Efficient Lidar Signal Denoising Algorithm Using Variational Mode Decomposition Combined with a Whale Optimization Algorithm

Although lidar is a powerful active remote sensing technology, lidar echo signals are easily contaminated by noise, particularly in strong background light, which severely affects the retrieval accuracy and the effective detection range of the lidar system. In this study, a coupled variational mode decomposition (VMD) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) for noise reduction in lidar signals is proposed and demonstrated completely. The combination of optimal VMD parameters of decomposition mode number K and quadratic penalty α was obtained by using the WOA and was critical in acquiring satisfactory analysis results for VMD denoising technology. Then, the Bhattacharyya distance was applied to identify the relevant modes, which were reconstructed to achieve noise filtering. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed VMD-WOA method is superior to that of wavelet transform, empirical mode decomposition, and its variations. Experimentally, this method was successfully used to filter a lidar echo signal. The signal-to-noise ratio of the denoised signal was increased to 23.92 dB, and the detection range was extended from 6 to 10 km.


Introduction
Lidar is a combination of traditional radar technology and modern laser technology and has the advantages of high resolution, wide detection range, and strong anti-interference ability [1].Its applications in atmospheric remote sensing detection, e.g., aerosol, cloud layer, and visibility, have become increasingly important [2,3].However, the power of the lidar echo signal decays with the exponential attenuation of the aerosol extinction coefficient and the square of the distance between the lidar and the target according to the lidar equation, and the signal can be easily interfered with by noise from electric fluctuations and stray lights [4].Moreover, the lidar echo signal is susceptible to strong background sunlight noise, dark current noise, and thermal noise [5].Useful signals are inevitably contaminated by noise, which will directly affect the effective working range and the detection precision.Therefore, the lidar backscattering signal must be effectively denoised.
In the last few decades, several filtering methods based on nonlinear and nonstationary signal processing, such as Kalman filtering (KF), wavelet transform (WT), and empirical mode decomposition (EMD), have been proposed to denoise lidar signals.KF can be defined as a recursive estimation algorithm with minimum mean square error as the best criterion; however, this method will lose accuracy when the aerosol extinction coefficient changes sharply [6,7].WT can decompose the signal into different frequencies through multiscale analysis and has good time-frequency localization characteristics.However, WT is hampered by the problems of selecting suitable wavelet basis functions and the decomposition level [4,8].EMD technology makes up for the limitations of WT and KF and has good adaptability, thereby enabling it to efficiently reflect the local frequency characteristics of the signal [9].Nevertheless, EMD and its variants still have some drawbacks, such as mode mixing and end effects [10].
Variational mode decomposition (VMD), proposed by Dragomiretskiy and Zosso in 2014, is a new adaptive signal decomposition method that has a different process of mode decomposition compared with EMD [11].It has obvious advantages in dealing with nonrecursive signals, which can not only overcome the mode mixing problems in EMD but also obtain a better filtering effect by using its own Wiener filtering characteristics.VMD has been successfully implemented in many fields, such as mechanical diagnosis, biomedical sciences, and hydropower unit vibration signal processing [12][13][14].Despite VMD's contributions, two crucial parameters need to be resolved: the decomposition mode number K and the quadratic penalty α [15].These two parameters are usually selected in a certain range.If they are obtained by the trial-and-error method, it will require tens of thousands of operations and will waste a lot of time.For this reason, the parameter values are usually determined based on experience and convenience, which greatly limits the performance of the VMD method and may cause inaccurate decomposition results.Therefore, appropriate methods are needed to obtain the optimal values of these two parameters, and various algorithms have been proposed.Li et al. proposed an independence-oriented VMD method, which finds the most suitable mode number by peak searching and the similarity principle; however, this method does not consider the influence of the bandwidth control parameter on decomposition results [16].Shi et al. investigated a precise feature extraction method that optimizes the two parameters K and α for VMD independently [17].However, they neglected the interaction between the two parameters [18,19].Selecting relevant modes is also an important issue.At present, the indicators for selecting relevant modalities are correlation coefficient, permutation entropy, approximate entropy, and Hausdorff distance, among others [14,[18][19][20].
In this paper, a VMD method combined with the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is presented and used to reduce signal interference from background light and electric noises for a lidar echo signal.The proposed method utilizes the WOA to obtain the optimal parameter combination of decomposition mode number K and quadratic penalty α.The signal is reconstructed by using the relevant modes, which are selected by calculating the Bhattacharyya distance between the probability density function (PDF) of each mode and the input signal.Four synthetic signals are applied to validate the feasibility of the VMD-WOA model.Numerical exploration shows that the new method can achieve improved results in terms of accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than the method presented in our previous work [21] and other technologies.

Brief Description of the VMD Algorithm
The VMD algorithm can decompose any signal into an ensemble of band-limited intrinsic mode functions (BLIMFs) [22].To evaluate the bandwidth of each mode, VMD is represented as a constrained variational problem, which is given as follows: where u k is the kth mode, ω k is the center frequency, ∂ t represents the gradient with respect to t, t is the time script, δ(t) denotes the impulse function, . . . 2 is the norm, represents the bandwidth of each mode, and f is the original signal to be decomposed.Taking the quadratic penalty α and Lagrangian multiplier λ into consideration, we can convert the above constrained problem into the unconstrained variational problem.The augmented Lagrangian is expressed as follows: (2) The solution to the original minimization problem of Equation ( 1) is the saddle point of the augmented Lagrangian L in a sequence of iterative sub-optimizations called the alternate direction method of multipliers (ADMM).The formula is given as According to the ADMM optimization approach, updating u k and ω k in two directions is assumed to help realize the analysis process of VMD, and the solutions for them are as follows: For efficient signal reconstruction, the Lagrangian multiplier is also updated using the following equation: The algorithm repeats the iterative process according to Equations ( 4)-( 6) until the convergence stop condition is satisfied.The stop condition is given by where ûk is the spectrum of the mode, f (ω) is the spectrum of the signal, τ is the noise tolerance, and n is the iteration number.The pseudocode of VMD is summarized in Algorithm 1.

Optimization of VMD Parameters Based on the WOA
The WOA, first proposed by Mirjalini and Lewis in 2016, is an efficient search and optimization algorithm that was inspired by the bubble-net attacking strategy of whales [23].When humpback whales obtain the location of prey, they dive deeply, create bubbles in a spiral shape around the prey, and swim to the surface to attack the prey during the maneuver.The mathematical model of the WOA is mainly divided into three phases: encircling the prey, establishing spiral bubbles, and searching for the prey.This novel method requires minimal parameter adjustments and has fast convergence speed and strong global search ability [24].When using the WOA to determine the key parameters of VMD, the specific operation steps are as follows: (i) Encircling the prey In the WOA, a candidate solution is considered the prey position.The encirclement of the humpback whales around the prey can be formulated by the following formulas: where → X is the whales' position vector, → X * denotes the prey position vector of the best solution obtained, and i represents the current iteration.

→
A and → C are coefficient vectors, which can be calculated as follows: where vector a is linearly decreased from 2 to 0 over the process of iteration and the random vector r lies in (0, 1).
(ii) Establishing spiral bubbles There are two existing approaches to the bubble-net behavior of the whales, namely, the shrinking encircling mechanism and the spiral updating position.To model the two behaviors simultaneously, the assumption is that a 50% probability exists in choosing either the shrinking encircling mechanism or the spiral model to update the positions of the whales during optimization.The mathematical model is as follows: where indicates the distance of the current whale to the prey (best solution obtained so far), b is a constant for determining the shape of the logarithmic spiral, l is a random number in the range of −1 to 1, and p is the probability number in (0, 1).
(iii) Searching for the prey In addition to employing the bubble-net search strategy, humpback whales also randomly search for prey.If |A| ≥ 1, then the position of a search agent will be updated according to a randomly chosen search agent X rand .The mathematical model is as follows: To achieve parameter optimization through the WOA, the fitness function needs to be determined.Energy entropy is used to characterize the distribution of signal energy [25].A small energy entropy corresponds to increased significance of the corresponding signal in the total energy.The energy entropy values of each mode are calculated by using the VMD model under the positions of the search agents according to the following formula: where p(k) = E k /E is the percentage of the energy of the kth mode in the total signal energy, 2 , and The lowest energy entropy value is called the local minimum energy entropy value and is used as the fitness function in the optimization process [15,26].It can be described as follows: The pseudocode for the parameter optimization of VMD based on the WOA is presented in Algorithm 2. The WOA algorithm starts with a set of random solutions.At each iteration, the search agents update their positions with respect to either a randomly chosen search agent or the best solution obtained so far.The parameter a is decreased from 2 to 0 in order to provide exploration and exploitation, respectively.A random search agent is chosen when |A| ≥ 1, while the best solution is selected when |A| < 1 for updating the position of the search agents.Depending on the value of p, the WOA is able to switch between spiral and circular movements.Finally, the optimization process is completed when the termination criterion is satisficed and the parameters of K and α can be obtained in X*.Select a random search agent (X rand ) Update the position of the current search agent by the Equation ( 14) Update the position of the current search by the Equation ( 12) end if1 end for Check if any search agent goes beyond the search space and amend it Calculate the fitness of each search agent Update X* if there is a better solution i = i + 1 end while return X*

Identification of Relevant Modes
A probability density function (PDF) can reflect the difference between the distribution of signals [27].Thus, we use the kernel smoothing density function to estimate the PDFs of each mode and the input signal.The relevant and irrelevant modes are distinguished by calculating their similarity.The similarity measure of input signal f and each mode BLIMF i , C(i), is defined as follows: Here, the Bhattacharyya distance is used to measure the distance of two PDFs, which is an effective approach to prove similarity.For probability distributions P and Q over the same domain F, the Bhattacharyya distance is defined as: For discrete probability distributions, For continuous probability distributions, Relevant modes can be determined by evaluating the slope of two adjacent PDFs' distance between the mode and the input signal [21].The maximum slope θ can be defined as: The demarcation index of relevant and irrelevant modes is as follows: Step 2: The signal is decomposed by using VMD.The fitness of each search position is calculated.The minimum fitness value for each iteration is saved.

Proposed VMD-WOA Methodology
Step 3: The loop is iterated until the maximum iteration number is reached, i.e., whether i ≥ maximum iteration number.If yes, end the iteration.Otherwise, let i = i + 1 and continue the iteration, saving the optimal parameters and the best fitness value.
Step 4: The signal is decomposed by VMD with optimal parameters.
Step 5: The Bhattacharyya distance between the PDF of each mode and the input signal is calculated.
Step 6: The relevant modes are selected and reconstructed to denoise the signal.

Experiments with Simulated Signals
To test the effectiveness of the proposed method, preliminary simulations were conducted to reduce the noise in simulated signals.The synthetic signals, namely, Bumps, Heavy Sine, Blocks, Step 1: The original signal f is input.The ranges of the VMD parameters to be optimized are set and the WOA model is initialized, including the number of search agents and the maximum iteration number.Here, K takes an integer in the interval (2,15), α is assigned in the interval (1000-10,000), the number of search agents is 30, and the maximum number of iterations is 15.
Step 2: The signal is decomposed by using VMD.The fitness of each search position is calculated.The minimum fitness value for each iteration is saved.
Step 3: The loop is iterated until the maximum iteration number is reached, i.e., whether i ≥ maximum iteration number.If yes, end the iteration.Otherwise, let i = i + 1 and continue the iteration, saving the optimal parameters and the best fitness value.
Step 4: The signal is decomposed by VMD with optimal parameters.
Step 5: The Bhattacharyya distance between the PDF of each mode and the input signal is calculated.
Step 6: The relevant modes are selected and reconstructed to denoise the signal.

Experiments with Simulated Signals
To test the effectiveness of the proposed method, preliminary simulations were conducted to reduce the noise in simulated signals In order to evaluate the noise reduction performance of these denoising methods, two indicators, namely, the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNRout) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE), were adopted and defined as follows: In order to evaluate the noise reduction performance of these denoising methods, two indicators, namely, the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR out ) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE), were adopted and defined as follows: where f (n) is the original signal, f (n) is the denoised signal, and N is the signal length.
Here, we take the Bumps signal with 5 dB Gaussian white noise as an example to illustrate the proposed VMD-WOA method.The WOA was used to search for the optimal VMD parameters of the Bumps signal, and the convergence curve for VMD parameter optimization is shown in Figure 3.The lowest local minimum energy value was 0.0395.Thus, the corresponding optimal parameter combination of decomposition mode number K and quadratic penalty α was (9, 8770).The decomposition result of the Bumps signal with the optimal parameters is shown in Figure 4, and these modes are distributed from low frequency to high frequency.The PDFs of each mode and the Bumps signal were obtained by the kernel smoothing density function, and the Bhattacharyya distances between them were calculated using Equation (18).As shown in Figure 5, the slope between BLIMF2 and BLIMF3 was the maximum.Thus, BLIMF1 and BLIMF2 were considered the relevant modes and could be used for signal reconstruction to achieve noise filtering.The decomposition result of the Bumps signal with the optimal parameters is shown in Figure 4, and these modes are distributed from low frequency to high frequency.The PDFs of each mode and the Bumps signal were obtained by the kernel smoothing density function, and the Bhattacharyya distances between them were calculated using Equation (18).As shown in Figure 5, the slope between BLIMF 2 and BLIMF 3 was the maximum.Thus, BLIMF 1 and BLIMF 2 were considered the relevant modes and could be used for signal reconstruction to achieve noise filtering.The decomposition result of the Bumps signal with the optimal parameters is shown in Figure 4, and these modes are distributed from low frequency to high frequency.The PDFs of each mode and the Bumps signal were obtained by the kernel smoothing density function, and the Bhattacharyya distances between them were calculated using Equation (18).As shown in Figure 5, the slope between BLIMF2 and BLIMF3 was the maximum.Thus, BLIMF1 and BLIMF2 were considered the relevant modes and could be used for signal reconstruction to achieve noise filtering.The results of different denoising methods for the noisy Bumps signal with input SNR = 5 dB are compared in Figure 6, and the best result was given by VMD-WOA.As shown in this figure, the worst filtering result was obtained by WT-db4 technology; the resulting filtered signal had many "burrs" and the lowest SNR out of 14.27 dB.The EMD-DT, EMD-STRP, and EMD-VMD methods were better, but the denoised signals still lost many useful signal components, and the methods generated a large-amplitude distortion at both the beginning and the end of the filtered signal.The result of EMD-VMD was superior to that of EMD-based denoising.Thus, VMD is superior to EMD and can overcome the modal mixing problems in EMD.The results of different denoising methods for the noisy Bumps signal with input SNR = 5 dB are compared in Figure 6, and the best result was given by VMD-WOA.As shown in this figure, the worst filtering result was obtained by WT-db4 technology; the resulting filtered signal had many "burrs" and the lowest SNRout of 14.27 dB.The EMD-DT, EMD-STRP, and EMD-VMD methods were better, but the denoised signals still lost many useful signal components, and the methods generated a large-amplitude distortion at both the beginning and the end of the filtered signal.The result of EMD-VMD was superior to that of EMD-based denoising.Thus, VMD is superior to EMD and can overcome the modal mixing problems in EMD.The denoising performance by the abovementioned methods for the noisy Bumps signal with SNR in values varying from −4 dB to 11 dB is displayed in Figure 7.The VMD-WOA method obtained the best results, as expected, under different SNR in .Even in the worst-case scenario, with the lowest SNR in of −4 dB, VMD-WOA still guaranteed a high SNR out up to 10.3 dB.In addition, the performance comparisons in terms of RMSE at different SNR in revealed that VMD-WOA can achieve the minimum error in reconstructing the Bumps signal.

Experiments on a Lidar Echo Signal
To further verify the denoising effect of our method, we tested the proposed VMD-WOA algorithm on real cases measured by our ground-based lidar.Continuous systematic observations of the vertical distribution of aerosol extinction coefficient were conducted at the Nanjing University of Information Science (32.2 • N, 118.7 • E).The Rayleigh-Raman-Mie lidar used in the experiment was developed by the Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.This lidar system contains a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser with a pulse output wavelength of 532 nm, a repetition frequency of 20 Hz, and a pulse energy of about 200 mJ.The receiver unit is a 400 mm diameter Cassegrain telescope with a field of view of 2 mrad.The lidar echo signal is received by a photomultiplier tube and sampled at a range resolution of 30 m.
Given the different axes of the lidar transmitting and receiving system, the telescope can receive only a part of the echo at a certain distance.Thus, we corrected the geometric overlap factor (GOF) for the original lidar echo signal (measured on 24 March 2017).The waveform of the GOF-corrected signal fluctuated obviously under the influence of noise.The performance of the VMD-WOA method and the other techniques on the GOF-corrected signal is shown in Figure 8.To show the denoising results clearly, a zoomed figure of the 4-6 km signal is plotted in the figure.Table 2 lists the SNRs of the GOF-corrected signal processed by the five denoising techniques.As shown, the denoised results from WT-db4 and EMD-DT fluctuated considerably due to the influence of the wavelet function and direct thresholding.VMD-WOA featured the highest SNR of 23.92 dB and a smoother signal, indicating a better denoising performance than the other methods.Compared with EMD's variation and WT, VMD could separate components of similar frequencies by searching for a number of modes and their respective center frequencies, which reproduced the input signal exactly.Moreover, by adopting Wiener filtering in the Fourier domain during the optimization process, the updated mode was less affected by noisy disturbances, which made VMD more robust against noisy data.
diameter Cassegrain telescope with a field of view of 2 mrad.The lidar echo signal is received by a photomultiplier tube and sampled at a range resolution of 30 m.
Given the different axes of the lidar transmitting and receiving system, the telescope can receive only a part of the echo at a certain distance.Thus, we corrected the geometric overlap factor (GOF) for the original lidar echo signal (measured on 24 March 2017).The waveform of the GOF-corrected signal fluctuated obviously under the influence of noise.The performance of the VMD-WOA method and the other techniques on the GOF-corrected signal is shown in Figure 8    With increasing measurement height, the intensity of the lidar return signal decays with the square of the distance.The range-square-corrected signal is generally obtained to eliminate the influence of distance on the echo signal by multiplying the square of the distance by the received signal intensity.Figure 9 shows the range-square-corrected signal before and after denoising with different denoising techniques.As seen in the figure, each method significantly denoised the signal, but VMD-WOA featured a better denoising performance with respect to the signal smoothness and integrity.It is apparent that the VMD-WOA method filtered the noise to the greatest extent and maintained the change trend of the original signal compared with the other denoising methods.As shown, when the height was increased above 3 km, the useful far-field signal intensity decreased and was gradually overwhelmed by noise.At a height above 6 km, the signal began to weaken, with an intensity close to zero.After denoising with VMD-WOA, a useful signal above 6 km was effectively extracted, and the effective detection range of the lidar extended from 6 km to 10 km.With increasing measurement height, the intensity of the lidar return signal decays with the square of the distance.The range-square-corrected signal is generally obtained to eliminate the influence of distance on the echo signal by multiplying the square of the distance by the received signal intensity.Figure 9 shows the range-square-corrected signal before and after denoising with different denoising techniques.As seen in the figure, each method significantly denoised the signal, but VMD-WOA featured a better denoising performance with respect to the signal smoothness and integrity.It is apparent that the VMD-WOA method filtered the noise to the greatest extent and maintained the change trend of the original signal compared with the other denoising methods.As shown, when the height was increased above 3 km, the useful far-field signal intensity decreased and was gradually overwhelmed by noise.At a height above 6 km, the signal began to weaken, with an intensity close to zero.After denoising with VMD-WOA, a useful signal above 6 km was effectively extracted, and the effective detection range of the lidar extended from 6 km to 10 km.Then, the Fernald method was used to retrieve the profiles of the aerosol extinction coefficient, and the results are shown in Figure 10.The lidar data used for inversion were measured on 24, 25, 18, and 19 March 2017.As shown in the figure, VMD-WOA had a good noise filtering effect for the lidar echo data acquired in different time periods.This is due to the fact that VMD-WOA is an adaptive model that can select appropriate parameters according to the characteristics of the different lidar data.In fact, this method also had a good noise filtering effect for signals obtained in different locations and weather conditions, which shows that it had strong adaptability.
Then, the Fernald method was used to retrieve the profiles of the aerosol extinction coefficient, and the results are shown in Figure 10.The lidar data used for inversion were measured on 24, 25, 18, and 19 March 2017.As shown in the figure, VMD-WOA had a good noise filtering effect for the lidar echo data acquired in different time periods.This is due to the fact that VMD-WOA is an adaptive model that can select appropriate parameters according to the characteristics of the different lidar data.In fact, this method also had a good noise filtering effect for signals obtained in different locations and weather conditions, which shows that it had strong adaptability.

Conclusions
In this study, the noise filtering method VMD-WOA was proposed and successfully applied in the field of laser atmospheric detection.When implementing the VMD for signal processing, the decomposition mode number K and quadratic penalty α need to be selected appropriately.To solve this problem, WOA was used to search for the optimal combination of parameters (K, α).Then, the VMD-WOA method achieved denoising by reconstructing the relevant modes, which were selected using the Bhattacharyya distance.Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method was investigated theoretically and experimentally.The simulation of the filtering effects on four representative signals (Bumps, Heavy Sine, Blocks, and Doppler signals) with different SNRin showed that the VMD-WOA method outperformed other denoising methods (WT-db4, EMD-IT, EMD-STRP, and EMD-VMD).Experimentally, the performance of VMD-WOA was compared with that of the other four methods on a lidar echo signal.The signal-to-noise ratio of the denoised signal was increased to 23.92 dB, and the detection range was extended from 6 to 10 km.Experiments on different aerosols were also carried out, and the aerosol extinction coefficient retrieved from the denoised signal showed good smoothness.
Author Contributions: H.L., J.C., and F.X. conceived and designed the research.H.L. and F.X. analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.F.X., Z.L., Z.Y., and L.Z. made the figures for this paper.All the authors contributed to the discussion of the results and edited the manuscript.

Conclusions
In this study, the noise filtering method VMD-WOA was proposed and successfully applied in the field of laser atmospheric detection.When implementing the VMD for signal processing, the decomposition mode number K and quadratic penalty α need to be selected appropriately.To solve this problem, WOA was used to search for the optimal combination of parameters (K, α).Then, the VMD-WOA method achieved denoising by reconstructing the relevant modes, which were selected using the Bhattacharyya distance.Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method was investigated theoretically and experimentally.The simulation of the filtering effects on four representative signals (Bumps, Heavy Sine, Blocks, and Doppler signals) with different SNR in showed that the VMD-WOA method outperformed other denoising methods (WT-db4, EMD-IT, EMD-STRP, and EMD-VMD).Experimentally, the performance of VMD-WOA was compared with that of the other four methods on a lidar echo signal.The signal-to-noise ratio of the denoised signal was increased to 23.92 dB, and the detection range was extended from 6 to 10 km.Experiments on different aerosols were also carried out, and the aerosol extinction coefficient retrieved from the denoised signal showed good smoothness.
the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China, grant number 1081080015001; and the Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China, grant number 1181081501003.

Algorithm 2 .
Pseudocode for WOA Initialize the whale population position X Calculate the fitness of each search agent X* is the best search agent while (i < maximum iteration number) for each search agent Update a, A, C, l, and p if1 (p < 0.5) if2 (|A| < 1) Update the position of the current search agent by the Equation (9) else if2 (|A| ≥ 1)

Figure 1
Figure 1 shows the flowchart of the VMD-WOA algorithm.The detailed steps of this algorithm are as follows:

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The four types of synthetic signal with SNR in = 5 dB.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Decomposition result of the noisy Bumps signal.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Decomposition result of the noisy Bumps signal.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Decomposition result of the noisy Bumps signal.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Decomposition result of the noisy Bumps signal.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Bhattacharyya distance between modes and the Bumps signal.BLIMF is band-limited intrinsic mode function.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Bhattacharyya distance between modes and the Bumps signal.BLIMF is band-limited intrinsic mode function.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Comparisons of different denoising techniques for the noisy Bumps signal.WT is wavelet transform, EMD is empirical mode decomposition, EMD-DT is EMD-direct thresholding, EMD-STRP is EMD combined with soft thresholding and a roughness penalty, EMD-VMD is the VMD method based on the decomposition level of EMD, and VMD-WOA is the VMD method combined with the whale optimization algorithm (WOA).

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Comparisons of different denoising techniques for the noisy Bumps signal.WT is wavelet transform, EMD is empirical mode decomposition, EMD-DT is EMD-direct thresholding, EMD-STRP is EMD combined with soft thresholding and a roughness penalty, EMD-VMD is the VMD method based on the decomposition level of EMD, and VMD-WOA is the VMD method combined with the whale optimization algorithm (WOA).

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Denoising performance with different SNRin on the noisy Bumps signal.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Denoising performance with different SNR in on the noisy Bumps signal.Table 1 lists the values of SNR out /RMSE as a function of theSNR in , obtained by applying WT-db4, EMD-DT, EMD-STRP, EMD-VMD, and VMD-WOA to the three other synthetic signals.The entries that correspond to the best observed SNR out /RMSE are highlighted in bold.The table shows that the proposed VMD-WOA outperformed all the other methods for the Heavy Sine, Blocks, and Doppler signals in the whole range of the SNR in values.VMD-WOA showed the best performance, particularly for the Heavy Sine signal.When the SNR in value was 11 dB, the SNR out improved to 25.59 dB and the RMSE was reduced to 0.16 for VMD-WOA.The superiority and reliability of the proposed method were further proved by these experiments.
. To show the denoising results clearly, a zoomed figure of the 4-6 km signal is plotted in the figure.Table 2 lists the SNRs of the GOF-corrected signal processed by the five denoising techniques.As shown, the denoised results from WT-db4 and EMD-DT fluctuated considerably due to the influence of the wavelet function and direct thresholding.VMD-WOA featured the highest SNR of 23.92 dB and a smoother signal, indicating a better denoising performance than the other methods.Compared with EMD's variation and WT, VMD could separate components of similar frequencies by searching for a number of modes and their respective center frequencies, which reproduced the input signal exactly.Moreover, by adopting Wiener filtering in the Fourier domain during the optimization process, the updated mode was less affected by noisy disturbances, which made VMD more robust against noisy data.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.Comparison of denoising results from the proposed VMD-WOA and the other methods.GOF is geometric overlap factor.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.Comparison of denoising results from the proposed VMD-WOA and the other methods.GOF is geometric overlap factor.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.Comparison of the VMD-WOA and the other methods for the range-squared-corrected signal.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.Comparison of the VMD-WOA and the other methods for the range-squared-corrected signal.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Comparison of aerosol extinction coefficient profiles from different observation times.

Funding:
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant numbers 61875089 and 11374161; the Primary Research and Development Plan of Jiangsu Province, China, grant number

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Comparison of aerosol extinction coefficient profiles from different observation times.

Table 1 .
Denoising performance with different SNRin for the Heavy Sine, Blocks, and Doppler signals.

Table 1 .
Denoising performance with different SNR in for the Heavy Sine, Blocks, and Doppler signals.

Table 2 .
The SNRs of the geometric overlap factor (GOF)-corrected signal processed by the different denoising techniques.

Table 2 .
The SNRs of the geometric overlap factor (GOF)-corrected signal processed by the different denoising techniques.