Prediction of CO 2 Emission in China’s Power Generation Industry with Gauss Optimized Cuckoo Search Algorithm and Wavelet Neural Network Based on STIRPAT model with Ridge Regression

: Power generation industry is the key industry of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission in China. Assessing its future CO 2 emissions is of great significance to the formulation and implementation of energy saving and emission reduction policies. Based on the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology model (STIRPAT), the influencing factors analysis model of CO 2 emission of power generation industry is established. The ridge regression (RR) method is used to estimate the historical data. In addition, a wavelet neural network (WNN) prediction model based on Cuckoo Search algorithm optimized by Gauss (GCS) is put forward to predict the factors in the STIRPAT model. Then, the predicted values are substituted into the regression model, and the CO 2 emission estimation values of the power generation industry in China are obtained. It’s concluded that population, per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), standard coal consumption and thermal power specific gravity are the key factors affecting the CO 2 emission from the power generation industry. Besides, the GCS-WNN prediction model has higher prediction accuracy, comparing with other models. Moreover, with the development of science and technology in the future, the CO 2 emission growth in the power generation industry will gradually slow down according to the prediction results.


Introduction
According to the International Energy Agency, even though the global economy continued to grow in 2016, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions remained stable with no significant increase since 2015.This is closely related to the development of energy-saving technologies and the continuous development of clean energy.In 2016, the proportion of thermal power generation in China dropped to 74.4%.Besides, the proportion of low carbon power generation, such as hydropower, wind power, has gradually increased.According to the "13th Five-Year Plan" of power industry released by National Energy Administration of China, it is estimated that by 2020, clean energy power generation will further occupy space for thermal power generation and thus reduce CO 2 emissions [1].Electrical energy, as a kind of clean energy, do not produce any CO 2 during use and transportation.But in the production and transmission and distribution facilities construction process, there will be CO 2 emissions, and mainly concentrated in the production process [2].
In order to improve the accuracy of CO 2 emission prediction in power generation industry and help to draw up more scientific carbon emission policy, it is necessary to establish a more precise CO 2 emission prediction model for power generation industry.Some scholars predict the CO 2 emission from the power generation side from the perspective of the whole life cycle [3].They consider the CO 2 emissions, not only from the power plants in the production process, but also from the construction of the power plants to the scrapped ones.In addition, the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model is applied to the analysis of the impact of CO 2 emissions [4][5][6][7].The STIRPAT model attributes the change in CO 2 emissions to the combined effect of three factors: population size, economic level and level of technological development [8][9][10].After the CO 2 emission, population, per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the corresponding level of technology data were regressed and fitted, the regression model of CO 2 emission factors in this region can be obtained.This model can scientifically and quantitatively reflect the impact of each major factor on CO 2 emissions [11].However, in regression estimation of the model, the common least-squares regression is prone to multiple collinear defects.This leads to poor regression results and difficulties in achieving expectations.The use of ridge regression can reduce the effect of multicollinearity to a certain extent [12].Many scholars have conducted research on the choice of prediction model.Yue Y et al. apply the Back Propagation (BP) neural network model to detect and monitor land degradation [13].Kumar U et al. apply Grey-Markov model, Grey-Model with rolling mechanism, and singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to forecast the consumption of conventional energy in India [14].The GM-ARIMA model, the GM (1, 1) model, and the ARIMA model are used to predict the energy demand of Shandong province [15].A model to predict the strength of RSC is established using a least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) through grid search algorithm and Support Vector Machine (SVM) model [16].However, the original algorithm of the above model cannot meet the precision demand of modern prediction.More and more optimization algorithms are also applied to the parameter optimization of prediction models [17][18][19][20].The Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) model is proposed for the prediction of micro-grids [21].On the basis of adding Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm to optimize, it can further improve the prediction accuracy [22].
To sum up, the research scope of the existing research is relatively narrow.Additionally, the above models have not been well integrated into problem-solving.What is more, the existing CO 2 emission prediction model cannot take many factors into account, and the precision is not high enough.This paper combines STIRPAT model with intelligent algorithm innovatively.At the meantime, influence factors of CO 2 emission from power generation industry are analyzed based on STIRPAT model.On the basis of the established model, GCS-WNN model is used to predict the influence factors.And the future CO 2 emission expectation on the power generation industry is got by plugging the forecasted result into the STIRPAT model.

STIRPAT Model
The IPAT model was first proposed by Professor Elich at Stanford University in the United States in the 1970s [23].This model studies the factors that affect the environment.They believe that population size (P), per capita wealth (A) and technology level (T) are the most important factors affecting the environment (I), and the formula I = PAT is proposed [24].
Of course, there are many factors that affect the environment, but other factors except the above-mentioned are not the most important and direct.Those factors can indirectly affect the environment through direct factors such as population size, per capita wealth and technological level [25].
However, due to the limitation of the IPAT model, the variables in the model vary linearly with the proportions.In 1994, York et al. proposed the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model based on the IPAT [26,27].The STIRPAT model preserves the multiplication structure of the IPAT model, taking population, wealth and technology as the key factors affecting the environment.The STIRPAT model equation is as follows: where I represents the impact on the environment, P means population size, A means wealth, T represents technical factors, and e is model error [28].Before using the model, the logarithm of the two sides of the equal sign is obtained:

Ridge Regression
Ridge regression (RR) is a biased estimation regression method that is used exclusively for collinearity data analysis [29].In essence, it is an improved least square estimation method.RR is a more realistic and reliable regression method to get the regression coefficient by giving up unbiased characteristics, losing some information and reducing accuracy [30].The fitting of RR to ill conditioned data is better than that of least squares [31].For the multivariate linear regression model Y = Xβ + ε, the least-squares estimator of parameter β is: However, when the multicollinearity exists, the least square parameter estimation is singular.Some characteristic roots are close to 0, and there is a large deviation between the estimated values and the observed ones.Thus, the traditional least squares estimation is not reliable enough.And RR adjusts the estimate to: where I represents the unit matrix, k is the ridge parameter.When k = 0, the ridge estimate β(0) is the least-squares estimation.When k varies between [0, ∞), β(k) is a function of the ridge parameter k.
Multiple function curves are plotted in a graph as a ridge plot.Finally, the k value which makes the β(k) value stable is chosen as the ridge parameter.

Wavelet Neural Network Prediction Model
Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) is a new type of feed-forward network, which combines the wavelet transform with neural networks and uses the nonlinear wavelet base function as the transfer function in the hidden layer, which is able to realize signals forward-propagation and error back-propagation simultaneously [32,33].The wavelet function is obtained by the translation and expansion of its mother wavelet, and the signal can be decomposed into a series of wavelet functions [34].After shifting the base wavelet function ψ(t) by τ, multiply it with the target signal at different scales, namely: where τ represents the parallel movement of the target, a refers to adjusting the distance from the target.The graph of WNN structure is illustrated in Figure 1.
where I represents the impact on the environment, P means population size, A means wealth, T represents technical factors, and e is model error [28].Before using the model, the logarithm of the two sides of the equal sign is obtained:

Ridge Regression
Ridge regression (RR) is a biased estimation regression method that is used exclusively for collinearity data analysis [29].In essence, it is an improved least square estimation method.RR is a more realistic and reliable regression method to get the regression coefficient by giving up unbiased characteristics, losing some information and reducing accuracy [30].The fitting of RR to ill conditioned data is better than that of least squares [31].For the multivariate linear regression model Y Xβ ε = + , the least-squares estimator of parameter β is: However, when the multicollinearity exists, the least square parameter estimation is singular.Some characteristic roots are close to 0, and there is a large deviation between the estimated values and the observed ones.Thus, the traditional least squares estimation is not reliable enough.And RR adjusts the estimate to: where I represents the unit matrix, k is the ridge parameter.When k = 0, the ridge estimate ˆ(0) is a function of the ridge parameter k.Multiple function curves are plotted in a graph as a ridge plot.Finally, the k value which makes the ˆ( ) k β value stable is chosen as the ridge parameter.

Wavelet Neural Network Prediction Model
Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) is a new type of feed-forward network, which combines the wavelet transform with neural networks and uses the nonlinear wavelet base function as the transfer function in the hidden layer, which is able to realize signals forward-propagation and error backpropagation simultaneously [32,33].The wavelet function is obtained by the translation and expansion of its mother wavelet, and the signal can be decomposed into a series of wavelet functions [34].After shifting the base wavelet function ( ) t ψ by τ , multiply it with the target signal at different scales, namely: where τ represents the parallel movement of the target, a refers to adjusting the distance from the target.The graph of WNN structure is illustrated in Figure 1.Where x 1 , x 2 , . . ., x n represent the input value of WNN, y 1 , y 2 , . . ., y m represent the output value of WNN, weight values are w ij and w jk .The output of the hidden layer is: The output of the hidden layer node j is h(j), w ij is the weight of the input and the hidden layer, the translation factor of the wavelet basis function h j is expressed by b j , and the scaling factor is expressed by a j .The output layer is calculated as: where w jk is the weight of the input layer and the hidden layer.
WNN is also able to keep the neural network close to the expected data output by gradient modifying parameters of the base wavelet function and the neural network weights [35].Assume that the network error is e, the expected output is yn(k), and the actual prediction value is y(k), namely, Then the following equations can be obtained.
where µ represents the learning rate, and the revised parameters can be obtained by plugging µ into the following formulas.

Cuckoo Search Algorithm
The Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm can search the optimization much faster and more accurately by simulating the cuckoo searching for the random walking process of the egg laying hosts [36].According to Yang et al.'s research, the Cuckoo Search algorithm has the following three rules [37]: (1) The number of eggs produced by a cuckoo per time is 1.
(2) The host bird's nest where high-quality eggs are located is the optimal solution and will be retained for the next generation.(3) The number of host nests is certain, and the probability that cuckoo eggs are found by nest owners is During the search, cuckoo's flight search path follows the Lévy distribution [38,39], namely: In the formula, x i are the bird's nest positions of the (t + 1)-th and the t-th generation, n is the number of cuckoo, ⊕ is the dot multiplication and L(λ) is the Lévy flight path.The relation between searching path and time is as follows:

Gauss Optimization
In the traditional CS algorithm, the probability of finding cuckoo eggs and the step size α of position updating are fixed values, which leads to the problems of the weak global search ability, slow convergence speed and low precision of the algorithm [40].Therefore, an improved cuckoo algorithm is proposed in this paper to update the values of P a and α dynamically.According to references, where the updating process is as follows: In the formula, t and N are the number of current iterations and the total number of iterations, P amax and P amin are the maximum and minimum values of the detection probability, α max and α min are the maximum and minimum step coefficients, respectively.
However, due to the lack of search vitality and slow speed of CS algorithm, the optimization ability of CS algorithm can be improved effectively by adding Gauss perturbation.Assuming that the optimal location of the nest x is obtained after the calculation of t times CS iterations.In order to prevent the next iteration of x (i) i and maintain the Gaussian disturbance, the next phase of x (i) i is searched.Supposed that the matrix i is a d-dimensional vector, and the dimension of p t is d × n.Matrix p t combined with Gaussian perturbation is the basic step of GCS algorithm [41], namely: where ε is a random matrix with the same order of p t , which follows N(0, 1) distribution and a is constant.In the search for a better nest position vitality at the same time, the position of the bird's nest can be overextended easily because of the large random range of ε.Therefore, the selection of suitable a is particularly important.After obtaining a reasonable set of p t and comparing it with each nest in p t , only a better nest position is reserved to obtain a better set of nest positions p t .

The Prediction Model of RR-STIRPAT-GCS-WNN
The emission of CO 2 in power generation industry is mainly affected by population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption, proportion of thermal power and other factors.The forecasting steps are as follow: (1) Data collecting and processing Collect the historical data of population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption, proportion of thermal power from 1996-2016.
(2) Establish regression model Use the logarithm of historical data to establish regression model between the influencing factors and the CO 2 emission in power generation industry based on STIRPAT by ridge regression method.
(3) Prediction model training Initialize parameters of prediction model.The input layer node is set as 2, while the hidden layer node is 2 × 2 + 1 = 5, and the output layer node is 1.The weight value, translation factor and expansion factor of the wavelet base are randomly generated.In this study, the learning rate is set as 0.1, while the number of iterations is 500, and the prediction accuracy is 0.99.
Then train the prediction model by plugging the historical data into the model and search the best parameter by using the Gauss Optimized Cuckoo Search Algorithm.Firstly, set the N nest (number of birds' nest) as 30, while P a (probability of bird's eggs by bird's nest owner) is 0.2, and N (number of iterations) is 200.After that, randomly generate N nest bird nest location W = (W 1 , W 2 , ..., N nest ) T .And each bird nest W i has s parameters (s = the number of weights between input layer and hidden layer + the number of weights between hidden layer and output layer + the number of translation factors + the number of expansion factors).The predicted values of each bird's nest were calculated, and the nest which has the smallest error in the 30 nests is found, marked as W best .Then W best retain to the next generation.(1) Data collecting and processing Collect the historical data of population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption, proportion of thermal power from 1996-2016.
(2) Establish regression model Use the logarithm of historical data to establish regression model between the influencing factors and the CO2 emission in power generation industry based on STIRPAT by ridge regression method.
(3) Prediction model training Initialize parameters of prediction model.The input layer node is set as 2, while the hidden layer node is 2 × 2 + 1 = 5, and the output layer node is 1.The weight value, translation factor and expansion factor of the wavelet base are randomly generated.In this study, the learning rate is set as 0.1, while the number of iterations is 500, and the prediction accuracy is 0.99.
Then train the prediction model by plugging the historical data into the model and search the best parameter by using the Gauss Optimized Cuckoo Search Algorithm.Firstly, set the Nnest (number of birds' nest) as 30, while Pa (probability of bird's eggs by bird's nest owner) is 0.2, and N (number of iterations) is 200.After that, randomly generate Nnest bird nest location W = (W1, W2, ..., Nnest) T .And each bird nest Wi has s parameters (s = the number of weights between input layer and hidden layer + the number of weights between hidden layer and output layer + the number of translation factors + the number of expansion factors).The predicted values of each bird's nest were calculated, and the nest which has the smallest error in the 30 nests is found, marked as Wbest.Then Wbest retain to the next generation.

Analysis on Influencing Factors of CO 2 Emission in Power Generation Industry
Based on the scholars' research on the influencing factors of CO 2 emission in power generation industry and the basic framework of STIRPAT model, 4 factors, such as population scale (million people), per capita GDP (yuan), standard coal consumption (g/kWh), and thermal power specific gravity (%), are considered as the key factors affecting the CO 2 emission from the power generation industry.The above factors are introduced into the STIRPAT model: where I represents CO 2 annual emissions, P means population size, A is per capita GDP, T 1 is power supply standard coal consumption, T 2 is proportion of thermal power, b, c, d, e are various coefficients.
According to the concept of elasticity, b, c, d and e represent the elastic coefficients of each index when both sides of the equation take partial derivatives at the same time.The raw data is shown in Table 1.According to the regression results, the regression coefficient of the model is 0.992, the adjustment coefficient is 0.991, and the F value is 555.098.It shows that the equation passed the significance test and the fitting effect is good.However, the variance expansion factor VIF is greater than 10 except for ln T 2 , indicating the possibility of multicollinearity.Therefore, the collinearity tests were performed, and the results are shown in Table 5.According to the result of collinearity diagnosis, 4 of the 5 eigenvalues are close to 0, the maximum condition number is 5382.577.It is shown that the equation has multicollinearity characteristics.In order to solve the problem of multicollinearity without reducing the number of variables, the ridge regression method is applied to solve the multiple collinearity considering the few variables of the model.The ridge trace is shown in Figure 3.According to the regression results, the regression coefficient of the model is 0.992, the adjustment coefficient is 0.991, and the F value is 555.098.It shows that the equation passed the significance test and the fitting effect is good.However, the variance expansion factor VIF is greater than 10 except for ln T2, indicating the possibility of multicollinearity.Therefore, the collinearity tests were performed, and the results are shown in Table 5.According to the result of collinearity diagnosis, 4 of the 5 eigenvalues are close to 0, the maximum condition number is 5382.577.It is shown that the equation has multicollinearity characteristics.In order to solve the problem of multicollinearity without reducing the number of variables, the ridge regression method is applied to solve the multiple collinearity considering the few variables of the model.The ridge trace is shown in Figure 3.It can be seen from the above figure that when k = 0.4, the ridge parameter is basically stable, at this time R 2 is still relatively large.Therefore, k = 0.4 is determined as ridge parameter for regression.Ridge regression results are shown in Tables 6-8.It can be seen from the above figure that when k = 0.4, the ridge parameter is basically stable, at this time R 2 is still relatively large.Therefore, k = 0.4 is determined as ridge parameter for regression.Ridge regression results are shown in Tables 6-8.As can be seen from the above table, R 2 = 0.9607 and F = 103.9188at k = 0.4, the equation passes the significance test and no longer exists multicollinearity.It shows that the model established by ridge regression is reasonable, and the regression equation is as follows:

Prediction of Influencing Factors Based on GCS-WNN
Based on the historical data of population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption and proportion of thermal power from 1995 to 2016, historical data were trained and predicted by using GCS-WNN model, WNN model and GCS-SVM model respectively.The prediction results are shown in Figure 4.
By comparing the model predictions in Figure 4, it can be seen that the prediction accuracy of the GCS-WNN model is the highest among all the indicators, which is basically consistent with the original data.Therefore, the GCS-WNN model can be used to predict the future population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption, proportion of thermal power and other indicators.
The prediction results of CO 2 emission were obtained by plugging the predicted values of each influencing factor into the established RR-STIRPAT model.The prediction results are shown in the Figure 5.As can be seen from the above table, R 2 = 0.9607 and F = 103.9188at k = 0.4, the equation passes the significance test and no longer exists multicollinearity.It shows that the model established by ridge regression is reasonable, and the regression equation is as follows: 1 2 ln 3.9242ln 0.212ln 1.6506ln 0.1682ln 26.3976

Prediction of Influencing Factors Based on GCS-WNN
Based on the historical data of population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption and proportion of thermal power from 1995 to 2016, historical data were trained and predicted by using GCS-WNN model, WNN model and GCS-SVM model respectively.The prediction results are shown in Figure 4.
By comparing the model predictions in Figure 4, it can be seen that the prediction accuracy of the GCS-WNN model is the highest among all the indicators, which is basically consistent with the original data.Therefore, the GCS-WNN model can be used to predict the future population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption, proportion of thermal power and other indicators.
The prediction results of CO2 emission were obtained by plugging the predicted values of each influencing factor into the established RR-STIRPAT model.The prediction results are shown in the Figure 5.According to the Figures 5 and 6, the prediction accuracy of GCS-WNN model is the highest, which has best fitting effect with the original data.It shows that the RR-STIRPAT-GCS-WNN model is accurate and scientific in the prediction of CO2 emission.

Prediction of CO2 Emission Based on RR-STIRPAT Model
On the basis of historical data, GCS-WNN is used to predict 2018-2022 years population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption, proportion of thermal power and other indicators.The results are shown in Table 9.According to the Figures 5 and 6, the prediction accuracy of GCS-WNN model is the highest, which has best fitting effect with the original data.It shows that the RR-STIRPAT-GCS-WNN model is accurate and scientific in the prediction of CO 2 emission.According to the Figures 5 and 6, the prediction accuracy of GCS-WNN model is the highest, which has best fitting effect with the original data.It shows that the RR-STIRPAT-GCS-WNN model is accurate and scientific in the prediction of CO2 emission.

Prediction of CO2 Emission Based RR-STIRPAT Model
On the basis of historical data, GCS-WNN is used to predict 2018-2022 years population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption, proportion of thermal power and other indicators.The results are shown in Table 9.

Prediction of CO 2 Emission Based on RR-STIRPAT Model
On the basis of historical data, GCS-WNN is used to predict 2018-2022 years population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption, proportion of thermal power and other indicators.The results are shown in Table 9.The prediction results of CO 2 emissions in power generation industry in 2018-2022 years could be obtained by plugging the results of each factor into the RR-STIRPAT model.The prediction results are shown in Table 10 and Figure 7.The prediction results of CO2 emissions in power generation industry in 2018-2022 years could be obtained by plugging the results of each factor into the RR-STIRPAT model.The prediction results are shown in Table 10 and Figure 7.It can be seen from the Table 10 and Figure 7 that during the period of 2018-2022, the CO2 emissions from the power generation industry will still keep rising.However, the growth rate of CO2 emission will continue to decline due to the slowdown of population growth, the drop of standard coal consumption and the decrease of the proportion of thermal power in the future.

Discussion and Conclusions
Greenhouse gas emissions, represented by CO2, have led to a rise in global temperatures.Power generation industry is one of the key industries of CO2 emissions.To achieve the purpose of controlling CO2 emissions, it is necessary to scientifically and quantitatively predict the CO2 emissions of power generation industry.
(1) The CO2 emission of power generation industry is affected by many factors.It is concluded that the key factors that directly affect CO2 emissions are population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption and proportion of thermal power.(2) Based on the STIRPAT model, the CO2 emission factors analysis model of power generation industry is established.Besides, the collinearity test of the model shows that if the ordinary least squares algorithm is applied, the multicollinearity will be serious.However, the ridge regression method can solve this problem to a certain extent.(3) The WNN model is used to predict the influencing factors.In order to improve the convergence speed and prediction accuracy of the model, Gauss optimized cuckoo search algorithm is added into the model parameter optimization.Compared with other models, it is found that the optimized model has higher prediction accuracy.(4) The GCS-WNN model is used to predict the population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption and the proportion of thermal power in the past 2018-2022 years.The predicted results of each factor are plugged into the RR-STIRPAT model, and finally the CO2 emission It can be seen from the Table 10 and Figure 7 that during the period of 2018-2022, the CO 2 emissions from the power generation industry will still keep rising.However, the growth rate of CO 2 emission will continue to decline due to the slowdown of population growth, the drop of standard coal consumption and the decrease of the proportion of thermal power in the future.

Discussion and Conclusions
Greenhouse gas emissions, represented by CO 2 , have led to a rise in global temperatures.Power generation industry is one of the key industries of CO 2 emissions.To achieve the purpose of controlling CO 2 emissions, it is necessary to scientifically and quantitatively predict the CO 2 emissions of power generation industry.
(1) The CO 2 emission of power generation industry is affected by many factors.It is concluded that the key factors that directly affect CO 2 emissions are population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption and proportion of thermal power.(2) Based on the STIRPAT model, the CO 2 emission factors analysis model of power generation industry is established.Besides, the collinearity test of the model shows that if the ordinary least squares algorithm is applied, the multicollinearity will be serious.However, the ridge regression method can solve this problem to a certain extent.(3) The WNN model is used to predict the influencing factors.In order to improve the convergence speed and prediction accuracy of the model, Gauss optimized cuckoo search algorithm is added into the model parameter optimization.Compared with other models, it is found that the optimized model has higher prediction accuracy.
(4) The GCS-WNN model is used to predict the population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption and the proportion of thermal power in the past 2018-2022 years.The predicted results of each factor are plugged into the RR-STIRPAT model, and finally the CO 2 emission prediction value of 2018-2022 years power generation industry is obtained.It is predicted that the CO 2 emission from the power generation industry will increase gradually in the next five years.However, with the slowdown of population growth and the development of power generation technology, CO 2 emissions in power generation industry will grow slower and slower.
The advantages of the prediction model in this paper includes that the prediction precision is much higher and more scientific factors are taken into account.But limited to the availability of data, the factors considered in this study are not all-round, which also restricts the application of intelligent algorithms.In future research, we will to explore more accurate prediction methods and propose more scientific prediction models.

( 4 )
Prediction of CO 2 EmissionUse the RR-STIRPAT-GCS-WNN model to forecast the CO 2 Emission in Power generation industry based on the historical data of population, per capita GDP, standard coal consumption and proportion of thermal power.The flow chart of this model is shown in the Figure2.Sustainability 2017, 9, 2377 6 of 15

( 4 )Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The flow chart of ridge regression Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology Gauss Cuckoo Search Wavelet Neural Network (RR-STIRPAT-GCS-WNN) model.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The flow chart of ridge regression Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology Gauss Cuckoo Search Wavelet Neural Network (RR-STIRPAT-GCS-WNN) model.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Prediction results.(a) Prediction results of population; (b) Prediction results of per capita GDP; (c) Prediction results of standard coal consumption; (d) Prediction results of thermal power proportion.

Table 1 .
Raw data.According to the data in the table, after taking the logarithm of the indicators, SPSS software is used to achieve the least squares regression model based on STIRPAT.The regression results are shown in Tables2-4.

Table 8 .
Variables in the Equation.

Table 8 .
Variables in the Equation.

Table 9 .
Prediction results of influencing factors.

Table 9 .
Prediction results of influencing factors.

Table 9 .
Prediction results of influencing factors.