A Novel Study of Waveguide Propagation Rules of Coal Rock AE Signal : Effects of Waveguide Size and Installation Method on the Propagation Rules of Coal Rock AE Signal

The propagation of acoustic emission (AE) signal in waveguide is quite important for AE-based prediction of dynamic disasters in coal rocks. In this study, based on some relevant theories in wave mechanics, the elastic mechanical model of one-dimensional (1D) waveguide was firstly established, and the relationship between AE source signal and the signal at the waveguide’s receiving end was derived. On the basis of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and laboratory test schemes were designed; additionally, using the standard vibration source method, AE response in different sizes of waveguides were investigated, the effects of waveguide size of waveguide were concluded, and the application conditions of the established theoretical model were clarified. Numerical simulation results fit well with the laboratory test results. Meanwhile, the effects of the sensor’s installation method on the propagation rules of AE signal were examined and appropriate installation method was determined.


Introduction
Acoustic emission (AE) techniques began at the beginning of the 20th century.Currently, the AE technique from coal rocks gradually serve as an effective forecasting and early warning method in various countries all over the world for ensuring safety in underground engineering and mining production.In the 1920s, Polish researchers applied the AE signal to monitor dynamic disasters in mines; in 1936, Zuoshan, a Japanese scholar, proposed using acoustic emission to forecast gas outbursts and rockbursts; in the 1940s, the United States Bureau of Mines began to forecast rockbursts in mines using the AE method; in the 1970s, Australian researchers started to apply the AE technique in monitoring mine dynamic disasters; meanwhile, South African researches used the AE technique for monitoring rockbursts in metal mines [1][2][3][4][5].
Chinese scholars have used the AE technique for the prediction and early warning of gas dynamic disasters in coal rocks for more than three decades, and have made great progress in monitoring devices, monitoring technology and disaster identification method.China's main related research units, including Coal Science Research Institute [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], Chongqing Institute [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], Mine Tremor or Microseismic Monitoring Research Center, University of Science and Technology of Beijing [26][27][28][29][30][31], China University of Mining and Technology [32][33][34][35][36][37][38], Dalian University of Technology and Northeastern University [39][40][41][42][43] have conducted a great deal of research on the AE signal's generation mechanism, propagation rules, de-noising methods, the sensor's implementation technology and the identification of disaster evolution processes, and have gained fruitful achievements.However, the size of waveguide devices and the related installation technology have been poorly investigated.Previous studies have laid the emphasis on early warning technology and the related instruments and equipment, and the laboratory studies have mainly focused on the AE characteristics of coal rocks under uniaxial loading.Thus, the waveguide devices were generally designed and implemented by experience, which directly affected the receiving effects of AE signals and the reliability of AE signal retrieval and hindered the large-scale population of AE-based forecasting technique.In this study, based on the related theories in wave mechanics, the elastic theory model of one-dimensional (1D) waveguide was established, and the variations of AE signal's displacement, velocity and acceleration with propagation distance were concluded; further, on the basis of the established model, the effects of the size and implementation technology of waveguide on the propagation of AE signal were elaborated on by means of laboratory test, numerical simulations and field investigation.

Theoretical Basis of AE Propagation of 1D Elastic Waveguide
According to the field implementation of waveguide device in AE system and the wavelength of the AE signal, some assumptions were made based on the relevant theories in wave mechanics [44,45] and thus, a simplified mechanical model of 1D waveguide was derived, as shown in Figure 1.Beijing [26][27][28][29][30][31], China University of Mining and Technology [32][33][34][35][36][37][38], Dalian University of Technology and Northeastern University [39][40][41][42][43] have conducted a great deal of research on the AE signal's generation mechanism, propagation rules, de-noising methods, the sensor's implementation technology and the identification of disaster evolution processes, and have gained fruitful achievements.However, the size of waveguide devices and the related installation technology have been poorly investigated.Previous studies have laid the emphasis on early warning technology and the related instruments and equipment, and the laboratory studies have mainly focused on the AE characteristics of coal rocks under uniaxial loading.Thus, the waveguide devices were generally designed and implemented by experience, which directly affected the receiving effects of AE signals and the reliability of AE signal retrieval and hindered the large-scale population of AE-based forecasting technique.In this study, based on the related theories in wave mechanics, the elastic theory model of one-dimensional (1D) waveguide was established, and the variations of AE signal's displacement, velocity and acceleration with propagation distance were concluded; further, on the basis of the established model, the effects of the size and implementation technology of waveguide on the propagation of AE signal were elaborated on by means of laboratory test, numerical simulations and field investigation.

Theoretical Basis of AE Propagation of 1D Elastic Waveguide
According to the field implementation of waveguide device in AE system and the wavelength of the AE signal, some assumptions were made based on the relevant theories in wave mechanics [44,45] and thus, a simplified mechanical model of 1D waveguide was derived, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.Mechanical model of one-dimensional (1D) elastic waveguide, in which A1, E1, P1 and C01 denote the coal rock's cross sectional area, elastic modulus, density and stress wave velocity, respectively; A2, E2, P2 and C02 denote the finite elastic waveguide's cross sectional area, elastic modulus, density and stress wave velocity, respectively; A3, E3, P3 and C03 denote the material's cross sectional area, elastic modulus, density and stress wave velocity, respectively; I1, R1 and T1 denote the coal rock's incident wave, reflected wave and transmitted wave, respectively; I2, R2 and T2 denote the wave guide's incident wave, reflected wave and transmitted wave, respectively.
The following assumptions were then made: (1) the waveguide is an 1D elastic device; (2) the waveguide's plane section, which had been selected before deformation, was always a plane during the deformation; (3) except the axial stress σ that is uniformly distributed along the cross section, the other components of stress equal to zero; (4) the propagation direction of the stress wave is parallel to the axial direction and perpendicular to the interface during the propagation from self-infinite waveguide to finite waveguide; (5) the waveguide's body force is not taken into account.
The dynamic equilibrium equation of the 1D waveguide can be written as: where X denotes the waveguide's along the axial direction, u denotes the waveguide's axial displacement and  denotes the waveguide material's density.
According to Hooke's Law, the following expression can be acquired: Figure 1.Mechanical model of one-dimensional (1D) elastic waveguide, in which A 1 , E 1 , P 1 and C 01 denote the coal rock's cross sectional area, elastic modulus, density and stress wave velocity, respectively; A 2 , E 2 , P 2 and C 02 denote the finite elastic waveguide's cross sectional area, elastic modulus, density and stress wave velocity, respectively; A 3 , E 3 , P 3 and C 03 denote the material's cross sectional area, elastic modulus, density and stress wave velocity, respectively; I 1 , R 1 and T 1 denote the coal rock's incident wave, reflected wave and transmitted wave, respectively; I 2 , R 2 and T 2 denote the wave guide's incident wave, reflected wave and transmitted wave, respectively.
The following assumptions were then made: (1) the waveguide is an 1D elastic device; (2) the waveguide's plane section, which had been selected before deformation, was always a plane during the deformation; (3) except the axial stress σ that is uniformly distributed along the cross section, the other components of stress equal to zero; (4) the propagation direction of the stress wave is parallel to the axial direction and perpendicular to the interface during the propagation from self-infinite waveguide to finite waveguide; (5) the waveguide's body force is not taken into account.
The dynamic equilibrium equation of the 1D waveguide can be written as: where X denotes the waveguide's along the axial direction, u denotes the waveguide's axial displacement and ρ denotes the waveguide material's density.
According to Hooke's Law, the following expression can be acquired: where E denotes the material's Young's modulus and ε denotes the waveguide's axial strain.
Based on Equations ( 1) and ( 2), we can derive that: where C 0 is generally referred to as the waveguide's wave velocity.When the waveguide's body force is not taken into account, Equation (3) can then be rewritten as: Equation ( 4) is applicable to the waves with long wavelengths, i.e., the wavelengths exceed the waveguide's diameter.The waves with long wavelengths apply to the waveguide devices with arbitrary shapes of cross-sections.Similarly, the wave's strain, stress and velocity can also be written in the form of Equation ( 4).
The initial-value problems of infinite waveguide can be described as: The solution is: where F and G are determined by the initial conditions and can be written as: where a denotes arbitrary a constant.By substituting Equation ( 7) into Equation ( 6), the following expression can be acquired: By taking the reflection and transmission at the waveguide's interface into account, the continuity condition at the interface can be written as: Displacement: Velocity: Axial force: where N denotes the axial force in the waveguide.
If the incident right traveling wave can be written as: where c 01 = E 1 ρ 1 and ξ = x − c 01 t.Then, we take the partial derivatives of u I with respect to x and t: (13) According to Equation ( 13), the following expression can be derived: Similarly, for reflection wave and transmitted wave, the following expressions can be acquired: By substituting Equations ( 14)-( 16) into the velocity continuity condition Equation ( 10), the following expression can be acquired (v = ∂u ∂t ): Since 17) can be rewritten as: According to Equation (18), the following expression can be acquired: where According to Equations ( 11) and ( 19), the following expression (i.e., the stress' reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient) can be acquired: Based on the expressions of displacement, strain and stress, the displacement's reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient can be written as: According to Equation (21), the stress wave's displacement at the interface between coal rock and finite elastic waveguide can be written as: u T 1 = λ T 1 u I 1 , and the stress wave's displacement at the signal receiving end can be written as: u I 2 = u T 1 .The finite waveguide's signal receiving end can be regarded as the free end; accordingly, at the receiving end, A 3 E 3 c 03 << A 2 E 2 c 02 , which corresponds to the condition when a → 0 .According to Equation (21), λ R 2 = 1, λ T 2 = 2, and the following expressions can be derived: where u r , v r , a r denotes the signal's displacement, velocity and acceleration at the AE waveguide's receiving end, respectively; u s , v s , a s enotes the AE signal's displacement, velocity and acceleration at the AE waveguide's source end, respectively; λ T 1 denotes the AE signal's transmission coefficient in coal rock.Equation ( 22) describes the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the stress wave that firstly arrived at the finite waveguide's receiving end; then, multiple transmissions and reflections would lead to the attenuation of AE stress wave; finally, the sensor would receive no stress signal.According to 1D elastic waveguide's mechanism model, the relationships of displacement, velocity and acceleration between AE signal's receiving end and source end were derived, as shown in Equation (22).Equation ( 22) is applicable to the condition with no attenuation in the propagation of AE signal; actually, AE signal undergoes attenuation during the propagation in the waveguide.Next, the waveguide's appropriate size was determined through numerical simulation and laboratory test, i.e., the application condition of Equation (22).

Establishment of Numerical Model and the Setting of Mechanical Parameters
In this study, the propagation rules of AE signals in the waveguide was simulated using large-scale dynamic finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA.AE signals were sine acceleration waves, as shown in Figure 2.

Establishment of Numerical Model and the Setting of Mechanical Parameters
In this study, the propagation rules of AE signals in the waveguide was simulated using large-scale dynamic finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA.AE signals were sine acceleration waves, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 3 shows the established model, from which we can observe that the end of the waveguide was fixed at 25 cm away from the left boundary of the rock and the other end was free.Linear elastic model was used, and the material parameters are listed in Table 1.   Figure 3 shows the established model, from which we can observe that the end of the waveguide was fixed at 25 cm away from the left boundary of the rock and the other end was free.Linear elastic model was used, and the material parameters are listed in Table 1.  Figure 3 shows the established model, from which we can observe that the end of the waveguide was fixed at 25 cm away from the left boundary of the rock and the other end was free.Linear elastic model was used, and the material parameters are listed in Table 1.In order to examine the effects of the waveguide's diameter and length on the AE signal's propagation in the waveguide, the following two simulation schemes were used.According to the actual coal mining situation at the scene, the numerical test schemes are determined.
Scheme 2: Coal rock size: 60 cm × 60 cm × 60 cm; the waveguide's diameter was fixed at 5 mm, while the waveguide's length (L) was set as 0.5 m, 1 m, 3 m and 5 m, respectively.
Under these two conditions, the acceleration amplitude at each node on the waveguide was simulated.

Analysis of the Results Using the First Simulation Scheme
Since the stress wave (the sine curve) was loaded along the waveguide's axial direction, the variation of stress wave was greatest along the axial direction and somewhat smaller along the other directions.Thus, only the variation of the AE stress wave along the waveguide's axial direction was taken into account in this study.
When L was fixed as 0.3 m and diameter was set as 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm, respectively, the acceleration data at five nodes (specifically, Node A, Node B, Node C and Node D, along the waveguide's axial direction, and Node E, at the waveguide's free end) were simulated, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 4 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 5 mm.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure 4 shows that the receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.1122) attenuates approximately 90% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (1.1231).This is due to coal rock propagation loss when the diameter = 5 mm, and source node (A) has a relatively large response to the sine acceleration waves due to the smaller diameter waveguide.However, the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude is close to that of the other diameter waveguide.

Analysis of the Results Using the First Simulation Scheme
Since the stress wave (the sine curve) was loaded along the waveguide's axial direction, the variation of stress wave was greatest along the axial direction and somewhat smaller along the other directions.Thus, only the variation of the AE stress wave along the waveguide's axial direction was taken into account in this study.
When L was fixed as 0.3 m and diameter was set as 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm, respectively, the acceleration data at five nodes (specifically, Node A, Node B, Node C and Node D, along the waveguide's axial direction, and Node E, at the waveguide's free end) were simulated, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 4 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 5 mm.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure 4 shows that the receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.1122) attenuates approximately 90% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (1.1231).This is due to coal rock propagation loss when the diameter = 5 mm, and source node (A) has a relatively large response to the sine acceleration waves due to the smaller diameter waveguide.However, the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude is close to that of the other diameter waveguide.Figure 5 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 10 mm.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure 5 shows that the receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.1121) attenuates approximately 74% relative to source node (A) signal amplitude (0.4308).This is due to coal rock propagation loss when diameter = 10 mm, and source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to the larger diameter waveguide, but the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude is close to that of the other diameter waveguide.Figure 6 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 20 mm.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure 6 shows that the receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.1310) attenuates approximately 48% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (0.2507), which is due to coal rock propagation loss when diameter = 20 mm, and the source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to the larger diameter waveguide, but the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude is close to that of the other diameter waveguide.Figure 6 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 20 mm.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure 6 shows that the receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.1310) attenuates approximately 48% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (0.2507), which is due to coal rock propagation loss when diameter = 20 mm, and the source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to the larger diameter waveguide, but the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude is close to that of the other diameter waveguide.Figure 6 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 20 mm.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure 6 shows that the receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.1310) attenuates approximately 48% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (0.2507), which is due to coal rock propagation loss when diameter = 20 mm, and the source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to the larger diameter waveguide, but the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude is close to that of the other diameter waveguide.and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure 7 shows that receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.1113) attenuates approximately 40% relative to source node (A) signal amplitude (0.1855), due to coal rock propagation loss when diameter = 40 mm.Source node (A) has a smaller response to the sine acceleration waves due to the larger diameter waveguide, but the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude is close to that of the other diameter waveguide.Table 2 lists the maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at A, B, C, D and E when diameter was set as different values, which were then imported to EXCEL for data process, and are shown in Figure 8.    Table 2 lists the maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at A, B, C, D and E when diameter was set as different values, which were then imported to EXCEL for data process, and are shown in Figure 8.  Figure 8 shows the variations of the maximum of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at A, B, C, D and E when D was set as different values.It can be observed that, when the waveguide's diameter remained unchanged and the smaller the waveguide's diameter, the greater the maximum of the absolute value of the acceleration amplitude at Node A; the variations of the maximum of the absolute value of the acceleration amplitude at C, D and E were insensitive to the variation of the waveguide's diameter.Accordingly, it can be concluded that the waveguide  Figure 8 shows the variations of the maximum of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at A, B, C, D and E when D was set as different values.It can be observed that, when the waveguide's diameter remained unchanged and the smaller the waveguide's diameter, the greater the maximum of the absolute value of the acceleration amplitude at Node A; the variations of the maximum of the absolute value of the acceleration amplitude at C, D and E were insensitive to the variation of the waveguide's diameter.Accordingly, it can be concluded that the waveguide diameter imposed only a slight effect on the propagation of the AE signal within the range of 5~40 mm.

Analysis of the Results Using the Second Simulation Scheme
When D was fixed at 5 mm and L was set as 0.5 m, 1 m, 3 m and 5 m, respectively, the acceleration data at seven nodes (specifically, Node A, Node B, Node C, Node D, Node E, Node F and Node G, as listed in Figure 9) were simulated, as shown in Figure 3. diameter imposed only a slight effect on the propagation of the AE signal within the range of 5~40 mm.

Analysis of the Results Using the Second Simulation Scheme
When D was fixed at 5 mm and L was set as 0.5 m, 1 m, 3 m and 5 m, respectively, the acceleration data at seven nodes (specifically, Node A, Node B, Node C, Node D, Node E, Node F and Node G, as listed in Figure 9) were simulated, as shown in Figure 3.   Figure 11 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 1 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure 11 shows that receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.12437) attenuates approximately 85% relative to source node (A) signal amplitude (0.81294), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 1 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, and the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude gets smaller due to the larger length.diameter imposed only a slight effect on the propagation of the AE signal within the range of 5~40 mm.

Analysis of the Results Using the Second Simulation Scheme
When D was fixed at 5 mm and L was set as 0.5 m, 1 m, 3 m and 5 m, respectively, the acceleration data at seven nodes (specifically, Node A, Node B, Node C, Node D, Node E, Node F and Node G, as listed in Figure 9) were simulated, as shown in Figure 3.   Figure 11 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 1 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure 11 shows that receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.12437) attenuates approximately 85% relative to source node (A) signal amplitude (0.81294), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 1 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, and the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude gets smaller due to the larger length.Figure 11 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 1 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure 11 shows that receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.12437) attenuates approximately 85% relative to source node (A) signal amplitude (0.81294), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 1 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, and the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude gets smaller due to the larger length.Figure 12 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 3 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (F, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D, E), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (F) were compared.Figure 12 shows that receiving node (F) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.081358) attenuates approximately 89% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (0.76692), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 3 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, and the receiving node (F) signal acceleration amplitude gets smaller due to the larger length.Figure 13 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 5 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (G, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D, E, F), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (G) were compared.Figure 13 shows that receiving node (G) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.057397) attenuates approximately 93% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (0.76563), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 5 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, and the receiving node (G) signal acceleration amplitude gets smaller due to the larger length.Figure 12 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 3 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (F, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D, E), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (F) were compared.Figure 12 shows that receiving node (F) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.081358) attenuates approximately 89% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (0.76692), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 3 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, and the receiving node (F) signal acceleration amplitude gets smaller due to the larger length.Figure 12 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 3 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (F, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D, E), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (F) were compared.Figure 12 shows that receiving node (F) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.081358) attenuates approximately 89% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (0.76692), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 3 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, and the receiving node (F) signal acceleration amplitude gets smaller due to the larger length.Figure 13 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 5 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (G, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D, E, F), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (G) were compared.Figure 13 shows that receiving node (G) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.057397) attenuates approximately 93% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (0.76563), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 5 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, and the receiving node (G) signal acceleration amplitude gets smaller due to the larger length.B, C, D, E, F), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (G) were compared.Figure 13 shows that receiving node (G) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.057397) attenuates approximately 93% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (0.76563), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 5 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, and the receiving node (G) signal acceleration amplitude gets smaller due to the larger length.A, B, C, D, E, F and G when L was set as different values, which were then imported to EXCEL for data process, as the results shown in Figure 14.It can be observed that, when the waveguide's diameter remained unchanged and the smaller the waveguide's length, the greater the maximum of the absolute value of the acceleration amplitude at Node A; the variations of the maximum of the absolute value of the acceleration amplitude at D, E, F and G were insensitive to the variation of the waveguide's length.According to  A, B, C, D, E, F and G when L was set as different values, which were then imported to EXCEL for data process, as the results shown in Figure 14.Table 3 lists the maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at A, B, C, D, E, F and G when L was set as different values, which were then imported to EXCEL for data process, as the results shown in Figure 14.It can be observed that, when the waveguide's diameter remained unchanged and the smaller the waveguide's length, the greater the maximum of the absolute value of the acceleration amplitude at Node A; the variations of the maximum of the absolute value of the acceleration amplitude at D, E, F and G were insensitive to the variation of the waveguide's length.According to It can be observed that, when the waveguide's diameter remained unchanged and the smaller the waveguide's length, the greater the maximum of the absolute value of the acceleration amplitude at Node A; the variations of the maximum of the absolute value of the acceleration amplitude at D, E, F and G were insensitive to the variation of the waveguide's length.According to the numerical simulation results, waveguide length imposed only a slight effect on the propagation of the AE signal within the range of 0.5~5 m.

Laboratory Tests on the Effects of the Waveguide's Size on AE Signal's Propagation
Based on AE propagation rules, we conducted excitation tests on coal rock for investigating the effects of the waveguide's size on the AE signal's propagation, during which standard vibrator source (artificially made) and virtual instrument system were used.

Test Scheme and Parameter Settings
According to the actual coal mining situation at the scene, the laboratory test schemes were determined.Figure 15 illustrates the test scheme.The laboratory test scheme and the related parameter settings were the same as those in the numerical model.the numerical simulation results, waveguide length imposed only a slight effect on the propagation of the AE signal within the range of 0.5~5 m.

Laboratory Tests on the Effects of the Waveguide's Size on AE Signal's Propagation
Based on AE propagation rules, we conducted excitation tests on coal rock for investigating the effects of the waveguide's size on the AE signal's propagation, during which standard vibrator source (artificially made) and virtual instrument system were used.

Test Scheme and Parameter Settings
According to the actual coal mining situation at the scene, the laboratory test schemes were determined.Figure 15 illustrates the test scheme.The laboratory test scheme and the related parameter settings were the same as those in the numerical model.

Test Results and Analysis
According to the threshold value, the AE signal event can be classified into micro-event, small-event, medium-event and great event, respectively, which were dented as I, II, III and IV.Further, each level of event includes two sub-levels (i.e., I1, I2, II1, II2, III1, III2, IV1 and IV2, respectively).

Test Results and Analysis
According to the threshold value, the AE signal event can be classified into micro-event, small-event, medium-event and great event, respectively, which were dented as I, II, III and IV.Further, each level of event includes two sub-levels (i.e., I1, I2, II1, II2, III1, III2, IV1 and IV2, respectively).

Effects of the Waveguide's Installation Method on AE Proportion Rules
The installation of the AE sensor mainly includes three methods: coal surface installation, hole-bottom installation and waveguide installation.Among these three installation methods, hole-bottom installation is best in signal receiving, while the other installation methods are easy to use and the sensor is recyclable.However, for the sensor that was installed on the coal surface, the received AE signals would undergo strong attenuation due to the existence of a loose circle in the tunnel, which would seriously affect the receiving of effective signals.Thus, only hole-bottom

Effects of the Waveguide's Installation Method on AE Proportion Rules
The installation of the AE sensor mainly includes three methods: coal surface installation, hole-bottom installation and waveguide installation.Among these three installation methods, hole-bottom installation is best in signal receiving, while the other installation methods are easy to use and the sensor is recyclable.However, for the sensor that was installed on the coal surface, the received AE signals would undergo strong attenuation due to the existence of a loose circle in the tunnel, which would seriously affect the receiving of effective signals.Thus, only hole-bottom installation and waveguide installation will be detailed below.
(1) Hole-Bottom Installation Using this method, the sensors were generally installed in deep coals; they exhibited high sensitivity and a great effective distance of signal receiving.Figure 18 illustrates this installation

Effects of the Waveguide's Installation Method on AE Proportion Rules
The installation of the AE sensor mainly includes three methods: coal surface installation, hole-bottom installation and waveguide installation.Among these three installation methods, hole-bottom installation is best in signal receiving, while the other installation methods are easy to use and the sensor is recyclable.However, for the sensor that was installed on the coal surface, the received AE signals would undergo strong attenuation due to the existence of a loose circle in the tunnel, which would seriously affect the receiving of effective signals.Thus, only hole-bottom installation and waveguide installation will be detailed below.
(1) Hole-Bottom Installation Using this method, the sensors were generally installed in deep coals; they exhibited high sensitivity and a great effective distance of signal receiving.Figure 18 illustrates this installation method.A hole (ϕ42 mm) was drilled in the coal rib of the coalface, and the signal line was coated with the rubber hose (ϕ10 mm) for preventing coals from crushing the signal line after the hole collapses.Firstly, a small amount of yellow mud was added to the cement mortar, and the hole bottom was sealed by 0.5 m using the prepared cement mortar; then, the sensor was pressed in the cement mortar at the bottom of the hole and finally sealed by approximately 1m.The sensor was gradually compacted by the coals in a short period of time, which was then in solid contact with coals.Using this installation method, after the compaction of drilled holes, the sensor was slightly affected by the noise from external environment.The shortcoming of this method lies in the high cost.If the acquired safety benefit far exceeded the invested cost during the service period, then hole-bottom installation method would be regarded as the preferred method.
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1209 15 of 19 method.A hole (φ42 mm) was drilled in the coal rib of the coalface, and the signal line was coated with the rubber hose (φ10 mm) for preventing coals from crushing the signal line after the hole collapses.Firstly, a small amount of yellow mud was added to the cement mortar, and the hole bottom was sealed by 0.5 m using the prepared cement mortar; then, the sensor was pressed in the cement mortar at the bottom of the hole and finally sealed by approximately 1m.The sensor was gradually compacted by the coals in a short period of time, which was then in solid contact with coals.Using this installation method, after the compaction of drilled holes, the sensor was slightly affected by the noise from external environment.The shortcoming of this method lies in the high cost.If the acquired safety benefit far exceeded the invested cost during the service period, then hole-bottom installation method would be regarded as the preferred method.Practices have proven the following advantages and disadvantages of this installation method: great effective distance in signal receiving, high sensitivity, strong capability of disturbance resistance, easy for installation and implementation, but also, a difficulty in disassembly and the high cost.
(2) Wave-Installation Figure 19 illustrates this hole-bottom installation method.Wave-installation can be regarded as a kind of orifice installation.In order to improve the AE signal's receiving effects, favorable coupling between sensor and coal rock must be guaranteed, which can be realized through a waveguide.The one end of the waveguide is fixed with coals at the bottom of the hole, using some cohesive materials, and then, the signal is transmitted to the sensor via the waveguide.Due to the metal's homogeneity, continuity, great elastic modulus and high stiffness, the signal was weakly attenuated and the waveguide showed favorable wave guiding function.
In order to reduce random noise and the noise caused by human activities around the sensor, the waveguide was penetrated through soft materials, such as the scrapped hose; meanwhile, the sensor was also coated with the hose for protection, so that the effects caused by the dropping of coals and water in the coal seam injection can be avoided.Additionally, soft materials exhibited remarkable noise insulation performances.Practices have proven the following advantages and disadvantages of this installation method: great effective distance in signal receiving, high sensitivity, strong capability of disturbance resistance, easy for installation and implementation, but also, a difficulty in disassembly and the high cost.
(2) Wave-Installation Figure 19 illustrates this hole-bottom installation method.Wave-installation can be regarded as a kind of orifice installation.In order to improve the AE signal's receiving effects, favorable coupling between sensor and coal rock must be guaranteed, which can be realized through a waveguide.The one end of the waveguide is fixed with coals at the bottom of the hole, using some cohesive materials, and then, the signal is transmitted to the sensor via the waveguide.Due to the metal's homogeneity, continuity, great elastic modulus and high stiffness, the signal was weakly attenuated and the waveguide showed favorable wave guiding function.
gradually compacted by the coals in a short period of time, which was then in solid contact with coals.Using this installation method, after the compaction of drilled holes, the sensor was slightly affected by the noise from external environment.The shortcoming of this method lies in the high cost.If the acquired safety benefit far exceeded the invested cost during the service period, then hole-bottom installation method would be regarded as the preferred method.Practices have proven the following advantages and disadvantages of this installation method: great effective distance in signal receiving, high sensitivity, strong capability of disturbance resistance, easy for installation and implementation, but also, a difficulty in disassembly and the high cost.
(2) Wave-Installation Figure 19 illustrates this hole-bottom installation method.Wave-installation can be regarded as a kind of orifice installation.In order to improve the AE signal's receiving effects, favorable coupling between sensor and coal rock must be guaranteed, which can be realized through a waveguide.The one end of the waveguide is fixed with coals at the bottom of the hole, using some cohesive materials, and then, the signal is transmitted to the sensor via the waveguide.Due to the metal's homogeneity, continuity, great elastic modulus and high stiffness, the signal was weakly attenuated and the waveguide showed favorable wave guiding function.
In order to reduce random noise and the noise caused by human activities around the sensor, the waveguide was penetrated through soft materials, such as the scrapped hose; meanwhile, the sensor was also coated with the hose for protection, so that the effects caused by the dropping of coals and water in the coal seam injection can be avoided.Additionally, soft materials exhibited remarkable noise insulation performances.In order to reduce random noise and the noise caused by human activities around the sensor, the waveguide was penetrated through soft materials, such as the scrapped hose; meanwhile, the sensor was also coated with the hose for protection, so that the effects caused by the dropping of coals and water in the coal seam injection can be avoided.Additionally, soft materials exhibited remarkable noise insulation performances.
According to the practices, the waveguide installation method shows the following advantages and disadvantages: great effective distance in signal receiving, strong capability of disturbance resistance, being simple and quick in installation and implementation; simple processing technology and easy for disassembly for the sensor; but also, the angle should not be too large for inclined-hole installation, because otherwise, the fixation will be difficult.the AE signal temporal spectrum amplitude (AE signal amplitude are 3.0, 4.0, respectively when acceleration sensor was installed using waveguide installation and hole-bottom installation) and the AE event numbers between these two different installation methods, from which we can easily see that the AE signal receiving effects through the waveguide installation method are close to that of the hole-bottom installation.In other words, waveguide installation method can replace hole-bottom installation method (acceptable deviation value based on field experience).
According to the practices, the waveguide installation method shows the following advantages and disadvantages: great effective distance in signal receiving, strong capability of disturbance resistance, being simple and quick in installation and implementation; simple processing technology and easy for disassembly for the sensor; but also, the angle should not be too large for inclined-hole installation, because otherwise, the fixation will be difficult.
Figures 20 and 21 compare the AE signal temporal spectrum amplitude (AE signal amplitude are 3.0, 4.0, respectively when acceleration sensor was installed using waveguide installation and hole-bottom installation) and the AE event numbers between these two different installation methods, from which we can easily see that the AE signal receiving effects through the waveguide installation method are close to that of the hole-bottom installation.In other words, waveguide installation method can replace hole-bottom installation method (acceptable deviation value based on field experience).According to the practices, the waveguide installation method shows the following advantages and disadvantages: great effective distance in signal receiving, strong capability of disturbance resistance, being simple and quick in installation and implementation; simple processing technology and easy for disassembly for the sensor; but also, the angle should not be too large for inclined-hole installation, because otherwise, the fixation will be difficult.
Figures 20 and 21 compare the AE signal temporal spectrum amplitude (AE signal amplitude are 3.0, 4.0, respectively when acceleration sensor was installed using waveguide installation and hole-bottom installation) and the AE event numbers between these two different installation methods, from which we can easily see that the AE signal receiving effects through the waveguide installation method are close to that of the hole-bottom installation.In other words, waveguide installation method can replace hole-bottom installation method (acceptable deviation value based on field experience).

Conclusions
The propagation of acoustic emission (AE) signal in waveguide is quite important for AE-based prediction of dynamic disasters in coal rocks.In this study, based on some relevant theories in wave mechanics, the elastic mechanical model of one-dimensional (1D) waveguide was first established, and the relationship between the AE source signal and the signal at the waveguide's receiving end was derived.On the basis of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and laboratory test schemes were designed; additionally, using the standard vibration source method, the AE response in different sizes of waveguides were investigated, the effects of waveguide size of waveguide were concluded, and the application conditions of the established theoretical model were clarified.Numerical simulation results fit well with the laboratory test results.Additionally, the effects of the sensor's waveguide installation method and hole-bottom installation method were compared and appropriate installation method was determined.
(1) This study firstly established the theory model of 1D elastic waveguide based on wave mechanics and then made some relevant assumptions.According to numerical simulation results, this elastic theory model is applicable to waveguides with a length smaller than 5 m and a diameter smaller than 40 mm.(2) According to numerical simulation and laboratory test results, the waveguide's diameter imposed only a slight effect on the acceleration amplitude and the AE event number at the waveguide's receiving end within a range of 5~40 mm.(3) According to numerical simulation and laboratory test results, the waveguide's length imposed only a slight effect on the acceleration amplitude and the AE event number at the waveguide's receiving end within a range of 0.5~5 m. (4) AE signal receiving effects through waveguide installation method are close to that of the hole-bottom installation, based on the AE signal temporal spectrum amplitude and AE event numbers.Therefore, the waveguide installation method can completely replace the hole-bottom installation method.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Arrangement of measuring nodes in the simulations when diameter was set as different values.

3 .
Numerical Simulations on the Effects of the Waveguide's Size on AE Signal's Propagation3.1.Establishment of Numerical Model and the Setting of Mechanical ParametersIn this study, the propagation rules of AE signals in the waveguide was simulated using large-scale dynamic finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA.AE signals were sine acceleration waves, as shown in Figure2.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Arrangement of measuring nodes in the simulations when diameter was set as different values.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Arrangement of measuring nodes in the simulations when diameter was set as different values.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 5 mm.

Figure 5
Figure5shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 10 mm.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure5shows that the receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.1121) attenuates approximately 74% relative to source node (A) signal amplitude (0.4308).This is due to coal rock propagation loss when diameter = 10

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 5 mm.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 10 mm.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 20 mm.

Figure 7
Figure7shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 40 mm.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure7shows that receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.1113) attenuates approximately 40% relative to source node (A) signal amplitude (0.1855), due to coal rock propagation loss when diameter = 40 mm.Source node (A) has a smaller response to the sine acceleration waves due to the larger diameter waveguide, but the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude is close to that of the other diameter waveguide.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 10 mm.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 10 mm.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 20 mm.

Figure 7
Figure7shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 40 mm.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (E) were compared.Figure7shows that receiving node (E) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.1113) attenuates approximately 40% relative to source node (A) signal amplitude (0.1855), due to coal rock propagation loss when diameter = 40 mm.Source node (A) has a smaller response to the sine acceleration waves due to the larger diameter waveguide, but the receiving node (E) signal acceleration amplitude is close to that of the other

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 20 mm.

Figure 7
Figure 7 shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 40 mm.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (E, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D), therefore, only source node (A)

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when diameter = 40 mm.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at different nodes when diameter = 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm, respectively.

Figure 8
Figure 8 shows the variations of the maximum of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at A, B, C, D and E when D was set as different values.It can be observed that, when the waveguide's diameter remained unchanged and the smaller the waveguide's diameter, the greater the maximum of the absolute value of the acceleration amplitude at Node A; the variations

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at different nodes when diameter = 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm, respectively.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at different nodes when diameter = 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm, respectively.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Arrangement of measuring nodes in the simulations when L was set as different values.

Figure 10
Figure10shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 0.5 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (D, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (D) were compared.Figure10shows that receiving node (D) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.18361) attenuates approximately 82% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (1.0062), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 0.5 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, but the receiving node (D) signal acceleration amplitude is a slightly larger than that of the other length waveguide due to the shorter length.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 0.5 m.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Arrangement of measuring nodes in the simulations when L was set as different values.

Figure 10
Figure10shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 0.5 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (D, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (D) were compared.Figure10shows that receiving node (D) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.18361) attenuates approximately 82% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (1.0062), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 0.5 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, but the receiving node (D) signal acceleration amplitude is a slightly larger than that of the other length waveguide due to the shorter length.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Arrangement of measuring nodes in the simulations when L was set as different values.

Figure 10
Figure10shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 0.5 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (D, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (D) were compared.Figure10shows that receiving node (D) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.18361) attenuates approximately 82% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (1.0062), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 0.5 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, but the receiving node (D) signal acceleration amplitude is a slightly larger than that of the other length waveguide due to the shorter length.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 0.5 m.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 0.5 m.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 3 m.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 1 m.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 3 m.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 3 m.

Figure 13
Figure13shows the acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 5 m.Due to only considering the source node (A) and the receiving node (G, waveguide acceleration sensor installation location), without considering the process nodes (B, C, D, E, F), therefore, only source node (A) and the receiving node (G) were compared.Figure13shows that receiving node (G) acoustic emission signal acceleration amplitude (0.057397) attenuates approximately 93% relative to the source node (A) signal amplitude (0.76563), which is due to the vibration loss when L = 5 m.Source node (A) has a small response to the sine acceleration waves due to coal rock propagation loss, and the receiving node (G) signal acceleration amplitude gets smaller due to the larger length.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 5 m.

Table 3 .Figure 14
Figure 14 shows the variations of the maximum of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at A, B, C, D, E, F and G when L was set as different values.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at different nodes when L = 0.5 m, 1 m, 3 m and 5 m, respectively.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Acceleration-time curves of different nodes when L = 5 m.

Table 3 .Figure 14 19 Figure 13 .
Figure 14 shows the variations of the maximum of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at A, B, C, D, E, F and G when L was set as different values.

Table 3 .Figure 14
Figure 14 shows the variations of the maximum of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at A, B, C, D, E, F and G when L was set as different values.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at different nodes when L = 0.5 m, 1 m, 3 m and 5 m, respectively.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at different nodes when L = 0.5 m, 1 m, 3 m and 5 m, respectively.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Illustration of the laboratory tests on the acoustic emission (AE) propagation rules in waveguide.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Illustration of the laboratory tests on the acoustic emission (AE) propagation rules in waveguide.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Variation of AE event number with the waveguide's diameter.

Figure 16 . 19 Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Variation of AE event number with the waveguide's length.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Variation of AE event number with the waveguide's diameter.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Variation of AE event number with the waveguide's diameter.

Figures 20 and 21
Figures 20 and 21 compare the AE signal temporal spectrum amplitude (AE signal amplitude are 3.0, 4.0, respectively when acceleration sensor was installed using waveguide installation and hole-bottom installation) and the AE event numbers between these two different installation methods, from which we can easily see that the AE signal receiving effects through the waveguide installation method are close to that of the hole-bottom installation.In other words, waveguide installation method can replace hole-bottom installation method (acceptable deviation value based on field experience).
Figures 20 and 21 compare the AE signal temporal spectrum amplitude (AE signal amplitude are 3.0, 4.0, respectively when acceleration sensor was installed using waveguide installation and hole-bottom installation) and the AE event numbers between these two different installation methods, from which we can easily see that the AE signal receiving effects through the waveguide installation method are close to that of the hole-bottom installation.In other words, waveguide installation method can replace hole-bottom installation method (acceptable deviation value based on field experience).

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.Comparison of the AE signal temporal spectrum between waveguide installation and hole-bottom installation.

Figure 21 .
Figure 21.Comparison of the AE event number between waveguide installation and hole-bottom installation.

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.Comparison of the AE signal temporal spectrum between waveguide installation and hole-bottom installation.

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.Comparison of the AE signal temporal spectrum between waveguide installation and hole-bottom installation.

Figure 21 .
Figure 21.Comparison of the AE event number between waveguide installation and hole-bottom installation.

Figure 21 .
Figure 21.Comparison of the AE event number between waveguide installation and hole-bottom installation.

Table 1 .
Material parameters in the model.

Table 1 .
Material parameters in the model.

Table 1 .
Material parameters in the model.

Table 2 .
Maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at different nodes when diameter = 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm, respectively.

Table 2 .
Maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at different nodes when diameter = 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm, respectively.

Table 2 .
Maxima of the absolute values of the acceleration amplitudes at different nodes when diameter = 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm, respectively.