Decomposition Analysis of Carbon Emission Factors from Energy Consumption in Guangdong Province from 1990 to 2014

Carbon emissions research based on regional perspective is necessary and helpful for China to achieve its reduction targets. This research aims at analyzing the energy-related carbon emissions and finding out the most important driving forces for the carbon emissions increments in Guangdong province. LMDI (Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index) method based on the extended Kaya identity has been used to explore the main driving factors for energy-related carbon emissions in Guangdong province annually between 1990 and 2014. Research results show that the impacts and influences of various factors on carbon emissions are different in the different development stages. Economic growth effect and population size effect are the two most important driving factors for the increased carbon emissions. Energy intensity effect played the dominant role in curbing carbon emissions. Energy structure effect and technical progress effect had different but relatively minor effects on carbon emissions during the five different development stages.


Introduction
Controlling greenhouse gas emissions and curbing global warming have become priorities in developing strategies for a sustainable future [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].China has become the world's largest carbon source after decades of rapid economic growth [8][9][10].The carbon emissions problem is now receiving the extensive and sustained interest of government policy makers, industrial manufacturers, and researchers [11][12][13][14][15].This is due to the pressure of public opinion from international climate negotiations, but also due to the need to reduce and conserve domestic energy consumption in relation to resource and environmental constraints.Under these circumstances, China announced a binding mitigation target, namely to achieve peak carbon emissions prior to 2030 [16,17].The 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) of China proposed that the consumption of non-fossil fuel energy resources should be 15% of the total primary energy consumption, thus the per unit GDP energy consumption and per unit carbon dioxide emission should be reduced by 15% and 18% in 2020 compared with the 2015 level, respectively.The importance and urgency of carbon emission research is becoming increasingly evident in the light of concerns about whether promises to mitigate carbon emissions could be fulfilled with binding force, and at the same time maintain stable development of the social economy.Wei et al. used an extended Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model to identify how much carbon emissions reduction burden will be allocated for each province after the Copenhagen conference [18].Yang et al. developed an allocation model to allocate the national carbon intensity reduction target among 35 industrial sectors based on equity and efficiency principle, aiming to establish a unified national carbon trading market [19].Therefore, in-depth studies on the factors driving energy-related carbon emissions need to be performed for China, especially at the regional and provincial levels [20][21][22][23].This is required because there are profound differences in resource endowment, economic structure, development models, residential lifestyles, consumption levels, and available technology across the different provinces within China [24][25][26][27].
Guangdong province is a developed region in the east of China.GDP of Guangdong increased from 155.90 billion Yuan in 1990 to 6780.99 billion Yuan in 2014, making Guangdong the most developed province in China.Along with the rapid economic development, total energy consumption of Guangdong has increased from 36.90 million tons of coal equivalent (tce) in 1990 to 256.36 million tons of coal equivalent (tce) in 2014.In addition, Guangdong province is an important manufacturing base as well as a pilot zone for low-carbon development.Therefore, Guangdong province may serve as a demonstration of how to complete the targets of energy conservation and carbon emission reduction, thereby highlighting the representativeness of Guangdong province and the importance of studying its influence factors of carbon emissions in detail.
Index decomposition analysis (IDA) and structural decomposition analysis (SDA) are the most commonly applied research methods for the scientific evaluation and quantitative analysis of factors influencing carbon emissions [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].The IDA model employs any available data at any aggregation level to analyze how changes in various factors in a period-wise or time-series manner, including demography, economy, and structural factors, have a direct effect on the generation of carbon emissions [36,37].The advantages of IDA model made it been applied successfully so far [38][39][40].LMDI method was then introduced and refined by Ang [41][42][43], which was known as the perfect decomposition technique in IDA [44].By using the LMDI method, Wang et al. studied the changes of increased carbon emissions in China during 1957-2000 [45].Wu et al. focused on the stagnancy of carbon emissions in China during 1996-1999 [46].Zhang et al. decomposed the changes of China's carbon emissions and its intensity from 1996 to 2010 based on the energy structure and industrial structure perspective, respectively [47].Economic growth effect was confirmed as the most important driving factor for China's carbon emissions increments, while the energy efficiency and energy structure effects were highlighted for curbing carbon emissions.Wang et al. [26] used the LMDI method to decompose the changes of carbon emissions in Shandong province from 1995 to 2011, and demonstrated that rapid economic growth and coal based energy consumption structure played strong driving effects on carbon emissions.Wang et al. applied the LMDI method to decompose the changes of carbon emissions in Xinjiang province from 1952 to 2010, and decomposition results show that economic growth and population size were the two most important contributors to carbon emission increments [48].Wang et al. [49] found that slowing and maintaining healthy growth rates of economy and population could effectively control the total carbon emission in Suzhou city by using the LMDI method.Kang et al. [50] performed the LMDI method to disentangle the carbon emissions in Tianjin city from 2001 to 2009, and the decomposition results showed that economic growth was the most important factor driving the emissions growth, while energy efficiency gains were primarily responsible for the decrease in emissions.Therefore, a thorough and wide-ranging study of the factors impacting carbon emissions at the provincial level even city level is urgently required, to enable regional contributions to be made towards the fulfilment of carbon reduction pledges at the national level.
The contribution and innovation of our study compared with other references mainly lies in the following two aspects.Firstly, the Kaya-decomposition method used in this study was improved.Secondly, influencing factors affecting carbon emissions with comparative analysis of different development stages may have different conclusions.It was aimed to provide theoretical references for making more targeted policies on "energy saving and emission reduction" in Guangdong.

Data Management
Data resources include the economic and population growth, and total energy consumption covers the period from 1990 to 2014 are all available.Economic and population data were collected from various issues of Guangdong Statistical Yearbook (GSY, 1990-2015) , China Statistical Yearbook (CSY, 1990-2015) .Economic data were measured by gross domestic product (GDP) in million yuan in time series from 1990 to 2014.Energy data were collected from a series of Guangdong Statistical Yearbook (GSY, 1990-2015) , and China Energy Statistical Yearbook (CESY, 1990-2015) , which were compiled by the National and Provincial Bureau of Statistics of China and Guangdong.

Estimation of Energy-Related Carbon Emissions
Energy-related carbon emissions were calculated according to the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories [26,48], computational formula are as follows: In Equation ( 1), the subscript i is the various fuels in our study, the subscript t represents the time in years, C t on the left in Equation ( 1) represents total energy-related carbon emissions in year t (in million tons, Mt), E i t on the right in Equation (1) represents the total energy consumption including the various fuels in year t; LCV i , CF i t and O i represent the lower calorific value, the carbon emissions factors, and the oxidation rate of fuel type i, respectively.

Analysis along Kaya Factors
Kaya identity [2,[129][130][131][132] expressed carbon emissions as a result of four relevant influencing factors: In Equation (2), P represents the total population size, G represents the gross domestic product (GDP), E represents the total energy consumption; G P represents the per capita GDP, E G represents the energy consumption intensity and C E represents the energy carbon intensity.

Extended Kaya-Decomposition for Carbon Emissions
In Equation (3), P, G, and E have the same definitions as in Equation ( 2), FE represents the fossil fuel energy consumption.The variables are defined as follows: C, total carbon emissions from all fossil fuels energy consumption P, population G, gross domestic product (GDP) FE, total fossil energy consumption including coal, oil, and natural gas E, total energy consumption including FE and renewable energy p = P, represents the total population size g = G P , represents the per capita GDP e = E G , represents the energy consumption intensity s = FE E , represents the share of fossil energy consumption in total energy consumption f = C FE , represents the energy carbon intensity

Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index
LMDI method based on an extended Kaya identity was then applied as the method to decompose function (3) [38,133,134].
From Equation (3), changes of the emission levels between two years can be further decomposed as: In Equation ( 4), ∆C on the left represents the difference of carbon emissions between a base year 0 and a target year t.∆C can be further decomposed to five influencing factors as follows: ∆C p−e f f ect represents the population size effect, ∆C g−e f f ect represents the economic growth effect, ∆C e−e f f ect represents the energy intensity effect, ∆C s−e f f ect represents the energy structure effect, and ∆C f −e f f ect represents the technical progress effect, respectively.

Economic Growth and Economic Structure in Guangdong Province
Economic growth in Guangdong province was described with the GDP (Figure 1), and the GDP data was converted into the 1990 constant prices in order to avoid the inflation impact.The economy scale in Guangdong province has increased from 155.90 billion Yuan in 1990 to 353.18 billion Yuan in 2014.Changes of industrial structure from 1990 to 2014 in Guangdong province were also shown in Figure 2. The shares of primary industries performed an obvious decrease from 24.66% in 1990 to 4.67% in 2014.At the same time, the shares of secondary industries and tertiary industries performed an increase tendency, from 39.50% in 1990 to 46.34% in 2014 and from 35.84% in 1990 to 48.99% in 2014, respectively.Sustainability 2017, 9, 274 5 of 15

Total Energy Consumption and Energy Consumption Structure in Guangdong Province
As indicated in Figure 2

Total Energy Consumption and Energy Consumption Structure in Guangdong Province
As indicated in Figure 2, overall primary energy consumption in Guangdong province has been steadily increasing.Coal consumption increased from 36.90 million tons of coal equivalent (tce) in 1990 to 256.36 million tce in 2014, showing a 5.95-fold increase over a period of 24 years.The eighth Five-Year Plan was implemented between 1990 and 1995, and China's eastern coastal regions experienced rapid economic growth, especially the Guangdong province.GDP grew by 19.64% and primary energy consumption increased by 10.75% annually.During the period of the ninth Five-Year Plan (1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000), the growth of the opening economy in Guangdong significantly slowed due to the Asian financial crisis in 1997.As a result, average annual GDP growth was 11.96%, which caused the average annual growth rate of primary energy consumption to decrease to 5.74%.Accordingly, primary energy consumption decreased from 65.The average annual GDP growth rate was 13.63%, while that of primary energy consumption was 12.50%.During the period of the eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-2010), the "Four Trillion Yuan Stimulus Plan" after 2008 enabled the economic development of Guangdong to maintain its growth rate, despite the impact of the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis.The average annual GDP growth rate was 12.69%, while the average annual growth rate of primary energy consumption was 9.93%.During the period of the twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011-2014), economic development in Guangdong significantly decreased due to global economic recovery and national macroeconomic conditions.Consequently, the average annual GDP growth rate declined to 8.08%.As this reduction in the rate of economic growth led to a decrease in energy consumption demand, the annual average growth rate of primary energy consumption was only 3.09%.Specifically, total energy consumption decreased from 241.

Total Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission Structure in Guangdong Province
Based on the results of carbon emission accounting using Equation (1), carbon emissions from primary energy consumption in Guangdong province showed an overall increase during the period between 1990 and 2014.Emissions increased from 22.40 million tons in 1990 to 127.10 million tons in 2014 (Figure 3).Two periods (1990 to 1995 and 1996 to 2000) saw a modest increase in carbon emissions from primary energy consumption in Guangdong.Annual growth rates were 9.31% and Total energy consumption and energy consumption structure in Guangdong from 1990 to 2014.

Total Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission Structure in Guangdong Province
Based on the results of carbon emission accounting using Equation (1), carbon emissions from primary energy consumption in Guangdong province showed an overall increase during the period between 1990 and 2014.Emissions increased from 22.40 million tons in 1990 to 127.10 million tons in 2014 (Figure 3).Two periods (1990 to 1995 and 1996 to 2000) saw a modest increase in carbon emissions from primary energy consumption in Guangdong.Annual growth rates were 9.31% and 6.11%, respectively.

Total Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission Structure in Guangdong Province
Based on the results of carbon emission accounting using Equation (1), carbon emissions from primary energy consumption in Guangdong province showed an overall increase during the period between 1990 and 2014.Emissions increased from 22.40 million tons in 1990 to 127.10 million tons in 2014 (Figure 3).Two periods (1990 to 1995 and 1996 to 2000) saw a modest increase in carbon emissions from primary energy consumption in Guangdong.Annual growth rates were 9.31% and 6.11%, respectively.Between 1990 and 2014, coal consumption was the primary source of carbon emissions.Carbon emissions due to coal consumption increased from 15.01 million tons in 1990 to 80.66 million tons in 2014.Coal consumption is the biggest contributor to the total carbon emissions increase in Guangdong.

Decomposition Analysis of Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption in Guangdong Province
Using the LMDI complete decomposition model based on the extended Kaya identity, the factors influencing annual carbon emissions from energy consumption in Guangdong were analyzed for the period between 1990 and 2014.This was combined with the development background of the Five-Year Plans (shown in Table 1) to quantitatively analyze the influence of economic growth, population size, energy intensity, energy structure, and technology progress on changes in total carbon emissions in Guangdong over these five periods (as indicated in Figure 4).
Between 1990 and 1995, total carbon emissions in Guangdong increased by 12.56 million tons.During this period (the eighth Five-Year Plan), the economy of Guangdong developed rapidly.Thus, economic growth was the primary factor affecting growth in carbon emissions, which was 33.45 million tons.Simultaneously, energy consumption intensity declined substantially, which caused energy intensity to be the primary contributing factor to reductions in carbon emissions in this period, resulting in a growth in carbon emissions of −23.31 million tons.Population size had a positive effect on carbon emissions, contributing 4.26 million tons to carbon emission growth.The proportion of electricity and renewable energy consumption increased from 8.2% in 1990 to 14.9% in 1995.Changes in energy structure intended to reduce carbon emissions began to take effect; thus energy structure had a negative effect on carbon emissions, leading to an increase in carbon emissions of −2.14 million tons.Although the proportion of electricity and renewable energy consumption increased, this could not offset the effect of carbon emissions from fossil energy.As a result, the technological progress effect led to a slight increase in carbon emissions, causing 0.29 million tons of growth in carbon emissions.From 1996 to 2000, the total growth in carbon emissions in Guangdong Province was 9.7 million tons.During the ninth Five-Year Plan, Guangdong experienced the Asian financial crisis.Although economic growth was still the primary factor influencing carbon emissions, its contribution was significantly lower than in the previous period, resulting in 13.57 million tons of growth in carbon emissions.Energy intensity was still the primary factor inhibiting carbon emissions, contributing −9.34 tons of growth in carbon emissions.The population size effect led to increased carbon emissions, with 4.91 million tons of growth in carbon emissions.The use of electricity and renewable energy sources declined from 15.0% in 1996 to 12.6% in 2000; thus energy consumption structure had a positive effect on carbon emissions, leading to an increase of 0.01 million tons of carbon emissions.Although the percentage of fossil energy sources increased from 85% in 1996 to 87.4% in 2000, the proportion of coal consumption, which has relatively high carbon emissions, decreased from 56.0% in 1996 to 52.2% in 2000.Therefore, the proportion of the carbon emission coefficient from fossil energy sources decreased.Moreover, technology progress produced a decline in carbon emissions, causing a carbon emission growth of −0.58 million tons.
Total growth in carbon emissions in Guangdong during 2001 to 2005 was 22.66 million tons.During the tenth Five-Year Plan, China joined the WTO, and the export oriented economy developed rapidly, especially the Guangdong province in China's eastern coastal regions.Rapid growth in GDP caused economic growth to be the primary factor for carbon emissions, contributing 32.97 million tons of increases in carbon emissions.Energy intensity remained the primary factor inhibiting carbon emissions, resulting in an increase of −8.97 million tons of carbon emissions.The population size effect caused an increase of 2.96 million tons of carbon emissions.Electricity and renewable energy consumption increased from 13.5% in 2001 to 20.8% in 2005; readjustment of the energy consumption structure had a negative effect on growth of carbon emissions, leading to −5.05 million tons of increase in carbon emissions.Although use of electricity and renewable energy sources decreased the percentage of fossil energy sources, consumption of high-carbon coal increased from 52.5% in 2001 to 52.8% in 2005.As a result, carbon emissions from fossil energy resources were effectively not reduced.This in turn caused technology progress to have a slight positive effect on carbon emissions, resulting in 0.75 million tons of increase in carbon emissions.
Total growth in carbon emissions in Guangdong was 38.27 million tons from 2006 to 2010.In the eleventh Five-Year Plan, despite the impact of the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis in 2008, the economy of Guangdong continued to develop rapidly due to the national "Four Trillion Yuan Stimulus Plan."Economic growth was the primary factor increasing carbon emissions, causing 43.59 million tons of growth in carbon emissions.Its contribution to carbon emission growth was greater than in the previous three periods.Energy intensity was still the primary factor limiting carbon emissions, resulting in −16.45 million tons of growth in carbon emissions.Population size had a positive effect on growth of carbon emissions, resulting in 9.58 million tons of carbon emission growth.Electricity and renewable energy consumption decreased from 22.1% in 2006 to 18.8% in 2010.This caused the energy consumption structure to have a positive effect on carbon emission growth, leading to 4.02 million tons of carbon emissions.Although the percentage of fossil energy sources increased from 77.9% in 2006 to 81.2% in 2010, high-carbon coal consumption declined from 50.4% in 2006 to 47.1% in 2010.Thus, the carbon emission coefficient of fossil energy sources was effectively reduced.As a result, technology progress had an inhibitory effect, contributing −2.46 million tons of carbon emission growth.
Between 2011 and 2014, total carbon emissions declined by 4.77 million tons in Guangdong.After a prolonged increase, carbon emissions in Guangdong began fluctuating and then decreasing, demonstrating the effect of energy conservation and emissions reduction.In the twelfth Five-Year Plan, economic development in Guangdong slowed significantly due to global economic recovery and national macroeconomic conditions.Although economic growth was still the primary factor affecting carbon emission growth, its contribution was substantially reduced, leading to 28.32 million tons of carbon emission growth.Energy intensity was still the primary factor inhibiting carbon emission growth, leading to −23.56 million tons of carbon emission growth.Population size had a positive effect on growth of carbon emissions, producing 3.07 million tons of carbon emission growth.In this period, consumption of electricity and renewable energy rose continuously (from 16.2% in 2011 to 22.9% in 2014).Simultaneously, coal consumption decreased significantly (from 51.5% in 2011 to 43.7% in 2014).A combination of the effects of energy structure and technology progress collectively inhibited growth in carbon emissions, leading to −10.79 and −1.81 million tons of carbon emission growth, respectively.Specifically, energy structure optimization had a significant effect on carbon emissions.
Sustainability 2017, 9, 274 9 of 15 caused energy intensity effect to be the primary factor inhibiting growth in carbon emissions in Guangdong.Due to the complexity of energy consumption in Guangdong, an initial upward trend in the proportion of electricity and renewable energy consumption could not be maintained.Furthermore, the proportion of coal in fossil energy consumption showed a fluctuating trend, but no fundamental change has taken place in Guangdong in terms of the predominance of coal in the energy consumption structure.Thus, although renewable energy consumption is increasing, the carbon emission coefficient of fossil energy has not been effectively reduced.Only in the twelfth Five-Year Plan did energy structure and technological progress have sufficient negative effects to simultaneously inhibit carbon emissions.Nevertheless, their contributions to the reduction in total carbon emissions were generally low.Therefore, there is still much room for further improvement in the structural adjustment of energy consumption, and the reduction of carbon emissions from fossil energy.

Discussion and Conclusions
Using the LMDI complete decomposition method based on the extended Kaya identity, we analyzed the factors influencing carbon emissions from energy consumption in Guangdong province annually between 1990 and 2014.This was combined with the development background of the Five-Year Plans to quantitatively analyze the influence of economic growth, population size, energy intensity, energy structure, and technology progress on changes in total carbon emissions in Guangdong province.
Economic growth was the most important factor affecting carbon emissions from energy In summary, the two periods from 1990 to 1995 and 1996 to 2000 saw relatively fast growth in carbon emissions from energy consumption in Guangdong.The most rapid growth in carbon emissions occurred during the two periods from 2001 to 2005 and 2006 to 2010; whereas 2011 to 2014 was a period of slow growth of carbon emissions.The increase in carbon emissions was strongly correlated with growth in GDP.It was also significantly affected by national economic planning and international economic conditions.Growth in population size led to high population density; hence population size always had a positive effect on carbon emission growth, although this contribution was far less than that of economic growth.The gradual reduction in energy consumption intensity caused energy intensity effect to be the primary factor inhibiting growth in carbon emissions in Guangdong.Due to the complexity of energy consumption in Guangdong, an initial upward trend in the proportion of electricity and renewable energy consumption could not be maintained.Furthermore, the proportion of coal in fossil energy consumption showed a fluctuating trend, but no fundamental change has taken place in Guangdong in terms of the predominance of coal in the energy consumption structure.Thus, although renewable energy consumption is increasing, the carbon emission coefficient of fossil energy has not been effectively reduced.Only in the twelfth Five-Year Plan did energy structure and technological progress have sufficient negative effects to simultaneously inhibit carbon emissions.Nevertheless, their contributions to the reduction in total carbon emissions were generally low.Therefore, there is still much room for further improvement in the structural adjustment of energy consumption, and the reduction of carbon emissions from fossil energy.

Discussion and Conclusions
Using the LMDI complete decomposition method based on the extended Kaya identity, we analyzed the factors influencing carbon emissions from energy consumption in Guangdong province annually between 1990 and 2014.This was combined with the development background of the Five-Year Plans to quantitatively analyze the influence of economic growth, population size, energy intensity, energy structure, and technology progress on changes in total carbon emissions in Guangdong province.
Economic growth was the most important factor affecting carbon emissions from energy consumption in Guangdong.Depending on national economic planning and the global economic background, economic growth had different contributions to growth of carbon emissions in each period.Increases in population size led to population agglomeration, implying that population size always has a positive effect on carbon emission growth.However, its contribution to carbon emissions was far smaller than that of economic growth.Although the total population played relatively minor effects on carbon emissions, the age distribution's effect on carbon emissions also should be further discussed in the future [135].The steady decrease in energy consumption intensity implies that energy intensity is the most important factor for limiting growth of carbon emissions from energy consumption in Guangdong.Within different time frames, energy structure and technology progress played different roles in carbon emission growth.They did not fully exert their inhibitory effects on carbon emission growth due to the lack of fundamental change in energy consumption structure; coal remained the primary energy source in Guangdong.Furthermore, the use of renewable energy did not continue its initial trend of rapid and stable growth.
The development of low carbon emissions in the future economic and societal conditions of Guangdong Province will require more emphasis to be placed on the reduction of energy consumption intensity, optimization of energy structure, and the continuous upgrade of energy technologies.To reduce energy consumption intensity, efforts should focus on optimizing the industrial structure, reducing industrial energy consumption, and monitoring energy-intensive industries.Particular attention should be paid to reducing energy consumption and eliminating obsolete technology in the six most energy-intensive industries in Guangdong, including the processing and coking of petroleum, and processing of nuclear fuel; manufacture of chemical raw materials and chemical products; manufacture of non-metallic mineral products; smelting and rolling of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; and production and distribution of electricity and heat.In order to optimize the energy structure, production and consumption of renewable and new energies will be important.Therefore, the development of new and clean energies such as nuclear, wind, solar, and biomass should be accelerated, thereby reducing domestic and industrial dependence on fossil energy.Owing to development projects such as the Daya Bay and Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plants, Guangdong can further optimize its energy structure and reduce the proportion of fossil energy consumption.Progress in energy technology should focus on increasing the efficiency of energy processing and conversion, especially the coal utilization efficiency of thermal power plants, and the conversion efficiency of petroleum refining processes and coal liquification.This will allow further improvement of the utilization efficiency of energy resources through application of better technologies.In addition, the potential for energy saving and emission reduction in Guangdong can be stimulated via market mechanisms, through the construction of pilots of low-carbon cities and carbon trading schemes.Furthermore, pollution offshoring might also be highlighted [24,136].Carbon emission arising from international and inter-provincial trades during the development of its export-oriented economy in Guangdong should also be further discussed.This will enable in-depth investigations to be conducted on energy and low carbon development planning, thus achieving the coordination of sustainable development that balances energy, the economy, and the environment.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Economic growth and industrial structure changes in Guangdong during 1990 to 2014.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Economic growth and industrial structure changes in Guangdong during 1990 to 2014.
87 million tce in 1997 to 65.70 million tce in 1998.During the period of the tenth Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the foreign trade economy in Guangdong province developed rapidly.

15 Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Total energy consumption and energy consumption structure in Guangdong from 1990 to 2014.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2.Total energy consumption and energy consumption structure in Guangdong from 1990 to 2014.
From 2001 to 2005 and 2006 to 2010, carbon emissions from primary energy consumption in Guangdong increased rapidly; annual growth rates were 10.40% and 10.38%, respectively.The growth rate for 2011 to 2014 showed a fluctuating and decreasing trend.Carbon emissions decreased from 131.86 million tons in 2011 to 127.10 million tons in 2014.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Total energy consumption and energy consumption structure in Guangdong from 1990 to 2014.
From 2001 to 2005 and 2006 to 2010, carbon emissions from primary energy consumption in Guangdong increased rapidly; annual growth rates were 10.40% and 10.38%, respectively.The growth rate for 2011 to 2014 showed a fluctuating and decreasing trend.Carbon emissions decreased from 131.86 million tons in 2011 to 127.10 million tons in 2014.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.Total carbon emissions and carbon emissions structure in Guangdong during 1990-2014.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.Total carbon emissions and carbon emissions structure in Guangdong during 1990-2014.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Complete decomposition of carbon emission changes in million tones in five stages in Guangdong.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Complete decomposition of carbon emission changes in million tones in five stages in Guangdong.

Table 1 .
Brief description of five division stages in Guangdong province.