Analysis of Variable-Length Codes for Integer Encoding in Hyperspectral Data Compression with the k2-Raster Compact Data Structure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. -Raster
2.2. Unary Codes and Notation
2.3. Elias Codes
2.4. Rice Codes
2.5. Simple9, Simple16, and PForDelta
2.6. Directly Addressable Codes
2.7. Selection of the k Value
2.8. Heuristic -Raster
2.9. 3D-2D Mapping
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Best k Value Selection
3.2. Heuristic -Raster
3.3. 3D-2D Mapping
3.4. Comparison of Integer Encoders for -Raster
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T Bitmap | binary | 1110 1111 1010 1111 | |
decimal | Level 1 | 0446 | |
Level 2 | 0314 0212 0111 | ||
Level 3 | 0212 0101 0212 0001 0111 0111 0001 0101 0011 0111 | ||
decimal | Level 1 | 100 | |
Level 2 | 3120 10 1000 | ||
decimal | 8 | ||
decimal | 2 |
Value | Rice Code | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decimal | Binary | ||||
Selector | Number of Integers | Width of Integers (Bits) | Wasted Bits |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 28 | 1 | 0 |
1 | 14 | 2 | 0 |
2 | 9 | 3 | 1 |
3 | 7 | 4 | 0 |
4 | 5 | 5 | 3 |
5 | 4 | 7 | 0 |
6 | 3 | 9 | 1 |
7 | 2 | 14 | 0 |
8 | 1 | 28 | 0 |
Selector | Number of Integers | Width of Integers (Bits) | |||
0 | 28 | ||||
1 | 21 | ||||
2 | 21 | ||||
3 | 21 | ||||
4 | 14 | ||||
5 | 9 | ||||
6 | 8 | ||||
7 | 7 | ||||
8 | 6 | ||||
9 | 6 | ||||
10 | 5 | ||||
11 | 5 | ||||
12 | 4 | ||||
13 | 3 | ||||
14 | 2 | ||||
15 | 1 |
Element | Selector | Number of Integers | Integers Stored (Decimal) | Integers Stored (Binary) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 7 (0111) | 2 | 3591 25 | 00111000000111 00000000011001 |
1 | 4 (0100) | 5 | 13 12 15 12 11 | 01101 01100 01111 01100 01011 |
2 | 4 (0100) | 5 | 26 20 8 13 8 | 11010 10100 01000 01101 01000 |
3 | 3 (0011) | 7 | 9 7 13 10 12 0 10 | 1001 0111 1101 1010 1100 0000 1010 |
Decimal | Binary | DACs Blocks |
7 | 0111 | (BA) |
41 | 0101 1001 | (BA BA) |
100 | 0001 1100 1100 | (BA BA BA) |
63 | 0111 1111 | (BA BA) |
427 | 0110 1101 1011 | (BA BA BA) |
Codeword | Frequency |
0111 | 3 |
0212 | 2 |
0101 | 2 |
0001 | 2 |
0011 | 1 |
Sensor | Name | C/U | Acronym | Original Dimensions (x × y × z) | Bit Depth (bpppb) | Best k Value | -Raster Bit Rate (bpppb) | -Raster Bit-Rate Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AIRS | 9 | U | AG9 | 90 × 135 × 1501 | 12 | 6 | 9.49 | 21% |
16 | U | AG16 | 90 × 135 × 1501 | 12 | 6 | 9.12 | 24% | |
60 | U | AG60 | 90 × 135 × 1501 | 12 | 15 | 9.72 | 19% | |
126 | U | AG126 | 90 × 135 × 1501 | 12 | 6 | 9.61 | 20% | |
129 | U | AG129 | 90 × 135 × 1501 | 12 | 6 | 8.65 | 28% | |
151 | U | AG151 | 90 × 135 × 1501 | 12 | 6 | 9.53 | 21% | |
182 | U | AG182 | 90 × 135 × 1501 | 12 | 6 | 9.68 | 19% | |
193 | U | AG193 | 90 × 135 × 1501 | 12 | 15 | 9.30 | 23% | |
AVIRIS | Yellowstone sc. 00 | C | ACY00 | 677 × 512 × 224 | 16 | 6 | 9.61 | 40% |
Yellowstone sc. 03 | C | ACY03 | 677 × 512 × 224 | 16 | 6 | 9.42 | 41% | |
Yellowstone sc. 10 | C | ACY10 | 677 × 512 × 224 | 16 | 6 | 7.62 | 52% | |
Yellowstone sc. 11 | C | ACY11 | 677 × 512 × 224 | 16 | 6 | 8.81 | 45% | |
Yellowstone sc. 18 | C | ACY18 | 677 × 512 × 224 | 16 | 6 | 9.78 | 39% | |
Yellowstone sc. 00 | U | AUY00 | 680 × 512 × 224 | 16 | 9 | 11.92 | 25% | |
Yellowstone sc. 03 | U | AUY03 | 680 × 512 × 224 | 16 | 9 | 11.74 | 27% | |
Yellowstone sc. 10 | U | AUY10 | 680 × 512 × 224 | 16 | 9 | 9.99 | 38% | |
Yellowstone sc. 11 | U | AUY11 | 680 × 512 × 224 | 16 | 9 | 11.27 | 30% | |
Yellowstone sc. 18 | U | AUY18 | 680 × 512 × 224 | 16 | 9 | 12.15 | 24% | |
CRISM | frt000065e6_07_sc164 | U | C164 | 640 × 420 × 545 | 12 | 6 | 10.08 | 16% |
frt00008849_07_sc165 | U | C165 | 640 × 450 × 545 | 12 | 6 | 10.37 | 14% | |
frt0001077d_07_sc166 | U | C166 | 640 × 480 × 545 | 12 | 6 | 11.05 | 8% | |
hrl00004f38_07_sc181 | U | C181 | 320 × 420 × 545 | 12 | 5 | 9.97 | 17% | |
hrl0000648f_07_sc182 | U | C182 | 320 × 450 × 545 | 12 | 5 | 10.11 | 16% | |
hrl0000ba9c_07_sc183 | U | C183 | 320 × 480 × 545 | 12 | 5 | 10.65 | 11% | |
Hyperion | Agricultural | C | HCA | 256 × 3129 × 242 | 12 | 16 | 8.52 | 29% |
Coral Reef | C | HCC | 256 × 3127 × 242 | 12 | 8 | 7.62 | 36% | |
Urban | C | HCU | 256 × 2905 × 242 | 12 | 16 | 8.85 | 26% | |
Erta Ale | U | HUEA | 256 × 3187 × 242 | 12 | 8 | 7.76 | 35% | |
Lake Monona | U | HULM | 256 × 3176 × 242 | 12 | 8 | 7.82 | 35% | |
Mt. St. Helena | U | HUMS | 256 × 3242 × 242 | 12 | 8 | 7.91 | 34% | |
IASI | Level 0 1 | U | I01 | 60 × 1528 × 8359 | 12 | 12 | 6.32 | 47% |
Level 0 2 | U | I02 | 60 × 1528 × 8359 | 12 | 12 | 6.38 | 47% | |
Level 0 3 | U | I03 | 60 × 1528 × 8359 | 12 | 12 | 6.31 | 47% | |
Level 0 4 | U | I04 | 60 × 1528 × 8359 | 12 | 12 | 6.43 | 46% |
Scene Data (w × h) | = 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AG9 (90 × 135) | S | 256 | 243 | 256 | 625 | 216 | 343 | 512 | 729 | 1000 | 1331 | 144 | 169 | 196 | 225 | 256 | 289 | 324 | 361 | 400 |
C | 13.06 | 10.11 | 10.03 | 10.47 | 9.49 | 9.98 | 10.68 | 9.89 | 10.65 | 12.98 | 11.23 | 10.33 | 11.29 | 9.53 | 11.57 | 11.72 | 10.78 | 12.52 | 12.13 | |
B | 5.3 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 10.9 | 4.2 | 10.9 | 12.6 | 10.7 | 17.5 | 29.6 | 2.9 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 4.9 | 7.3 | |
ACY00 (677 × 512) | S | 1024 | 729 | 1024 | 3125 | 1296 | 2401 | 4096 | 729 | 1000 | 1331 | 1728 | 2197 | 2744 | 3375 | 4096 | 4913 | 5832 | 6859 | 8000 |
C | 12.34 | 10.20 | 9.76 | 10.70 | 9.61 | 9.91 | 10.26 | 9.69 | 9.83 | 9.87 | 9.95 | 10.24 | 10.20 | 10.51 | 10.24 | 10.55 | 10.61 | 10.49 | 10.73 | |
B | 19.5 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 30.7 | 10.5 | 19.3 | 42.0 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 11.5 | 13.2 | 17.1 | 23.2 | 29.1 | 45.5 | 55.8 | 72.6 | 101.1 | 131.0 | |
AUY00 (680 × 512) | S | 1024 | 729 | 1024 | 3125 | 1296 | 2401 | 4096 | 729 | 1000 | 1331 | 1728 | 2197 | 2744 | 3375 | 4096 | 4913 | 5832 | 6859 | 8000 |
C | 15.31 | 12.93 | 12.20 | 13.06 | 12.08 | 12.35 | 12.47 | 11.92 | 12.11 | 12.13 | 12.17 | 12.52 | 12.43 | 12.84 | 12.44 | 12.83 | 12.87 | 12.69 | 12.96 | |
B | 18.4 | 10.7 | 10.1 | 30.7 | 11.4 | 20.9 | 41.4 | 7.7 | 8.5 | 10.9 | 12.7 | 17.1 | 22.9 | 29.3 | 44.3 | 55.8 | 73.0 | 101.0 | 130.6 | |
C164 (640 × 420) | S | 1024 | 729 | 1024 | 3125 | 1296 | 2401 | 4096 | 729 | 1000 | 1331 | 1728 | 2197 | 2744 | 3375 | 4096 | 4913 | 5832 | 6859 | 8000 |
C | 12.60 | 10.42 | 10.17 | 11.35 | 10.08 | 10.46 | 11.12 | 10.34 | 10.20 | 10.76 | 10.48 | 10.96 | 10.66 | 10.77 | 11.19 | 11.18 | 11.55 | 11.80 | 11.30 | |
B | 47.1 | 28.8 | 27.9 | 74.3 | 27.7 | 47.3 | 98.6 | 19.3 | 21.1 | 24.8 | 29.7 | 38.7 | 49.4 | 69.6 | 96.2 | 133.3 | 179.3 | 231.1 | 314.9 | |
HCA (256 × 3129) | S | 4096 | 6561 | 4096 | 15625 | 7776 | 16807 | 4096 | 6561 | 10000 | 14641 | 20736 | 28561 | 38416 | 3375 | 4096 | 4913 | 5832 | 6859 | 8000 |
C | 17.2 | 15.64 | 9.79 | - | 10.47 | - | 8.54 | 9.13 | 9.7 | - | - | - | - | 8.65 | 8.52 | 8.75 | 9.16 | 9.07 | 8.92 | |
B | 121.9 | 183.6 | 68.7 | - | 186.6 | - | 55.2 | 115.6 | 238.9 | - | - | - | - | 44.3 | 56.7 | 70.6 | 91.9 | 121.8 | 156.6 | |
HUEA (256 × 3187) | S | 4096 | 6561 | 4096 | 15625 | 7776 | 16807 | 4096 | 6561 | 10000 | 14641 | 20736 | 28561 | 38416 | 3375 | 4096 | 4913 | 5832 | 6859 | 8000 |
C | 16.02 | 14.63 | 8.89 | - | 9.68 | - | 7.76 | 8.46 | 9.00 | - | - | - | - | 8.50 | 7.80 | 8.69 | 8.68 | 8.46 | 8.27 | |
B | 131.1 | 189.0 | 74.4 | - | 172.3 | - | 60.3 | 120.8 | 245.3 | - | - | - | - | 49.5 | 60.4 | 75.7 | 95.3 | 123.3 | 159.4 | |
I01 (60 × 1528) | S | 2048 | 2187 | 4096 | 3125 | 7776 | 2401 | 4096 | 6561 | 10000 | 14641 | 1728 | 2197 | 2744 | 3375 | 4096 | 4913 | 5832 | 6859 | 8000 |
C | 21.99 | 12.59 | 17.98 | 10.25 | 24.60 | 7.71 | 9.33 | 12.23 | 16.97 | 26.49 | 6.32 | 7.28 | 8.28 | 6.80 | 7.64 | 8.54 | 9.44 | 10.43 | 8.25 | |
B | 1021.1 | 780.5 | 1728.7 | 986.5 | 5167.5 | 635.6 | 1426.7 | 3938.6 | 7870.7 | 17973.9 | 339.7 | 474.3 | 658.9 | 944.0 | 1498.1 | 1826.6 | 2789.8 | 3543.2 | 4810.3 |
Scene Data (w × h) | = 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AG9 (90 × 135) | 2.45 | 1.20 | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.43 |
ACY00 (677 × 512) | 15.10 | 4.95 | 2.89 | 2.07 | 1.60 | 1.33 | 1.13 | 1.01 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.64 |
AUY00 (680 × 512) | 17.07 | 5.70 | 3.03 | 2.19 | 1.66 | 1.40 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.72 |
C164 (640 × 420) | 14.66 | 5.09 | 2.84 | 2.12 | 1.67 | 1.48 | 1.34 | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.01 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.74 |
HCA (256 × 3129) | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.19 | - | 0.19 | - | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.16 | - | - | - | - | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
HUEA (256 × 3187) | 31.59 | 10.09 | 5.24 | - | 3.11 | - | 1.87 | 1.81 | 1.60 | - | - | - | - | 1.22 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 |
I01 (60 × 1528) | 6.13 | 3.35 | 2.48 | 2.24 | 2.13 | 1.94 | 1.82 | 1.76 | 1.74 | 1.72 | 1.62 | 1.56 | 1.48 | 1.55 | 1.54 | 1.54 | 1.41 | 1.40 | 1.53 |
AIRS Granule | -Raster () (Best) | -Raster () (Optimal) | -Raster () | -Raster () |
AG9 | 9.49 | 9.53 | 13.06 | 13.22 |
AG16 | 9.12 | 9.17 | 12.72 | 12.85 |
AG60 | 9.81 | 9.72 | 13.65 | 13.86 |
AG126 | 9.61 | 9.72 | 13.42 | 13.59 |
AG129 | 8.65 | 8.72 | 11.98 | 11.95 |
AG151 | 9.53 | 9.56 | 13.19 | 13.35 |
AG182 | 9.68 | 9.71 | 13.32 | 13.47 |
AG193 | 9.44 | 9.30 | 13.29 | 13.43 |
AVIRIS Uncalibrated | -Raster () (Best) | -Raster () (Optimal) | -Raster () | -Raster () |
AUY00 | 11.92 | 11.92 | 15.31 | 15.19 |
AUY03 | 11.74 | 11.74 | 15.03 | 14.74 |
AUY10 | 9.99 | 9.99 | 12.85 | 11.86 |
AUY11 | 11.27 | 11.27 | 14.27 | 14.08 |
AUY18 | 12.15 | 12.15 | 15.36 | 15.25 |
Band | Original Size | -Tree | -Tree | -Tree |
---|---|---|---|---|
All bands | 16 | 16.53 | 20.57 | 26.57 |
1481 | 16 | 17.56 | 22.00 | 28.45 |
1482 | 16 | 17.27 | 21.54 | 27.84 |
1483 | 16 | 17.19 | 21.47 | 27.67 |
1484 | 16 | 17.45 | 21.81 | 28.18 |
1485 | 16 | 16.93 | 21.10 | 27.29 |
1486 | 16 | 17.09 | 21.27 | 27.50 |
1487 | 16 | 16.82 | 21.06 | 27.02 |
1488 | 16 | 17.01 | 21.21 | 27.34 |
1489 | 16 | 17.23 | 21.51 | 27.78 |
1490 | 16 | 16.94 | 21.10 | 27.20 |
1491 | 16 | 16.80 | 20.86 | 26.96 |
1492 | 16 | 16.56 | 20.64 | 26.51 |
1493 | 16 | 16.80 | 20.91 | 26.89 |
1494 | 16 | 16.84 | 20.93 | 26.98 |
1495 | 16 | 16.69 | 20.88 | 26.72 |
1496 | 16 | 16.66 | 20.75 | 26.66 |
1497 | 16 | 16.70 | 20.87 | 26.73 |
1498 | 16 | 16.61 | 20.70 | 26.58 |
1499 | 16 | 16.67 | 20.73 | 26.78 |
1500 | 16 | 16.39 | 20.40 | 26.18 |
Hyperspectral Scene | Entropy () | Rice ( Value) | Simple9 | PForDelta | Simple16 | DACs (Best ) | DACs (Optimal ) | gzip |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AG9 | 8.29 | 10.10 (7) | 10.06 | 9.88 | 9.69 | 9.49 (6) | 9.53 (15) | 12.45 |
AG16 | 7.92 | 9.88 (7) | 9.64 | 9.55 | 9.30 | 9.12 (6) | 9.17 (15) | 11.96 |
AG60 | 8.58 | 10.31 (7) | 10.50 | 10.19 | 10.12 | 9.72 (15) | 9.81 (6) | 12.79 |
AG126 | 8.42 | 10.34 (7) | 10.25 | 9.98 | 9.81 | 9.61 (6) | 9.72 (15) | 12.55 |
AG129 | 7.47 | 9.66 (7) | 9.01 | 9.01 | 8.61 | 8.65 (6) | 8.72 (15) | 11.21 |
AG151 | 8.36 | 10.39 (7) | 9.99 | 9.79 | 9.54 | 9.53 (6) | 9.56 (15) | 12.39 |
AG182 | 8.44 | 10.58 (7) | 10.44 | 10.09 | 10.01 | 9.68 (6) | 9.71 (15) | 12.71 |
AG193 | 8.25 | 10.26 (7) | 10.06 | 9.93 | 9.65 | 9.30 (15) | 9.44 (6) | 12.33 |
ACY00 | 8.81 | 9.89 (7) | 10.37 | 9.80 | 10.11 | 9.61 (6) | 9.69 (9) | 12.56 |
ACY03 | 8.48 | 9.70 (7) | 9.80 | 9.40 | 9.57 | 9.42 (6) | 9.50 (9) | 11.98 |
ACY10 | 6.88 | 9.18 (7) | 7.34 | 7.43 | 7.18 | 7.62 (6) | 7.74 (9) | 9.32 |
ACY11 | 8.12 | 9.45 (7) | 9.32 | 9.02 | 9.09 | 8.81 (6) | 9.00 (9) | 11.61 |
ACY18 | 8.96 | 10.58 (7) | 10.52 | 9.84 | 10.28 | 9.78 (6) | 9.88 (9) | 12.66 |
AUY00 | 11.16 | 17.59 (7) | 14.01 | 11.93 | 13.79 | 11.92 (9) | 11.92 (9) | 15.13 |
AUY03 | 10.83 | 16.59 (7) | 13.54 | 11.56 | 13.29 | 11.74 (9) | 11.74 (9) | 14.59 |
AUY10 | 9.26 | 12.87 (7) | 10.90 | 9.61 | 10.54 | 9.99 (9) | 9.99 (9) | 12.29 |
AUY11 | 10.60 | 15.16 (7) | 13.12 | 11.24 | 12.89 | 11.27 (9) | 11.27 (9) | 14.47 |
AUY18 | 11.38 | 20.70 (7) | 14.19 | 12.10 | 14.01 | 12.15 (9) | 12.15 (9) | 15.53 |
C164 | 9.18 | 10.33 (7) | 11.35 | 10.44 | 11.14 | 10.08 (6) | 10.08 (6) | 12.85 |
C165 | 9.48 | 10.91 (7) | 11.78 | 10.69 | 11.57 | 10.37 (6) | 10.37 (6) | 13.17 |
C166 | 10.02 | 12.83 (7) | 12.99 | 11.41 | 12.74 | 11.05 (6) | 11.05 (6) | 13.61 |
C181 | 9.16 | 9.96 (7) | 10.93 | 10.53 | 10.72 | 9.97 (5) | 9.97 (5) | 13.37 |
C182 | 9.27 | 10.17 (7) | 11.24 | 10.67 | 10.99 | 10.11 (5) | 10.11 (5) | 13.26 |
C183 | 9.60 | 11.15 (7) | 12.33 | 11.21 | 12.05 | 10.65 (5) | 10.65 (5) | 13.32 |
HCA | 7.59 | 8.94 (7) | 9.79 | 8.80 | 9.56 | 8.52 (16) | 8.54 (8) | 11.20 |
HCC | 6.75 | 8.20 (7) | 8.28 | 7.60 | 7.93 | 7.62 (8) | 7.71 (16) | 9.51 |
HCU | 7.87 | 9.78 (7) | 10.30 | 8.91 | 10.04 | 8.85 (16) | 8.86 (8) | 11.35 |
HUEA | 6.66 | 7.67 (5) | 8.30 | 7.99 | 8.00 | 7.76 (8) | 7.80 (16) | 9.85 |
HULM | 6.71 | 7.66 (5) | 8.38 | 8.11 | 8.10 | 7.82 (8) | 7.88 (16) | 10.13 |
HUMS | 6.77 | 7.90 (5) | 8.48 | 8.14 | 8.20 | 7.91 (8) | 7.94 (16) | 10.12 |
I01 | 5.39 | 6.51 (4) | 6.26 | 6.54 | 5.94 | 6.32 (12) | 6.80 (15) | 7.46 |
I02 | 5.46 | 6.56 (4) | 6.27 | 6.55 | 5.96 | 6.38 (12) | 6.84 (15) | 7.51 |
I03 | 5.42 | 6.51 (4) | 6.19 | 6.48 | 5.89 | 6.31 (12) | 6.79 (15) | 7.39 |
I04 | 5.51 | 6.62 (4) | 6.37 | 6.65 | 6.04 | 6.43 (12) | 6.90 (15) | 7.63 |
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Chow, K.; Tzamarias, D.E.O.; Hernández-Cabronero, M.; Blanes, I.; Serra-Sagristà, J. Analysis of Variable-Length Codes for Integer Encoding in Hyperspectral Data Compression with the k2-Raster Compact Data Structure. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121983
Chow K, Tzamarias DEO, Hernández-Cabronero M, Blanes I, Serra-Sagristà J. Analysis of Variable-Length Codes for Integer Encoding in Hyperspectral Data Compression with the k2-Raster Compact Data Structure. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(12):1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121983
Chicago/Turabian StyleChow, Kevin, Dion Eustathios Olivier Tzamarias, Miguel Hernández-Cabronero, Ian Blanes, and Joan Serra-Sagristà. 2020. "Analysis of Variable-Length Codes for Integer Encoding in Hyperspectral Data Compression with the k2-Raster Compact Data Structure" Remote Sensing 12, no. 12: 1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121983