Phase Code Design
In this subsection, we demonstrate the multi-objective optimization capability of the proposed method by comparing with NSGA-II through a design case of quaternary phase set design problem.We also illustrate how the PSL and ISL of the non-dominated solutions obtained by MoQGA are calculated in our method.The PSL and ISL results obtained in the later subsections of numerical results are all calculated in this way.
The Pareto front obtained by MoQGA is compared with NSGA-II in Figure 7.The MoQGA and NSGA-II start with the same initial population, whose Pareto front is represented by green square dots.The result is obtained at the end of the 300-th generation.The phase code sequence set size M is set to 4, the sequence length N is set to 64 and the number of phase values K is set to 4 (That means MoQGA designs quaternary phase-coded waveform set).It can be seen that the Pareto front obtained by MoQGA has lower objective functions than NSGA-II, which is one of the state-of-the-art multi-objective optimization methods.The three views of the obtained Pareto front are shown in Figure 7b-d.From these results, we can see that MoQGA algorithm can push the Pareto front deeper to the left-bottom corner where the values of PASR, PCCR and ISL are better.
The non-dominated solutions on the Pareto front obtained by MoQGA are multiple phase code matrices, while the optimal solution obtained by Multi-CAN or BiST is a phase code matrix.The result in Figure 7 cannot be directly compared to two standard metrics of the iterative algorithm and phase-coded waveform set (Such as Legendre sequence [49] and CAZAC sequence [50][51][52]), which are PSL = max{PCCR, PASR} and ISL.This paper calculates the PSL and ISL value of each non-dominated solution.The optimal solution with the lowest PSL and ISL value is selected as the comparison to BiST, Multi-CAN and other state-of-the-art methods.The PSL and ISL metrics of a Pareto front are expressed by (34) and (35), denoted as PSL MoQGA and ISL MoQGA .
Table 2 shows the objective function values of the 32 non-dominated solutions on the Pareto front in Figure 7.According to (34) and (35), the results are expressed as PSL MoQGA = −14.16dB (Set 25) and ISL MoQGA = 11.14 dB (Set 30).Since the MoQGA obtains total 32 non-dominated solutions, different solution can be selected according to specific practical system requirements.For instance, the Set 1 has the lowest PASR (−16.83 dB) with high PCCR (−13.01 dB).When the system requires lower PASR, the Set 1 will be selected.Overall, every solution is non-dominated to each other, so each of them is better than other 31 solutions in a certain dimension of the multi-objective functions.
Remote Sens. 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 23 practical system requirements.For instance, the Set 1 has the lowest PASR (−16.83 dB) with high PCCR (−13.01 dB).When the system requires lower PASR, the Set 1 will be selected.Overall, every solution is non-dominated to each other, so each of them is better than other 31 solutions in a certain dimension of the multi-objective functions.
(a) (    In this subsection, we compare the MIMO radar binary phase-coded waveform set designed by the MoQGA with those designed by BiST, Multi-CAN, and Legendre sequence set.Notice that the objective function of the BiST is the weighted sum of the three objective functions [27], F = w 1 PCCR + w 2 PASR + w 3 ISL.The BiST results under w 1 = 0.25, w 2 = 0.25, w 3 = 0.5 have the best metrics values, which are compared to MoQGA in the later part of numerical results.The phase values of some sequence set are continuous.They are quantized into binary values at first.The design results are carried out under different code sequence length N, i.e., N = {8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64}.The maximum generation of MoQGA is set to 300, and the number of individuals in the population is set to 100.Consider the two cases of M = 3 and M = 4, the following results are obtained over 10 trials.Figure 8 shows results under M = 3 and different sequence length while Figure 9 corresponds to M = 4.
ti-CAN, and 2.66 dB lower than BiST.
Figure 8b shows the result of ISL when M = 3.The lower bound of the ISL value is − 10 10 log ( ( 1)) MM dB [15], and when M = 3, the lower bound is   Figure 9a shows the similar result as Figure 8a when M = 4.The result shows that the PSL value of the MIMO binary phase code sequence set designed by MoQGA is 1.40 dB lower than Legendre sequence on average, 3.14 dB lower than Multi-CAN, and 2.26 dB lower than BiST.
Figure 9b shows the similar result as Figure 8b M = At this time, the lower bound is 10.79 dB.The result of MoQGA is also compared with Multi-CAN and BiST.The result shows that the ISL value of the set designed by MoQGA is 0.81 dB lower than that of Multi-CAN on average, 0.07 dB higher than BiST, and only 0.18 dB higher than the lower bound.Regardless of the case of M = 3 or M = 4, as the code sequence length N increases, the ISL value of code sequence set obtained by MoQGA increases.That is because the degree of freedom of the phase code matrix increases as the N increases, but the maximum generation and number of individuals in population is not increased.

Quaternary Code Design under Different Sequence Length N
In this subsection, we evaluate the proposed method with quaternary code design.The results are shown in Figures 10 and 11, wherein except for the binary phase code changed to the quaternary phase code, the other parameters are the same as Figures 8  and 9. Figure 10 shows the PSL and ISL values of quaternary phase code sequence set designed by different algorithms under different code lengths when M = 3.The red solid line represents the result of the set designed by MoQGA.The trend of the curve is consistent with the situation of the binary phase code shown in Figure 8.The cyan dotted line represents the result of the CAZAC sequence.CAZAC sequence requires that the code sequence length is prime, so the result of CAZAC sequence is obtained when  Figure 8a shows the result of PSL when M = 3.The red solid line represents the PSL value of the MIMO binary phase code sequence set designed by MoQGA.As the code sequence length N increases, the PSL value becomes smaller.The cyan dotted line represents the PSL value of the Legendre sequence, is a structured MIMO binary phase code sequence set (The PSL value of Legendre sequence is 20 log 10 (2/ √ N) dB [53]).The pink dotted line represents the result of Multi-CAN, and the blue dotted line represents the result of BiST.It can be seen that the PSL value of the MIMO binary phase code sequence set designed by MoQGA is lower than the set designed by Multi-CAN, BiST and the Legendre sequence.Under the parameters set in this section, MoQGA's result is 2.64 dB lower than the Legendre sequence on average, 3.91 dB lower than Multi-CAN, and 2.66 dB lower than BiST.
Figure 8b shows the result of ISL when M = 3.The lower bound of the ISL value is 10 log 10 (M(M − 1)) dB [15], and when M = 3, the lower bound is 7.78 dB, which is represented by the black dashed line in this figure.The red solid line represents the ISL values of binary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA.It can be seen that the ISL value increases with the increase of the code length N. The average value of ISL is 0.27 dB higher than the lower bound.The pink dotted line represents the result of Multi-CAN.It can be seen that the ISL value of the set obtained by MoQGA is 1.09 dB lower than that obtained by Multi-CAN on average.The blue dotted line represents the result of BiST and its ISL values are all around 8.00 dB, which is close to the lower bound.The result of MoQGA is 0.05 dB higher than BiST on average.However, for smaller N no larger than 40, the performance of MoQGA outperforms BiST by 0.04 dB.In conclusion, the ISL value of the MIMO code sequence set designed by the MoQGA is significantly better than that designed by Multi-CAN, slightly worse than BiST, but also close to the lower bound.
Figure 9a shows the similar result as Figure 8a when M = 4.The result shows that the PSL value of the MIMO binary phase code sequence set designed by MoQGA is 1.40 dB lower than the Legendre sequence on average, 3.14 dB lower than Multi-CAN, and 2.26 dB lower than BiST.
Figure 9b shows the similar result as Figure 8b when M = 4.At this time, the lower bound is 10.79 dB.The result of MoQGA is also compared with Multi-CAN and BiST.The result shows that the ISL value of the set designed by MoQGA is 0.81 dB lower than that of Multi-CAN on average, 0.07 dB higher than BiST, and only 0.18 dB higher than the lower bound.Regardless of the case of M = 3 or M = 4, as the code sequence length N increases, the ISL value of code sequence set obtained by MoQGA increases.That is because the degree of freedom of the phase code matrix increases as the N increases, but the maximum generation and number of individuals in population is not increased.

Quaternary Code Design under Different Sequence Length N
In this subsection, we evaluate the proposed method with quaternary code design.The results are shown in Figures 10 and 11, wherein except for the binary phase code changed to the quaternary phase code, the other parameters are the same as Figures 8 and 9. Figure 10 shows the PSL and ISL values of quaternary phase code sequence set designed by different algorithms under different code lengths when M = 3.The red solid line represents the result of the set designed by MoQGA.The trend of the curve is consistent with the situation of the binary phase code shown in Figure 8.The cyan dotted line represents the result of the CAZAC sequence.CAZAC sequence requires that the code sequence length is prime, so the result of CAZAC sequence is obtained when N CAZAC = {7, 17, 23, 31, 41, 47, 53, 61}, the prime numbers close to the parameters of other code sequence set.In addition, because the phase values of CAZAC sequence are continuous, the phase values should be quantized into quaternary values at first.dB lower than BiST.
Figure 9b shows the similar result as Figure 8b when M = 4.At this time, the lower bound is 10.79 dB.The result of MoQGA is also compared with Multi-CAN and BiST.The result shows that the ISL value of the set designed by MoQGA is 0.81 dB lower than that of Multi-CAN on average, 0.07 dB higher than BiST, and only 0.18 dB higher than the lower bound.Regardless of the case of M = 3 or M = 4, as the code sequence length N increases, the ISL value of code sequence set obtained by MoQGA increases.That is because the degree of freedom of the phase code matrix increases as the N increases, but the maximum generation and number of individuals in population is not increased.

Quaternary Code Design under Different Sequence Length N
In this subsection, we evaluate the proposed method with quaternary code design.The results are shown in Figures 10 and 11, wherein except for the binary phase code changed to the quaternary phase code, the other parameters are the same as Figures 8  and 9. Figure 10 shows the PSL and ISL values of quaternary phase code sequence set designed by different algorithms under different code lengths when M = 3.The red solid line represents the result of the set designed by MoQGA.The trend of the curve is consistent with the situation of the binary phase code shown in Figure 8.The cyan dotted line represents the result of the CAZAC sequence.CAZAC sequence requires that the code sequence length is prime, so the result of CAZAC sequence is obtained when  Figure 10a shows the PSL value of the MIMO quaternary phase code sequence set designed by MoQGA, which is 2.08 dB lower than Multi-CAN, 1.75 dB lower than BiST, and 1.89 dB lower than the CAZAC sequence on average.Figure 10b shows the ISL result when M = 3.The ISL result of MoQGA is 0.55 dB higher than the bound, 0.36 dB higher than BiST, and 0.23 dB lower than Multi-CAN.
Figure 11 shows the PSL and ISL results under different code lengths when M = 4. Figure 11a shows the PSL result.The result of MoQGA is 2.09 dB lower than Multi-CAN, 1.73 dB lower than BiST, and 1.65 dB lower than the CAZAC sequence on average.Figure 11b shows the ISL result when M = 4.The result of MoQGA is 0.36 dB higher than the lower bound, 0.26 dB higher than BiST, and 0.24 dB lower than Multi-CAN.
Figure 10a shows the PSL value of the MIMO quaternary phase code sequence set designed by MoQGA, which is 2.08 dB lower than Multi-CAN, 1.75 dB lower than BiST, and 1.89 dB lower than the CAZAC sequence on average.Figure 10b shows the ISL result when M = 3.The ISL result of MoQGA is 0.55 dB higher than the lower bound, 0.36 dB higher than BiST, and 0.23 dB lower than Multi-CAN.Figure 11 shows the PSL and ISL results under different code lengths when M = 4. Figure 11a shows the PSL result.The result of MoQGA is 2.09 dB lower than Multi-CAN, 1.73 dB lower than BiST, and 1.65 dB lower than the CAZAC sequence on average.Figure 11b shows the ISL result when M = 4.The result of MoQGA is 0.36 dB higher than the lower bound, 0.26 dB higher than BiST, and 0.24 dB lower than Multi-CAN.
Comparing the results of quaternary code design with binary code design, we can see that when designing a quaternary phase code sequence set, the obtained ISL value of MoQGA is much higher than the binary case.And their trend via different sequence length N is the same.The ISL value increases as N increases.The results indicate that the ISL value results of MoQGA will become worse when the system's degree of freedom has increased while the maximum generation and number of the individuals in the population remain unchanged.This phenomenon is not obvious but also exists in the results of the PSL value results.Comparing the PSL results under binary and quaternary case, the binary phase code sequence set results of MoQGA are 2.66 dB and 2.26 dB lower than BiST respectively (corresponding to M = 3 and M = 4).However, the quaternary results are only 1.75 dB and 1.73 dB lower than BiST.

Impact of Sequence Set Size M
In order to analyze the impact of code sequence set size on the PSL and ISL result, the sequence design parameters are . The maximum generation is still set to 300, and the number of individuals in the population is still set to 100.The following results are still obtained over 10 trials.
Figure 12 shows the PSL and ISL values of MIMO binary phase code sequence set designed by different algorithms under different values of M. Figure 12a is the design result of PSL values.The PSL result of MoQGA is 1.14 dB lower than BiST, 2.83 dB lower than Multi-CAN on average.Figure 12b shows the result of the ISL values.For the seven values of M in this section, the lower bounds of the ISL values are 3.01 dB, 7.78 dB, 10.79 dB, 13.01 dB, 14.77 dB, 16.23 dB, and 17.48 dB respectively.On average, the result of MoQGA is 0.73 dB lower than Multi-CAN, 0.05 dB higher than BiST, and 0.16 dB higher than the lower bound.
Figure 13 shows the PSL and ISL results under quaternary case.It can be seen that the PSL value obtained by MoQGA is 0.95 dB lower than BiST, 1.83 dB lower than Multi-CAN.The result of ISL value is 0.22 dB lower than Multi-CAN, 0.22 dB higher than BiST, and 0.32 dB higher than the lower bound.Comparing the results of quaternary code design with binary code design, we can see that when designing a quaternary phase code sequence set, the obtained ISL value of MoQGA is much higher than the binary case.And their trend via different sequence length N is the same.The ISL value increases as N increases.The results indicate that the ISL value results of MoQGA will become worse when the system's degree of freedom has increased while the maximum generation and number of the individuals in the population remain unchanged.This phenomenon is not obvious but also exists in the results of the PSL value results.Comparing the PSL results under binary and quaternary case, the binary phase code sequence set results of MoQGA are 2.66 dB and 2.26 dB lower than BiST respectively (corresponding to M = 3 and M = 4).However, the quaternary results are only 1.75 dB and 1.73 dB lower than BiST.

Impact of Sequence Set Size M
In order to analyze the impact of code sequence set size on the PSL and ISL result, the sequence design parameters are N = 32, M = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.The maximum generation is still set to 300, and the number of individuals in the population is still set to 100.The following results are still obtained over 10 trials.
Figure 12 shows the PSL and ISL values of MIMO binary phase code sequence set designed by different algorithms under different values of M. Figure 12a is the design result of PSL values.The PSL result of MoQGA is 1.14 dB lower than BiST, 2.83 dB lower than Multi-CAN on average.Figure 12b shows the result of the ISL values.For the seven values of M in this section, the lower bounds of the ISL values are 3.01 dB, 7.78 dB, 10.79 dB, 13.01 dB, 14.77 dB, 16.23 dB, and 17.48 dB respectively.On average, the result of MoQGA is 0.73 dB lower than Multi-CAN, 0.05 dB higher than BiST, and 0.16 dB higher than the lower bound.Figure 13 shows the PSL and ISL results under quaternary case.It can be seen that the PSL value obtained by MoQGA is 0.95 dB lower than BiST, 1.83 dB lower than Multi-CAN.The result of ISL value is 0.22 dB lower than Multi-CAN, 0.22 dB higher than BiST, and 0.32 dB higher than the lower bound.Figure 14 shows the PSL values of phase code sequence set designed by different algorithms.As the number of phase values K increases from 2 to 64, the PSL value of the obtained phase code sequence set becomes smaller.From 2-to 4-phase code sequence set, the decline of the PSL value is most obvious.When K = 8,16,32,64, the PSL value has a small decrease relative to the 4-phase code sequence set.Apart from this result, the PSL value of the MIMO phase code sequence set designed by MoQGA is lower than BiST, Multi-CAN and quantized CAZAC sequence.

Poly-Phase Design under Different K
In this subsection, code sequence length and set size set to N = 32 and = 4. result is obtained under different number of phase values K = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64}.Since the code length of CAZAC sequence should be prime number, set its length to N = 31.The max generation of MoQGA is still set to 300, and the number of individuals in the population is set to 100.The following result is still obtained over 10 trials.
Figure 14 shows the PSL values of phase code sequence set designed by different algorithms.As the number of phase values K increases from 2 to 64, the PSL value of the obtained phase code sequence set becomes smaller.From 2-to 4-phase code sequence set, the decline of the PSL value is most obvious.When K = 8,16,32,64, the PSL value has a small decrease relative to the 4-phase code sequence set.Apart from this result, the PSL value of the MIMO phase code sequence set designed by MoQGA is lower than BiST, Multi-CAN and quantized CAZAC sequence.

Impact of Random Initialization
The initial population of the MoQGA is generated by random numbers.How random initialization affects the PSL metric and ISL metric is simulated here.The numerical simulations of this paper are implemented with MATLAB that runs on a PC with one Intel Core i7-6700 CPU and 8 GB RAM.When testing PSL and ISL metrics, the parameters are set as M = 4, N = 64, K = 4.The number of individuals is 100 and the maximum generation is 300.The results under the same parameters can also be seen in Figure 11, whose

Impact of Random Initialization
The initial population of the MoQGA is generated by random numbers.How random initialization affects the PSL metric and ISL metric is simulated here.The numerical simulations of this paper are implemented with MATLAB that runs on a PC with one Intel Core i7-6700 CPU and 8 GB RAM.When testing PSL and ISL metrics, the parameters are set as M = 4, N = 64, K = 4.The number of individuals is 100 and the maximum generation is 300.The results under the same parameters can also be seen in Figure 11, whose reported values are PSL = −13.74dB and ISL = 11.34 dB.Then, 500 trials with random initial populations are calculated.The results are counted in Figures 15 and 16.It can be seen the distribution of the PSL and ISL metrics are concentrated.The average value of PSL is −13.68 dB; the standard deviation of the PSL is only 0.13 dB.The average value of ISL is 11.30 dB; the standard deviation of the ISL is only 0.03 dB.Red lines in Figures 15 and 16 represent the reported values in Figure 11.The results show that the random initializations only slightly affect the optimization results of the MoQGA.

Impact of Random Initialization
The initial population of the MoQGA is generated by random numbers.How random initialization affects the PSL metric and ISL metric is simulated here.The numerical simulations of this paper are implemented with MATLAB that runs on a PC with one Intel Core i7-6700 CPU and 8 GB RAM.When testing PSL and ISL metrics, the parameters are set as M = 4, N = 64, K = 4.The number of individuals is 100 and the maximum generation is 300.The results under the same parameters can also be seen in Figure 11, whose reported values are PSL = −13.74dB and ISL = 11.34 dB.Then, 500 trials with random initial populations are calculated.The results are counted in Figures 15 and 16.It can be seen the distribution of the PSL and ISL metrics are concentrated.The average value of PSL is −13.68 dB; the standard deviation of the PSL is only 0.13 dB.The average value of ISL is 11.30 dB; the standard deviation of the ISL is only 0.03 dB.Red lines in Figure 15 and Figure 16 represent the reported values in Figure 11.The results show that the random initializations only slightly affect the optimization results of the MoQGA.

Impact of Random Initialization
The initial population of the MoQGA is generated by random numbers.How random initialization affects the PSL metric and ISL metric is simulated here.The numerical simulations of this paper are implemented with MATLAB that runs on a PC with one Intel Core i7-6700 CPU and 8 GB RAM.When testing PSL and ISL metrics, the parameters are set as M = 4, N = 64, K = 4.The number of individuals is 100 and the maximum generation is 300.The results under the same parameters can also be seen in Figure 11, whose reported values are PSL = −13.74dB and ISL = 11.34 dB.Then, 500 trials with random initial populations are calculated.The results are counted in Figures 15 and 16.It can be seen the distribution of the PSL and ISL metrics are concentrated.The average value of PSL is −13.68 dB; the standard deviation of the PSL is only 0.13 dB.The average value of ISL is 11.30 dB; the standard deviation of the ISL is only 0.03 dB.Red lines in Figure 15 and Figure 16 the reported in Figure 11.The results show that the random initializations only slightly affect the optimization of the MoQGA.

Correlation Function of Phase Code Sequence Set
In this subsection, we discuss the performance of the proposed method in terms of PCCR.selected from 10 trials.The peak value of aperiodic cross-correlation function of the waveform set obtained by BiST is 0.3125, and that of MoQGA is only 0.2519.Convert into dB form, the PSL value obtained by MoQGA is 1.87 dB lower than BiST.Lower aperiodic cross-correlation peak means that the interference between different waveforms of the MIMO radar system is lower.In addition, the solutions on the Pareto front obtained by MoQGA may have lower cross-correlation function.The radar system could choose a solution with lower cross-correlation peak, and then use weighted network, mismatch filtering, wavelet transform, or artificial neural network to suppress the side-lobe of the auto-correlation function [54][55][56].

Conclusions
This paper proposes a new approach for MIMO radar phase-coded waveform design by formulating the waveform design problem into a multi-objective optimization problem.Subsequently, based on the Pareto dominance concept, combining the frameworks of NSGA-II and quantum-inspired genetic algorithm, this paper develops a multi-objective quantum genetic algorithm to solve the problem.Based on the Pareto level of the population, MoQGA was designed with unique quantum rotation and population selected from 10 trials.The peak value of aperiodic cross-correlation function of the waveform set obtained by BiST 0.3125, and that of MoQGA is only 0.2519.Convert into dB form, the PSL value obtained by MoQGA is 1.87 dB lower than BiST.Lower aperiodic cross-correlation peak means that the interference between different waveforms of the MIMO radar system is lower.In addition, the solutions on the Pareto front obtained by MoQGA may have lower cross-correlation function.The radar system could choose a solution with lower cross-correlation peak, and then use weighted network, mismatch filtering, wavelet transform, or artificial neural network to suppress the side-lobe of the auto-correlation function [54][55][56].

Conclusions
This paper proposes a new approach for MIMO radar phase-coded waveform design by formulating the waveform design problem into a multi-objective optimization problem.Subsequently, based on the Pareto dominance concept, combining the frameworks of NSGA-II and quantum-inspired genetic algorithm, this paper develops a multi-objective quantum genetic algorithm to solve the problem.Based on the Pareto level of the population, MoQGA was designed with unique quantum rotation and population

Conclusions
This paper proposes a new approach for MIMO radar phase-coded waveform design

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.MIMO radar with M transmit signals.In this paper, only phase-coded waveform set is discussed.Phase-coded waveform has constant amplitude and RF frequency in the pulse duration, and the signal within the pulse duration is modulated by a phase code sequence.The sequence length N represent the number of sub-pulses (chips).The pulse length is and sub-pluses length is c .They satisfy the condition = c N .The analog signal of the waveform can be expressed as

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Framework of MoQGA for MIMO radar phase-coded waveform set design.
discovery  |1 .Before calculating the values of multi-objective functions and Pareto level, MoQGA needs to measure the quantum chromosome at first.Then

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Framework of MoQGA for MIMO radar phase-coded waveform set design.
, the two coordinate axes represent two objective functions.The area enclosed by the bottom left solid line and the top right dashed line represents the solution space Ω, and the bottom left solid line is Pareto front PF * .The solid dots represent PF S , the Pareto front of population with finite size.The hollow dots represent PF * S , the ideal Pareto front of population.MoQGA and other multi-objective optimization algorithms expect that the obtained Pareto front have more elements in the Pareto front.At the same time, the more even the distribution, the better the optimization effect.Remote Sens. 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 23 tion algorithms expect that the obtained Pareto front have more elements in the Pareto front.At the same time, the more even the distribution, the better the optimization effect.

Step 1 : 2 :
Calculate the dominated number n p of every individual p. Calculate the set of individuals dominated by p, denoted as U p .Calculate the set of individuals who dominate p, denoted as D p .Step Put the individuals who satisfy n p = 0 into P 1 and set level = 1.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Selection strategy of elite individuals in the population.
Figure 6 shows how to determine the rotation target.The hollow dots in this figure represent the individuals other than Pareto front.The star represents the individual X need to be rotated.P1 in this figure represents Pareto front of the current population, and PF* represents Pareto front of the solution space.The 1 2 3,, p p p in Figure6are the available rotating targets of X.They meet two conditions, one is that they all dominate X, and the other is that they are all located on the Pareto front.The set of available rotate targets can be expressed as p P .Any element of BX is non-dominated with each other.So, MoQGA randomly selects an individual from it as

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Selection strategy of elite individuals in the population.

3. 4 .
Offspring Population Creation Using Quantum Rotate Gate MoQGA uses quantum rotate gates to update each individual in the parent population F g+1 .The rotation strategy is based on the Pareto dominance relationship obtained by the fast Pareto non-dominated sorting algorithm.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The rotating targets of quantum rotation.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The rotating targets of quantum rotation.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar binary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under M = 3 and different code sequence length.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar binary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under M = 3 and different code sequence length.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar binary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under M = 4 and different code sequence length.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.
numbers close to the parameters of other code sequence set.In addition, because the phase values of CAZAC sequence are continuous, the phase values should be quantized into quaternary values at first.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar binary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under M = 4 and different code sequence length.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar binary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under M = 4 and different code sequence length.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar quaternary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under M = 3 and different code sequence length.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar quaternary phase code sequence by MoQGA and other methods under M = 3 and different code sequence length.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar quaternary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under M = 4 and different code sequence length.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar quaternary code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under M = 4 and different code sequence length.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar binary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under different sequence set size and N = 32.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar binary code set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under different sequence set size and N = 32.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.

Figure 12 .Figure 13 .
Figure 12.PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar binary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under different sequence set size and N = 32.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.

4. 5 .
Poly-Phase Code Design under Different KIn this subsection, code sequence length and set size are set to N = 32 and M = 4.The result is obtained under different number of phase values of CAZAC sequence should be prime number, set its length to N = 31.The max generation of MoQGA is still set to 300, and the number of individuals in the population is set to 100.The following result is still obtained over 10 trials.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.PSL and ISL values of MIMO radar quaternary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods under different sequence set size and N = 32.(a) PSL; (b) ISL.It can be seen from Figures 12 and 13 that the PSL values and ISL values of the MIMO waveform set designed by different algorithms increase with the increase of the sequence set size.The design result of the quaternary code sequence set is that of binary case.Although the ISL values of the waveform set designed by different algorithm are about the the PSL values obtained by MoQGA are lower than BiST and Multi-CAN.

23 Figure 14 .
Figure 14.PSL values of MIMO radar poly-phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods when M = 4 and N = 32.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.PSL values of MIMO radar poly-phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods when M = 4 and N = 32.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.PSL values of MIMO radar poly-phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods when M = 4 and N = 32.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Histogram of the PSL values obtained over 500 random trials when the parameters are M = 4, N = 64, and K = 4.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Histogram of the ISL values obtained over 500 random trials when the parameters are M = 4, N = 64, and K = 4.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Histogram of the PSL values obtained over 500 random trials when the parameters are M = 4, N = 64, and K = 4.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.PSL values of MIMO radar poly-phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA and other methods when M = 4 and N = 32.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Histogram of the PSL values obtained over 500 random trials when the parameters are M = 4, N = 64, and K = 4.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Histogram of the ISL values obtained over 500 random trials when the parameters are M = 4, N = 64, and K = 4.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Histogram of the ISL values obtained over 500 random trials when the parameters are M = 4, N = 64, and = 4.
Figures 17 and 18 the aperiodic auto-and cross-correlation functions of the phase code sequence set designed by MoQGA and BiST under = 4, N = 32, and K = 4. Different from the experiments above, the results in Figures 17 and 18 are the best values selected from 10 trials.The peak value of aperiodic cross-correlation function of the waveform set obtained by BiST is 0.3125, and that of MoQGA is only 0.2519.Convert into dB form, the PSL value obtained by MoQGA is 1.87 dB lower than BiST.Lower aperiodic cross-correlation peak means that the interference between different waveforms of the MIMO radar system is lower.In addition, the solutions on the Pareto front obtained by MoQGA may have lower cross-correlation function.The radar system could choose a solution with lower cross-correlation peak, and then use weighted network, mismatch filtering, wavelet transform, or artificial neural network to suppress the side-lobe of the auto-correlation function [54-56].

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Auto-correlation functions of the waveform set obtained by MoQGA and BiST under M = 4, N = 32, and K = 4.

Figure 18 .
Figure 18.Cross-correlation functions of the waveform set obtained by MoQGA and BiST under M = 4, N = 32, and K = 4.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Auto-correlation functions of the waveform set obtained by MoQGA and BiST under M = 4, N = 32, and K = 4.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Auto-correlation functions of the waveform set obtained by MoQGA and BiST under M = 4, N = 32, and K = 4.

Figure 18 .
Figure 18.Cross-correlation functions of the waveform set obtained by MoQGA and BiST under M = 4, N = 32, and K = 4.

Figure 18 .
Figure 18.Cross-correlation functions of the waveform set obtained by MoQGA and BiST under M = 4, N = 32, and K = 4.
to divide the Pareto level.For popula-Calculate the dominated number np of every individual p. Calculate the set of individuals dominated by p, denoted as Up.Calculate the set of individuals who dominate p, denoted as Dp.

Table 1 .
Rotation angle selection strategy.

Table 2 .
Objective functions values of Pareto front.

Table 2 .
Objective functions values of Pareto front.
4.2.Binary Code Design under Different Sequence Length N 7.78 dB, which is represented by the black dashed line in this figure.The red solid line represents the ISL values of binary phase code sequence set obtained by MoQGA.It can be seen that the ISL value increases with the increase of the code length N. The average value of ISL is 0.27 dB higher than the lower bound.The pink dotted line represents the result of Multi-CAN.It can be seen that the ISL value of the set obtained by MoQGA is 1.09 dB lower than that obtained by Multi-CAN on average.The blue dotted line represents the result of BiST and its ISL values are all around 8.00 dB, which is close to the lower bound.The result of MoQGA is 0.05 dB higher than BiST on average.However, for smaller N no larger than 40, the performance of MoQGA outperforms BiST by 0.04 dB.In conclusion, the ISL value of the MIMO code sequence set designed by the MoQGA is significantly better than that designed by Multi-CAN, slightly worse than BiST, but also close to the lower bound.