Application of Floating Photovoltaic Energy Generation Systems in South Korea

In order to mitigate air pollution problems caused mainly by the excessive emission of carbon dioxide, in 2012, the South Korean government decided to introduce a renewable portfolio standards (RPS) program that requires electricity providers to gradually increase their production of renewable energy. In order to meet the government’s target through this RPS program, electricity providers in Korea have looked to various types of new and renewable energy resources, such as biomass, wind, and solar. Recently, floating photovoltaic (PV) systems have attracted increased interest in Korea as a desirable renewable energy alternative. This paper provides a discussion of recent research into floating PV systems and the installation of floating PV power plants in Korea from 2009 to 2014. To date, thirteen floating PV power plants have been installed in Korea, and several plans are underway by many different organizations, including government-funded companies, to install more floating PV power plants with various generation capacities. These building trends are expected to continue due to the Korean government’s RPS program.


Introduction
The market for photovoltaic (PV) energy in South Korea is expanding rapidly due to the Korean government's renewable portfolio standards (RPS) program [1].In 2012, the Korean government decided to introduce this RPS program, which requires electricity providers to gradually increase the amount of renewable energy through "the act on the promotion of development, use and dissemination of new and renewable energy" [2].The capacity required for the energy production of new and renewable energy has increased gradually from 2% total energy production in 2012 to a target of 10% total energy production in 2022.In order to meet the government's target through the RPS program, electricity providers in Korea have employed various types of new and renewable energy resources, such as biomass, wind, solar, bioenergy, and geothermal energy.
Recently, floating PV energy systems as generators of renewable energy have attracted increased interest from energy providers in Korea.The Korean peninsula is a small land area, relatively speaking, and is surrounded by the sea on three sides.Therefore, floating PV energy systems constitute a desirable alternative to many of the other available renewable energy resources.
According to previous research [3], floating PV energy systems offer several advantages over systems installed on land.First, because floating PV energy systems are installed on water, the land can be conserved and used for other purposes.Second, floating PV energy systems provide energy generation efficiency because the ambient temperature of water is relatively low.Finally, evaporation from the water's surface may be reduced when a floating PV energy system is installed in a reservoir.
Trapani and Redón Santafé (2014) [4] discussed examples of floating PV energy generation systems that were installed from 2007 to 2013 worldwide.The total number of installations of floating PV power plants in the world was 19 from 2007 to 2013.During this period, various types of floating PV power plants were installed in the United States, Italy, Spain, France, Korea, and several other countries.However, research studies about the installations in Korea are lacking.Therefore, the existing floating PV power plants and new floating PV power plants under construction in Korea need to be introduced to the literature to gain a better understanding of current research efforts.The purpose of this paper is to provide a discussion of the research related to floating PV energy systems and the installation of floating PV power plants in Korea from 2009 to 2014.The floating PV power plants that were installed from 2009 to 2010 are research-based, and the ones installed from 2011 to 2014 are commercial installations.

Floating PV Energy Systems in Korea: 2009-2010
Table 1 provides a summary of the floating PV energy systems that were installed in Korea from 2009 to 2010.The first floating PV energy system was installed in the Seoungmun Reservoir (Dangjin-si, Chungcheongnam-do) in 2009, as pictured in Figure 1 [5].This system has nine PV panels with 2 kW generation capacity.Although this particular system was installed for research purposes, results of studies of the system had not been presented in the literature until 2013 [6].However, three different types of floating PV systems were also installed in Korea in 2009, and studies of them began immediately and have been available in the literature since 2009. 1 N/A: Not applicable; i.e., design method was not applied (or not known); 2 ASD: Allowable strength design.
generation efficiency because the ambient temperature of water is relatively low.Finally, evaporation from the water's surface may be reduced when a floating PV energy system is installed in a reservoir.
Trapani and Redón Santafé (2014) [4] discussed examples of floating PV energy generation systems that were installed from 2007 to 2013 worldwide.The total number of installations of floating PV power plants in the world was 19 from 2007 to 2013.During this period, various types of floating PV power plants were installed in the United States, Italy, Spain, France, Korea, and several other countries.However, research studies about the installations in Korea are lacking.Therefore, the existing floating PV power plants and new floating PV power plants under construction in Korea need to be introduced to the literature to gain a better understanding of current research efforts.The purpose of this paper is to provide a discussion of the research related to floating PV energy systems and the installation of floating PV power plants in Korea from 2009 to 2014.The floating PV power plants that were installed from 2009 to 2010 are research-based, and the ones installed from 2011 to 2014 are commercial installations.

Floating PV Energy Systems in Korea: 2009-2010
Table 1 provides a summary of the floating PV energy systems that were installed in Korea from 2009 to 2010.The first floating PV energy system was installed in the Seoungmun Reservoir (Dangjinsi, Chungcheongnam-do) in 2009, as pictured in Figure 1 [5].This system has nine PV panels with 2 kW generation capacity.Although this particular system was installed for research purposes, results of studies of the system had not been presented in the literature until 2013 [6].However, three different types of floating PV systems were also installed in Korea in 2009, and studies of them began immediately and have been available in the literature since 2009. 1 N/A: Not applicable; i.e., design method was not applied (or not known); 2 ASD: Allowable strength design.These additional systems that were installed in 2009 include the Korea Water Resources Corporation (known as 'K-water') floating PV energy system with 2.4 kW generation capacity at the Juam Dam (Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do), as shown in Figure 2 [5].The purpose of K-water's first project was to investigate the possibility of solar energy harvesting using a floating PV energy system.These additional systems that were installed in 2009 include the Korea Water Resources Corporation (known as 'K-water') floating PV energy system with 2.4 kW generation capacity at the Juam Dam (Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do), as shown in Figure 2 [5].The purpose of K-water's first project was to investigate the possibility of solar energy harvesting using a floating PV energy system.Another floating PV energy system with 5.2 kW generation capacity was installed at Homyeong Lake (at the Cheongpyeong hydro-power plant) in October 2009 by the Korea Southern Power Corporation (KOSPO), as shown in Figure 3.This floating PV energy system, shaped like a turtle, is made of fiber-reinforced plastic (polymer) (FRP) material and was planned and installed to promote the utilization of renewable energy systems.The electricity produced by this system is used as a power source for the streetlights around the lake.
The third 2009 floating PV system was the first government-funded research project (NRP) in Korea for the development of floating PV systems and was initiated by the research team at Hongik University in December 2008 [8].During the study period, the research team developed and installed two prototypes of a floating PV energy system.The first had 16 PV panels with 3.68 kW generation capacity and was installed in Puksin-Bay, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, in December 2009, as shown in Figure 4    Another floating PV energy system with 5.2 kW generation capacity was installed at Homyeong Lake (at the Cheongpyeong hydro-power plant) in October 2009 by the Korea Southern Power Corporation (KOSPO), as shown in Figure 3. Another floating PV energy system with 5.2 kW generation capacity was installed at Homyeong Lake (at the Cheongpyeong hydro-power plant) in October 2009 by the Korea Southern Power Corporation (KOSPO), as shown in Figure 3.This floating PV energy system, shaped like a turtle, is made of fiber-reinforced plastic (polymer) (FRP) material and was planned and installed to promote the utilization of renewable energy systems.The electricity produced by this system is used as a power source for the streetlights around the lake.
The third 2009 floating PV system was the first government-funded research project (NRP) in Korea for the development of floating PV systems and was initiated by the research team at Hongik University in December 2008 [8].During the study period, the research team developed and installed two prototypes of a floating PV energy system.The first had 16 PV panels with 3.68 kW generation capacity and was installed in Puksin-Bay, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, in December 2009, as shown in Figure 4    This floating PV energy system, shaped like a turtle, is made of fiber-reinforced plastic (polymer) (FRP) material and was planned and installed to promote the utilization of renewable energy systems.The electricity produced by this system is used as a power source for the streetlights around the lake.
The third 2009 floating PV system was the first government-funded research project (NRP) in Korea for the development of floating PV systems and was initiated by the research team at Hongik University in December 2008 [8].During the study period, the research team developed and installed two prototypes of a floating PV energy system.The first had 16 PV panels with 3.68 kW generation capacity and was installed in Puksin-Bay, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, in December 2009, as shown in Figure 4  Another floating PV energy system with 5.2 kW generation capacity was installed at Homyeong Lake (at the Cheongpyeong hydro-power plant) in October 2009 by the Korea Southern Power Corporation (KOSPO), as shown in Figure 3.This floating PV energy system, shaped like a turtle, is made of fiber-reinforced plastic (polymer) (FRP) material and was planned and installed to promote the utilization of renewable energy systems.The electricity produced by this system is used as a power source for the streetlights around the lake.
The third 2009 floating PV system was the first government-funded research project (NRP) in Korea for the development of floating PV systems and was initiated by the research team at Hongik University in December 2008 [8].During the study period, the research team developed and installed two prototypes of a floating PV energy system.The first had 16 PV panels with 3.68 kW generation capacity and was installed in Puksin-Bay, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, in December 2009, as shown in Figure 4    The second prototype had 14 PV panels with 3.22 kW generation capacity and was installed at Punghwa-ri, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, in December 2010, as shown in Figure 5 [5].
Sustainability 2016, 8, 1333 4 of 9 The second prototype had 14 PV panels with 3.22 kW generation capacity and was installed at Punghwa-ri, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, in December 2010, as shown in Figure 5 [5].These two prototype structures were made of FRP material produced by a pultrusion process.This FRP material was selected due to its high resistance to corrosion and its light weight.In addition, unlike the aforementioned systems that were installed on a reservoir or lake, these two prototypes were installed in the sea.In addition, they were designed using systematic design methods in accordance with relevant standard specifications.The design methods of the others systems installed from 2009 to 2010 are not reported in the literature.

Floating PV Energy Systems in Korea: 2011-2014
Table 2 provides a summary of the installations of floating PV systems in Korea from 2011 to 2014.As discussed in Section 2, several floating PV system projects had been undertaken from 2009 to 2010.However, all of these projects were carried out for research purposes, so they were designed and installed with small capacities.From 2011, however, floating PV power plants on a relatively large scale were installed by K-water, the Korea Rural Community (KRC) Corporation, the Korea East-West Power (EWP) Corporation, and other companies.For example, a floating PV power plant with 100 kW generation capacity was installed at the Hapcheon Dam (Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do) in October 2011, as shown in Figure 6.These two prototype structures were made of FRP material produced by a pultrusion process.This FRP material was selected due to its high resistance to corrosion and its light weight.In addition, unlike the aforementioned systems that were installed on a reservoir or lake, these two prototypes were installed in the sea.In addition, they were designed using systematic design methods in accordance with relevant standard specifications.The design methods of the others systems installed from 2009 to 2010 are not reported in the literature.

Floating PV Energy Systems in Korea: 2011-2014
Table 2 provides a summary of the installations of floating PV systems in Korea from 2011 to 2014.As discussed in Section 2, several floating PV system projects had been undertaken from 2009 to 2010.However, all of these projects were carried out for research purposes, so they were designed and installed with small capacities.From 2011, however, floating PV power plants on a relatively large scale were installed by K-water, the Korea Rural Community (KRC) Corporation, the Korea East-West Power (EWP) Corporation, and other companies.For example, a floating PV power plant with 100 kW generation capacity was installed at the Hapcheon Dam (Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do) in October 2011, as shown in Figure 6.After the successful installation of this floating PV power plant with 100 kW generation capacity, K-water, also installed a 500 kW floating PV power plant at another site on the Hapcheon Dam in July 2012, as shown in Figure 7 [12].These two floating PV power plants were installed using designto-installation technical support provided by the authors.K-water also conducted a government-funded research project National Research Project (NRP) for the development of a rotating structure for the tracking-type of floating PV energy system.The tracking type generally is of the form that tracks the position of the sun by rotating the structure.This project was also undertaken with technical guidance from the authors, from the design of the structure's system to the installation of the system, including mooring.The study period of the project was three years, from September 2011 to September 2014.During this project, a tracking-type of floating PV energy system with 100 kW capacity was installed at the Hapcheon Dam in December 2013, as shown in Figure 8.After the successful installation of this floating PV power plant with 100 kW generation capacity, K-water, also installed a 500 kW floating PV power plant at another site on the Hapcheon Dam in July 2012, as shown in Figure 7 [12].These two floating PV power plants were installed using design-to-installation technical support provided by the authors.After the successful installation of this floating PV power plant with 100 kW generation capacity, K-water, also installed a 500 kW floating PV power plant at another site on the Hapcheon Dam in July 2012, as shown in Figure 7 [12].These two floating PV power plants were installed using designto-installation technical support provided by the authors.K-water also conducted a government-funded research project National Research Project (NRP) for the development of a rotating structure for the tracking-type of floating PV energy system.The tracking type generally is of the form that tracks the position of the sun by rotating the structure.This project was also undertaken with technical guidance from the authors, from the design of the structure's system to the installation of the system, including mooring.The study period of the project was three years, from September 2011 to September 2014.During this project, a tracking-type of floating PV energy system with 100 kW capacity was installed at the Hapcheon Dam in December 2013, as shown in Figure 8.  K-water also conducted a government-funded research project National Research Project (NRP) for the development of a rotating structure for the tracking-type of floating PV energy system.The tracking type generally is of the form that tracks the position of the sun by rotating the structure.This project was also undertaken with technical guidance from the authors, from the design of the structure's system to the installation of the system, including mooring.The study period of the project was three years, from September 2011 to September 2014.During this project, a tracking-type of floating PV energy system with 100 kW capacity was installed at the Hapcheon Dam in December 2013, as shown in Figure 8.After the successful installation of this floating PV power plant with 100 kW generation capacity, K-water, also installed a 500 kW floating PV power plant at another site on the Hapcheon Dam in July 2012, as shown in Figure 7 [12].These two floating PV power plants were installed using designto-installation technical support provided by the authors.K-water also conducted a government-funded research project National Research Project (NRP) for the development of a rotating structure for the tracking-type of floating PV energy system.The tracking type generally is of the form that tracks the position of the sun by rotating the structure.This project was also undertaken with technical guidance from the authors, from the design of the structure's system to the installation of the system, including mooring.The study period of the project was three years, from September 2011 to September 2014.During this project, a tracking-type of floating PV energy system with 100 kW capacity was installed at the Hapcheon Dam in December 2013, as shown in Figure 8.It consisted of a four-unit structure with 24.8 kW generation capacity per unit.The internal rectangularly shaped structure hosts an operating device for rotation and various electrical devices, as shown in Figure 9 [13][14][15].
It consisted of a four-unit structure with 24.8 kW generation capacity per unit.The internal rectangularly shaped structure hosts an operating device for rotation and various electrical devices, as shown in Figure 9 [13][14][15].In addition, a two-unit structure was installed as fixed units.One of these units served as a passive tracking system to control the angle of the PV panel seasonally, and the other unit served as an automatic tracking system to control the angle of the PV panel with respect to an optical sensor.
In 2012, a floating PV power plant with 20 kW generation capacity that employs floating tracking cooling concentrator (FTCC) technology was installed in Cheongju-si, as shown in Figure 10.This FTCC system was built by Techwin in collaboration with Koinè Multimedia and Scienza Industria Tecnologia (SCINTEC).In December 2012, the KRC Corporation installed a 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Cheongho Reservoir (in Buan-myeon, Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do), as shown in Figure 11.In addition, a two-unit structure was installed as fixed units.One of these units served as a passive tracking system to control the angle of the PV panel seasonally, and the other unit served as an automatic tracking system to control the angle of the PV panel with respect to an optical sensor.
In 2012, a floating PV power plant with 20 kW generation capacity that employs floating tracking cooling concentrator (FTCC) technology was installed in Cheongju-si, as shown in Figure 10.
It consisted of a four-unit structure with 24.8 kW generation capacity per unit.The internal rectangularly shaped structure hosts an operating device for rotation and various electrical devices, as shown in Figure 9 [13][14][15].In addition, a two-unit structure was installed as fixed units.One of these units served as a passive tracking system to control the angle of the PV panel seasonally, and the other unit served as an automatic tracking system to control the angle of the PV panel with respect to an optical sensor.
In 2012, a floating PV power plant with 20 kW generation capacity that employs floating tracking cooling concentrator (FTCC) technology was installed in Cheongju-si, as shown in Figure 10.This FTCC system was built by Techwin in collaboration with Koinè Multimedia and Scienza Industria Tecnologia (SCINTEC).In December 2012, the KRC Corporation installed a 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Cheongho Reservoir (in Buan-myeon, Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do), as shown in Figure 11.This FTCC system was built by Techwin in collaboration with Koinè Multimedia and Scienza Industria Tecnologia (SCINTEC).In December 2012, the KRC Corporation installed a 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Cheongho Reservoir (in Buan-myeon, Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do), as shown in Figure 11.In addition, the KRC Corporation installed a 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Baengnyong Reservoir (in Dasi-myeon, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do) in July 2013, as shown in Figure 12.In June 2013, the first 1 MW class floating PV power plant in Korea was introduced at Dangjinsi, Chungcheongnam-do.The Korea EWP Corporation installed this floating PV power plant at the cooling water intake channel at the thermoelectric power plant, as shown in Figure 13.To date, this floating PV power plant has the largest generation capacity in Korea.This system was designed and installed under guidance provided by the authors.
The most recent rotation-type floating PV power plant in Korea was installed at Geumgwang Reservoir (in Ansung-si, Gyeonggi-do) in August 2014 by the KRC Corporation, as shown in Figure 14.In addition, the KRC Corporation installed a 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Baengnyong Reservoir (in Dasi-myeon, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do) in July 2013, as shown in Figure 12.In addition, the KRC Corporation installed a 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Baengnyong Reservoir (in Dasi-myeon, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do) in July 2013, as shown in Figure 12.In June 2013, the first 1 MW class floating PV power plant in Korea was introduced at Dangjinsi, Chungcheongnam-do.The Korea EWP Corporation installed this floating PV power plant at the cooling water intake channel at the thermoelectric power plant, as shown in Figure 13.To date, this floating PV power plant has the largest generation capacity in Korea.This system was designed and installed under guidance provided by the authors.
The most recent rotation-type floating PV power plant in Korea was installed at Geumgwang Reservoir (in Ansung-si, Gyeonggi-do) in August 2014 by the KRC Corporation, as shown in Figure 14.In June 2013, the first 1 MW class floating PV power plant in Korea was introduced at Dangjin-si, Chungcheongnam-do.The Korea EWP Corporation installed this floating PV power plant at the cooling water intake channel at the thermoelectric power plant, as shown in Figure 13.In addition, the KRC Corporation installed a 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Baengnyong Reservoir (in Dasi-myeon, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do) in July 2013, as shown in Figure 12.In June 2013, the first 1 MW class floating PV power plant in Korea was introduced at Dangjinsi, Chungcheongnam-do.The Korea EWP Corporation installed this floating PV power plant at the cooling water intake channel at the thermoelectric power plant, as shown in Figure 13.To date, this floating PV power plant has the largest generation capacity in Korea.This system was designed and installed under guidance provided by the authors.
The most recent rotation-type floating PV power plant in Korea was installed at Geumgwang Reservoir (in Ansung-si, Gyeonggi-do) in August 2014 by the KRC Corporation, as shown in Figure 14.To date, this floating PV power plant has the largest generation capacity in Korea.This system was designed and installed under guidance provided by the authors.
The most recent rotation-type floating PV power plant in Korea was installed at Geumgwang Reservoir (in Ansung-si, Gyeonggi-do) in August 2014 by the KRC Corporation, as shown in Figure 14.This floating PV power plant has 465 kW generation capacity.Although the overall rotation form of this floating PV power plant is similar to that of the floating PV power plant installed by K-water in Hapcheon, there is a significant difference in their rotating principles.The rotation system of the floating PV power plant installed by the KRC Corporation has a center post located at the center of the overall structure in order to fix the post's position in place and serve as the pivotal center of the rotation.The rotating force of the system is provided by a rope anchored on land, whereby two piles are driven into the earth and the rope is connected to the piles.It is easy to construct the rotation system for this type of floating PV power plant.However, it is difficult to apply this principle when the differences in water level due to seasonal changes are significant, as is the case for the floating PV power plant installed by K-water in Hapcheon.
In addition to the floating PV power plants installed to date, several plans for additional floating PV power plants with various generation capacities are underway by many organizations including government-funded companies.These installation trends are expected to continue due to the government's RPS program.

Conclusions
The review presented in this paper discusses the thirteen floating PV power plants that have been installed in Korea to date.Among them, the floating PV power plants installed before 2011 may be considered as test beds for research purposes.After 2011, commercial floating PV power plants were first introduced by the Korean Power GENCOs in Korea.Based on these trends, in January 2013, the Korean government revised 'Management and operation guidelines for renewable portfolio standards (Notification No. 2013-5 of the Ministry of Knowledge-Economy)'.In accordance with these revised guidelines, the Korean government announced that the renewable energy certificate (REC) value would be 1.5 for floating PV systems, which is the same value as for the buildingintegrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system from the year 2013.If the government continues to support floating PV power plants, then the installation of floating PV power plants with large capacities, such as multi-megawatt scales, will continue.Therefore, floating PV power generation systems may continue to be front-runners for renewable energy technologies in Korea for the future.This floating PV power plant has 465 kW generation capacity.Although the overall rotation form of this floating PV power plant is similar to that of the floating PV power plant installed by K-water in Hapcheon, there is a significant difference in their rotating principles.The rotation system of the floating PV power plant installed by the KRC Corporation has a center post located at the center of the overall structure in order to fix the post's position in place and serve as the pivotal center of the rotation.The rotating force of the system is provided by a rope anchored on land, whereby two piles are driven into the earth and the rope is connected to the piles.It is easy to construct the rotation system for this type of floating PV power plant.However, it is difficult to apply this principle when the differences in water level due to seasonal changes are significant, as is the case for the floating PV power plant installed by K-water in Hapcheon.
In addition to the floating PV power plants installed to date, several plans for additional floating PV power plants with various generation capacities are underway by many organizations including government-funded companies.These installation trends are expected to continue due to the government's RPS program.

Conclusions
The review presented in this paper discusses the thirteen floating PV power plants that have been installed in Korea to date.Among them, the floating PV power plants installed before 2011 may be considered as test beds for research purposes.After 2011, commercial floating PV power plants were first introduced by the Korean Power GENCOs in Korea.Based on these trends, in January 2013, the Korean government revised 'Management and operation guidelines for renewable portfolio standards (Notification No. 2013-5 of the Ministry of Knowledge-Economy)'.In accordance with these revised guidelines, the Korean government announced that the renewable energy certificate (REC) value would be 1.5 for floating PV systems, which is the same value as for the building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system from the year 2013.If the government continues to support floating PV power plants, then the installation of floating PV power plants with large capacities, such as multi-megawatt scales, will continue.Therefore, floating PV power generation systems may continue to be front-runners for renewable energy technologies in Korea for the future.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Floating PV energy system at the Seongmun Reservoir.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Floating PV energy system at the Seongmun Reservoir.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Floating PV energy system at the Juam Dam.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Floating PV energy system at the Juam Dam.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Floating PV energy system at the Juam Dam.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Floating PV energy system at the Juam Dam.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Tracking-type floating PV energy system installed at the Hapcheon Dam.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Tracking-type floating PV energy system installed at the Hapcheon Dam.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Tracking-type floating PV energy system installed at the Hapcheon Dam.Figure 8. Tracking-type floating PV energy system installed at the Hapcheon Dam.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Tracking-type floating PV energy system installed at the Hapcheon Dam.Figure 8. Tracking-type floating PV energy system installed at the Hapcheon Dam.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Composition of the tracking-type floating PV energy system installed at the Hapcheon Dam.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Composition of the tracking-type floating PV energy system installed at the Hapcheon Dam.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Composition of the tracking-type floating PV energy system installed at the Hapcheon Dam.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.A 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Cheongho Reservoir.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.A 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Baengnyong Reservoir.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.A 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Cheongho Reservoir.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.A 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Cheongho Reservoir.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.A 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Baengnyong Reservoir.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.A 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Baengnyong Reservoir.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.A 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Cheongho Reservoir.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.A 30 kW floating PV power plant at the Baengnyong Reservoir.
1 N/A: Not applicable; i.e., design method was not applied (or not known); 2 ASD: Allowable strength design; 3 LRFD: Load and resistance factor design.